LIST OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Year/Author
2010

Title
Waste

Material
-textile waste

Methodology
Procedure

Findings
-tensile strength is

A.Lundahl,R.

Fibre

fibrous material

-nonwoven and PP film has been prepared in sandwich styles

decreasing with the

Fangueiro

Reinforced

(nonwoven

-the structure is place in compression frame

thickness decreasing

F.Sountinho,F. Ecocompos fabrics) contain

- a film of non-sticky Teflon sheet,PTFE,used for covering top

Th5>th4>th3

Duarte

85% cellulosic

and bottom of sandwich structure(to prevent pp thermoplastic

-the higher thickness will

fibre

to stick to the frame when melted)

increase nonwoven

-polypropylene

-composite sample produced are of the same width and

density

film (as matrix)

length,200x200mm

-combination of PP with

-panel are compress at 175oC under total load 20 tonnes

nonwoven improves

Experimental plan:

mechanical

1) Ratio of reinforcement ant thermoplastic material

behavior(stress

-by varying the no. of layer of nonwoven according to the no.

extension)

of polypropylene film

-the increases amount of

2) no of nonwoven layers used for composite production (1,2,3

PP will increase

and 4 layer)

mechanical behavior

3)nonwoven fabrics used for the composite panel

(stress extension)

ites

-different thickness are use which is 3,4 and 5 mm

Year/Author
2011

Title
Kenaf Fiber

Material
-Kenaf fiber

H.M. Akil,

reinforced

-Maleic

M.F. Omar,

composites

Anhyride (MA)

A.A.M

grafted

Marzuki, S.

Polypropylene

Safiee,

(MAPP)

Methodology
To determine :
I.

Findings
A) compare tensile and flexurel properties depending on the

Ultimate

tensile

strength
(the

maximum

tension that may be

natural fibers, when reinforcing PLA.

Optimum tensile properties and Youngs modulus are

known

Abu Bakar
II.

without

dictated by the volume of reinforcing fiber used for the

often
as

composites. both properties increased with the increase

tensile

of fiber content and showed the maximum values

strength)
fracture strain (stress
at fracture from a

III.

Kenaf fiber exhibits higher strength values in terms of

tensile and flexural properties, as compared to other

fracture,

Ishak, A.

engineering stress in
sustained

Z.A.M

type of fiber

bend or flexure test)

flexural modulus (an
indication
materials

of

stiffness

when flexed, which

is the ratio, within

(Youngs modulus; 6.4 GPa, and the tensile strength; 60

composite with the fiber content above 70 vol. % could

be due to insufficient filling of the matrix resin.
B) Type of content and form (Kenaf reinforced PLA
composites,resin as matrix)
Youngs modulus and tensile strength were higher for
the composite compared with those of the matrix resin

the elastic limit, of

(These reveal that the incorporation of kenaf fibers into

the applied stress on

a test specimen in
flexure,

to

the

corresponding strain

MPa) around a fiber content of 70 vol. %.

The decrease in the mechanical properties of the

the matrix
is quite effective for reinforcement)
The sheet was stretched using the tensile tester, the
angular change of the kenaf fiber to the stretching

in

the

fibers
IV.

outermost
of

direction was considered to be the main deformation

the

specimen)
impact strength (the

composite, because the matrix resin was impregnated

degree of resistance
of any material to
impact loading, with
or without a notch in
it)
-The test at different

mechanism for the sheet.

This type of deformation will be restricted for the

into the interfibrillar regions.

This is considered to be one reason for the

reinforcement.
Another reason is due to a good stress transfer from the

matrix to the incorporated kenaf fibers.

C) Fiber orientation
As cast PLLA film was isotropic, the kenaf sheet

condition

showed large mechanical anisotropies. This anisotropy

reflected on the mechanical properties of the composite,
where the composite showed large anisotropies in the

Youngs modulus and tensile strength.

On the other hand, incorporating specific additives into
the polymer matrix could also improve the mechanical

properties of kenaf fiber reinforced composite.

When incorporating it with MAPP as a coupling agent.
They found that coupled composites, showing a superior
tensile strength of up to 74 MPa, were achieved with the
higher fiber loading of 60% by weight or approximately
49% by volume, compared to uncoupled composites and

unfilled PP.
D) Mechanical properties

30% and the 40% kenaf polypropylene samples

demonstrated equivalent tensile strength

When compared to the other natural fiber reinforced
polypropylene systems, both the 30% and the 40%
kenaf polypropylene systems provided a tensile strength
that was very similar to the flax and hemp
polypropylene systems, while providing tensile
strengths that are greater than either coir or sisal

polypropylene systems.
When comparing flexural strengths of the materials, the
40% kenaf polypropylene samples performed

significantly better than the 30% kenaf/PP samples.

The 40% kenaf/PP was equivalent to the flax/PP, higher
than the hemp/PP, and almost double that of the coir/PP
and sisal/PP systems. The 30% kenaf/PP showed results
that were equivalent to the 40% hemp/PP system, while

also outperforming the coir/PP and sisal/PP systems.

These results demonstrate that the 40% and 30% by
weight kenaf polypropylene composites, that were
compression molded, were comparatively in favor with
the more commonly used hemp and flax fiber

polypropylene composites that had 40% fiber by weight.

This reinforces the idea that compression molded kenaf
polypropylene thermoplastics can provide an alternative

that has less fiber, but similar performance at a lower

weight and potentially, an even lower cost

*Polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA, Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources,
such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada), tapioca roots, chips or starch (mostly in Asia), or sugarcane (in the rest of the
world). In 2010, PLA had the second highest consumption volume of any bio plastic of the world.

Year/Author
2014

Title
Chemical

Material
-Isotactic PP (commercial code

Oromiehie A.,

Modification of

V30S) with MFI=7.9 g/10 min

of 0,1,2,3 and 4 phr of maleic

content from 1 to 3 phr

Ebadi-

Polypropylene by

(ASTM D1238) from Arak

anhydride and 0.1 phr of DCP

lead to increase in graft

Dhaghani H,

Maleic Anhydride:

Petrochemical Co. Iran

and 0.01phr Irganox B225 were

percentage but it decreased

and

Melt Grafting,

-maleic anhydride (MA), DCP

performed by melt mixing in an

by more adding of MA

Mirbagheri S.

Characterization

from Merck

optimum condition (at 180C, 60

(>3phr). This is due to the

and

- Irganox B225 from Ciba Co.

rpm and 10 min)

MA homopolymerization.

Mechanism

Methodology
A)
Grafted PP with overall contents

B)

Experiments A undergo
titration process of anhydride
content

I.

The anhydride concentrations of

all samples were determined by
titration of 0.5 gram of PP-g-MA
in 50 milliliters xylene at boiling
temperature that repeated 3 times

II.

for each sample.

Some drop of distilled water
was added in order to hydrolysis

III.

anhydride into carboxylic acid.

The carboxylic acid
concentration was determined

Findings
Increase in the monomer

directly by alcoholic potassium

IV.
V.

hydroxide 0.1N.
The indicator used was bromo
thymol blue 1% in DMF solvent.
The PP-g-MA was completely
soluble at the boiling
temperature and did not

VI.

*PP (polypropylene)
*DCP (dicumyl peroxide)

precipitate during titration.

The grafting percent calculated.

Year/Author
2009

Title
Kenaf fibres as

Material
Kenaf fibre

Methodology
a)Kenaf fibre brought

I.S. Aji, S.M.

reinforment for

Resin

in sheet were dried,

Sapuan, E.S.

polymeric

polypropylene

and soak in the dioxane

Zainuddin and

composites

K. abdan

Findings
a) In fabrication molding
-

by weight proved to provide

solution under vacuum

adequate reinforment to increase

at 70%.

the strength of the polypropylene

b) polypropylene with
high melt index flow
was used to aid fiber
matrix adhension and
to ensure proper

compression process
A fiber content both 30% and 40%

powder
Tensile and flexure strength of the
composites can be weakened
above certain increase a fibre

wetting of fiber

content (critical limit)

b) kenaf fibre have high ultimate

-sample 40% of

strength ,tensile modulus, and

kenaf ,coir,sisal and

impact strength compare glass.

hemp

However composite test showed

-compare with glass

low impact strength compared to

glass
-loading up to 40% and used high
flow melt PP to be able achieve
result recorded.

*grafting improved wetting of the fibre matrix by hydrophobizing the fibre surface and promote interfacial bonding by diffusion of the
chain segments of the grafted molecule into the matrix

* coupling agents and radical induces adhesion enhance interfacial bonding through producing covalent bond between the fibre and
matrix
Coupling agent
Maleated polypylene (MAPP)
-

Shown significant enhancement in tensile and flexure

strength ranging from 40% to 80% as point out when they
are blended with matrix

Silane
- enhanced the tensile strength of the composites, minimized the
effect of moisture on the composites properties, increases
adhesion and thereby composites strength
-economically it is commercial available
- bear an alkoxysilane group that is capable of reacting with the
OH rich surface of natural fibers
-have a large no. of functional group which can be tailored as a
function of the matrix can be used.
- A good compability between the reinforcing element and the
polymeric matrix or even covalent bond between them.
Alkaline treatment (sodium hydroxide) (6% optimum of conc.
alkaline used)
-it increases surface roughness, resulting in better mechanical
interlocking
-it increases amount of cellulose expose on the fiber surface , thus

Binder
Resin

increasing the no. of possible reaction sites

-removes certain hemicellulose,lignin wax and oil covering the
external of the fiber cell wall