Cable Testing and Diagnostic Software

Operating Instructions
Cable Testing and Diagnostic with the

System PHG 70 TD PD / PHG 80 TD PD
Ident. No. 822-103
06/2007
BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH

Raiffeisenstrasse 8, A-6832 Sulz / Austria
e-mail: headoffice@baur.at
internet: http://www.baur.at
Tel +43 / 55 22 / 49 41-0

Fax +43 / 55 22 / 49 41-3
0-1
0-2
Guide to this Operating Instruction, Copyright, Preface
Guide to this Operating Instruction

Observe
info signs!
For fast finding of important information the corresponding text

passages are marked with symbols (symbols not stated here are
self-explaining).
More and special information concerning the respective subject are

available from BAUR.
Important unit information!

In any case, read carefully!
Important information text.
Copyright
Copyright by BAUR
BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH,

A-6832 Sulz / Austria
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, stored
in a data processing system or translated into another language
without the written permission of BAUR / Sulz, Austria.
Subject to modification!
In the interest of our customers we reserve the rights for

modifications due to technical progress. Illustrations, descriptions
and delivery content are therefore not binding.
Preface
This manual contains all information necessary for the correct

handling and use of the cable test and diagnostic system
PHG. Before using the system PHG, please read carefully the
software help and this Operating Instruction.
If you have any questions, please contact directly
BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH, Raiffeisenstrasse 8

or refer to your nearest BAUR representative.
Safety Precautions
Please read now and

avoid damage and injury later!
- The cable test and diagnostic system PHG is built in

accordance with today's state of engineering and is safe to
operate. Individual components and the finished unit are
inspected continually by our qualified staff within the
framework of our Quality Assurance Provisions. Each unit is
subjected to thorough testing prior to shipment.
0-3
Safety Precautions, Warranty
Safety Precautions, Continued

- It is imperative to every person who is involved with the
installation, start-up, operation and maintenance to have read
and understood the complete Operating Instruction.
Only authorized personnel!
Use the PHG - System

unit as directed!
- It is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that only

authorized persons may be allowed to use the system
PHG. Operators must notify immediately any changes to the unit
that detract from this safety.
- The cable test and diagnostic system PHG is only for the
use of testing and aging assessment of power cables and
other electrical equipments. Any other or additional use is
deemed to be in contravention of the intended use. The
manufacturer shall not be liable for damage resulting from any
such use. In such a case the risk shall be borne solely by the
user.
The user
- is qualified and properly instructed and has the necessary
experience.
- knows the relevant standards, accident prevention rules and
operating conditions.
- is able to carry out the necessary operations and is aware of
the possible dangers involved.
- must immediately inform his superior about any conditions of
the unit that could affect safety.
Before switching ON read the Section 2-5 Connect Ground
carefully. For the operation of the PHG the local security rules
and accident prevention regulations have to
be applied.
At the customer's written request we undertake to repair or
replace at our discretion and as quickly as possible all parts that
become faulty or useless as the demonstrable result of poor
material, faulty design or defective execution.
We bear the costs for repairs and replaced parts, exclusive
transportation of the goods, packing and insurance.
Warranty
12 months warranty time
The 12 months warranty time starts with delivery.

We shall bear the costs of any faulty parts requiring replacement,
but not the costs of transport to us and back to the customer, nor
the costs of packing and insurance! We shall not be liable for any
damage resulting from normal wear and tear, improper handling,
non-observance of Operating Instructions and safety regulations.
We shall also refuse to accept any liability if the customer carries
out repairs or changes to the unit himself or has others carry out
them!
The warranty does not cover damage in transit, batteries, fuses and
any readjustments in accordance with the Operating Instruction!
We draw attention in addition to the "General Terms of Sales and
Delivery" of
BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH, Raiffeisenstrasse 8

0-4
Contents
Contents
1. System Information ........................................................................ 1-1

Overview ..................................................................................... 1-1
System overview ......................................................................... 1-2
PHG connections ........................................................................ 1-3
Technical data ............................................................................. 1-4
Servicing / Maintenance .............................................................. 1-6
Operating elements on SCU ....................................................... 1-7
Connection set..............................................................................1-8
2. Cable Testing .................................................................................. 2-1

Overview ..................................................................................... 2-1
Testing cables using the PHG unit .............................................. 2-2
Programmable voltage waveforms .............................................. 2-3
Prepare Test Object .................................................................... 2-4
Earth connection ......................................................................... 2-5
Connecting High Voltage Test ..................................................... 2-6
Proceed High Voltage Test .......................................................... 2-7
Switching OFF of the system ...................................................... 2-8
Software ..................................................................................... 2-9
0-5
Contents, Continued
Contents, Continued
3. Dissipation factor measurement.................................................. .3-1

Overview ..................................................................................... 3-1
The ageing mechanisms of plastic insulated cables ................... 3-2
Dissipation factor measurement at 0,1 Hz .................................. 3-4
The dissipation factor measurement principle ............................. 3-5
How to carry out the dissipation factor measurement ................. 3-6
Assessment of the dissipation factor measurement values ......... 3-9
Limits and criterions for homopolymeric PE and XLPE cables .... 3-9
Prepare the Diagnostic Measurement ....................................... 3-10
Earth connection ....................................................................... 3-11
Connecting High Voltage Leads ................................................ 3-12
Perform a Diagnostic Test ......................................................... 3-14
Switching OFF of the system .................................................... 3-15
Software .................................................................................. 3-17S
4. Partial discharge measurement .................................................... 4-1

Design and Function ................................................................... 4-2
Principle of PD-location .............................................................. 4-5
Specific features of different types of cables ............................... 4-7
Connections ................................................................................ 4-9
Software ................................................................................... 4-11
- Program start-up ................................................................ 4-11
- Basic settings .................................................................... 4-13
- Set-up ................................................................................ 4-14
- Functions ........................................................................... 4-18
- Menu options ..................................................................... 4-26
References ............................................................................... 4-29
0-6
System Information
1. System Information
Overview
In this chapter you will find all relevant information for the system
PHG. More literature references you will find in the chapter 3-29 or
on request.
Please read also the SOFTWARE HELP functions!
Start PHG Software and choose "Help" function.
This chapter describes following topics:
Topic
Page
System overview
1-2
PHG connections
1-3
Technical data
1-4
Servicing / Maintenance
1-6
Operating elements on SCU

Connection Set
1-7
1-8
1-1
System-overview
System overview
View
"Version B"
1
8
Legend
1-2
Pos.
Designation
Display
BAUR IPC
Safety Control Unit SCU
PC keyboard
PHG power unit
Cable drum rack KTG
Discharge Unit DU
Partial discharge
PHG connections
PHG connections
10
11
17
12
13
14
15
16
19
18
Pos.
Designation
10
Protection ground connection
11
Fibre optic link connection for

PHG 70 TD / PHG 80 TD-synchronization (option)
12
Fibre optic link connection RS232/1

(generator control system)
12
Fibre optic link connection RS232/2

(tan - measurement)
13
Connection to the DU
14
Connection for security circuit
15
Mains connection PHG 70 TD / PHG 80 TD
16
Connection for protective earthing (VSE)
17
Connection for CC1
18
Connection for IRG / CC1
1-3
Technical Data
Technical Data
Test System
PHG 70
PHG 80
Power supply
Option
230 V (50/60 Hz),(200 ... 264 V) 230 V (50/60 Hz), (200...264 V)

115 V (50/60 Hz), (100 ... 140 V) 115 V (50/60 Hz), (100...140 V)
Nominal voltage
sinewave 38 kVrms 0.1 Hz

squarewave: 54 kV 0.1 Hz
DC: +/- 70 kV
sinewave 57 kVrms 0.1 Hz

squarewave: 80 kV 0.1 Hz
DC: +/- 80 kV
Max. output current DC
70 kV 10 mA
50 kV 60 mA
20 kV 90 mA
80 kV 1.8 mA
50 kV 60 mA
20 kV 90 mA
Maximum capacitive load

At sinewave 0,1 Hz, 57kVrms
20 F
3 F
8 F
20 F
1.1 F
3 F
8 F
Voltage waveforms
Sinewave, squarewave with defined slew-rate; DC-, DC+
Ffrequency
0.01 Hz ... 1 Hz
Serial interface
RS 232 with fibre optic link
Relative humidity
not condensing
Max. ambient temperature
working: 0 C ... +45 C, storage: - 20 C ... +60 C
Selectable languages
English, German, French, Spanish, other languages on request
Power unit Dimensions
19", 14 U (483x623x775 mm)
Weight
approx. 160 kg
Weight of complete System
depending on version 250 - 400 kg
1-4
Technical Data, Continued
Technical Data, Continued

Dissipation factor
measurement TD
PHG 70 TD
PHG 80 TD
Voltage range
1 - 38 kVrms
1 - 57kVrms
Load range
>10 nF (500 pF, option)
>10 nF (500 pF, option)
Measuring range
0.1 x 10-3 to 1000 x10-3
0.1 x 10-3 to 1000 x10-3
Resolution
1 x 10-5
1 x 10-5
Accurancy
+ 1 % from measuring value + 1x10-4
Industrial PC
BAUR IPC, MS Windows
Display
12.1 " TFT
12.1 " TFT
Partial discharge level measurement with source localisation PD

PGH 70 PD
PGH 80 PD
Voltage range
1 - 38 kVrms
1 - 57 kVrms
Range of cable length
7000 m at 87,5 m/us
10 - 7000 m
Propagation rate
50 - 120 m/s
50 - 120 m/s
Sample rate
10 ns (100 Msamples)
10 ns (100 Msamples)
Accuracy of localisation
1 % of the cable length
1 % of the cable length
Resolution
0,1 pC; 0,1 m
0,1 pC; 0,1 m
Software
Graphics user interface
Graphics user interface
Industrial PC
Display
15.1"TFT
15.1"TFT
1-5
All Service and maintenance operations must be done with
the PHG 70 TD / PHG 80 TD switched OFF and power supply
disconnected.
Before any maintenance or servicing please comply with all safety
rules (see page 0-3).
Cleaning attention:
Dirty sealing or terminations, shrinking tubes of high voltage
connecting leads, HV plugs must be carefully cleaned with the
delivered isopropanol impregnated cleaning towels to be released
from humidity and dust.
1-6
Operating elements on SCU Safety Control Unit
Operating elements on SCU Safety Control Unit

Front panel
SCU Safety Control Unit
16
Legend
Pos.
17 18
19
20
21
Designation
16
Power supply switch with integrated fuse

(up to 16 A load)
17
Pushbutton "READY TO SWITCH ON"
18
Pushbutton "HIGH VOLTAGE OFF"
19
green indicator lamp
20
red indicator lamp
21
"EMERGENCY OFF", lockable
1-7
Connection Set
Connection Set
The connection of the systems high voltage to the DUT varies
strongly, depending on the terminals of the DUT and the local
reality. Especially for the diagnosis methods the reduction of partial
discharges at the connection is recommended. Following the
attached Connection Set of the system and the variations for the
connection are described. The noted maximum voltage at every
variation is the measured voltage without influence of partial
discharges to the diagnosis. Naturally this figure depends on the
condition in the field and therefore can only be a decision guidance.
The components
Plug MC 10
Terminal end for Plug MC 10
Spacer for mushrooms
Clamp connector
Mushroom connectors
Jack of HV-cable
Terminal of HV-cable (old system)
1-8
Connection Set
Variation A: up to approx. 35 kV rms
1-9
Connection Set
Variation B: up to approx. 35 kV rms
1-10
Connection Set
Variation C: up to approx. 35 kV rms
1-11
Connection Set
Variation D: up to approx. 35 kV rms
1-12
Connection Set
Variation of the mushroom connectors
1-13
Notes
1-14
Cable Testing
2. Cable Testing
Overview
In this chapter you will find all relevant cable test information for the
PHG System. More literature references and international
standards you will find in the chapter 4-29 or on request.
Topic
Abbreviations
Page
Testing cables
2-2
Programmable voltage waveforms
2-3
Prepare Test Object
2-4
Earth connection
2-5
Connecting High Voltage Leads
2-6
Proceed High Voltage Test
2-7
Switching OFF of the system
2-8
Software
2-9
PHG:
Programmable H.V. Generator
VLF:
Very Low Frequency
PE/XLPE-cable: cable with synthetic insulation
of polyethylen (PE) or crosslinked polyethylen (XLPE)
VSE:
Virtual Protection Ground
2-1
Testing cables
Testing cables
Application
Testing of cables
Replacement of oil-paper- and mass-impregnated cables with

polymeric cables makes it necessary to adopt a alternative cable
test method. The DC voltage test, which for some decades now has
been used to test paper insulated mass impregnated cables, has
proved itself unsuitable for testing polymeric cables.
On the one hand, serious defects are seldom detected. On the
other, the DC voltage test can lead to long-term space charges on
water-tree damaged plastic insulated cables as a result of the
prescribed high testing level during the testing period. When normal
service alternating voltage is then applied this can lead to a local
excess of PD-inception voltage, thereby initiating "electrical trees".
This causes irreversible damage to the insulation, and a total
breakdown then becomes a matter of time. Numerous cases of
damage to plastic insulated cables following DC voltage tests
confirm this. For this reason, a new method of testing plastic
insulated cables has already been in use for some years now.
In practice, the voltage test with very low frequency (VLF), which is
also suitable for paper insulated mass impregnated cables, has
replaced the DC voltage test. Besides, cable diagnostic has gained
wide acceptance. In the standards procedure, the 0.1 Hz test
method was included in the European Standard and Harmonization
Document CENELEC HD 620 S1 for plastic insulated cables and
HD 621 S1 for paper insulated (PILC) cables, alternative to the DC
voltage test.
Cable assessment
The pressure test with the PHG results in a go/no go determination:

- Cable withstand/not withstand the voltage load during the testing
time.
Extract of Test requirements in CENELEC HD 620 S1 part 5 section C (ident with the German norm DIN VDE 0276-620)
Recommended tests after installation, if required
Test
1.
1.1
1.2
2.
Voltage test on insulation (1, 2)

a. c. test voltage 45 to 65 Hz
- test voltage (r.m.s.)
- test duration
alternatively:
Requirements
2 U0
60 min
no breakdown
a. c. test voltage 0,1 Hz

- test voltage (r.m.s.)
- test duration
3 U0
60 min
no breakdown
Voltage test on sheath (3)

PE sheath:
PVC sheath:
d. c. voltage 5 kV
d. c. voltage 3 kV
Test method
no breakdown
1) The test voltages and test durations are preferred values. They were specified with regard to the experience made in
laboratories and under operating conditions in utility systems.
2) If the cable end is in a transformer or in a metal-clad switchgear, this test is subject to agreement between the customer
and manufacturers of the transformer or metal-clad switchgear.
3) The test methods shall be chosen such that secondary faults, e.g. caused by the energy content of impulse waves, are
avoided.
2-2

Programmable test voltage
and waveforms
Sinewave test voltage

at 0.1 Hz:
The PHG produces, at a frequency of 0,01 up to 1 Hz, a sinewave

test voltage up to 57 kVrms, as well as a squarewave test voltage
up to 57 kV / 80 kV peak. Thus 33 kV cables can also be tested up
to 3xUo. Even on mass-impregnated cables the VLF (0,1 Hz) test
voltage is applicable.
For DC testing the PHG offers a stabilized positive or negative
output voltage from 1 up to 57 kV / 80 kV e.g., for massimpregnated paper cables.
programmable frequency
0.01 . . . 1 Hz
max. output voltage
3 . . . 57 kVeff PHG 80
3 . . . 38 kVeff PHG 70
Squarewave voltage at 0.1 Hz

with defined slew-rate:
programmable frequency
0.01 . . . 1 Hz
max. output voltage
1 . . . 80 kV PHG 80
1 . . . 57 kV PHG 70
programmable
slew-rate
Regulated DC test voltage

with positive or negative polarity:
programmable output voltage

+80 kV PHG 80
+70 kV PHG 70
programmable output voltage
-80 kV PHG 80
-70 kV PHG 70
Programmable step test

for all voltage waveforms:
programmable steps
1. . . 10
test voltage
1 . . . 80 kV PHG 80
1 . . . 70 kV PHG 70
test time
1 min . . . 6 h
2-3
Prepare Test Object
Prepare Test Object

- Isolate the test object, lock against reconnection and make sure
that zero voltage condition exists.
- Insulate nearby items which are under voltage
All other hot parts (station switches, cable terminations, bus
bars etc.) besides the test object, must be secured from the
test object to avoid flashover and overvoltage stress.
- On multiphase systems connect all phases to the station ground
except the one under test.
- If necessary clean the terminations.
2-4
Earth connection
Earth connection
Earth terminal of KTG

cable drum rack:
B
Equipotential
lead
25 mm2
lmax= 10 m
earth
copper terminal
protective earth cable

yellow / green
HV - plug - interlock
A
station earth
test object
Action
Procedure
Connect protective earth lead to station earth.
Connect protective earth lead to earth terminal of

KTG cable drum rack. Take shortest distance of
copper terminal. Protective earth lead must be as
short as possible!
Equipotential lead (cross-section min. 25 mm2 /

max. length = 10 m) to the next low-resistance
earth. If the copper cable is not connected a
potential rise of the unit in case of breakdowns
can be the result.
2-5
D
Emergency off, externally
(option)
E
C
high voltage plug
B3
shield
high voltage lead
A
station earth
test object
Action
2-6
Procedure
Connect the shield of the high voltage lead to the

station ground.
Connect strand of the high voltage connecting

lead to the strand of the test object.
Insert H.V. plug into DU and tighten with nut.
Place the external emergency switch (Option) at an

easy accessible place.
Replace the short circuit jumper by the external
emergency plug.
Connect power supply lead.
Before going into operation, local safety regulations and safety

precautions for the protection against direct or indirect contact
of live parts have to be met accordingly!
16
Action
17
Procedure
Switch ON the power supply switch (16) on the

SCU
Switch On the personal computer
Start the PHG software
Push the "READY TO SWITCH ON" pushbutton

(17) on the SCU.
The PHG is ready to switch on only when following
interlocks are released:
- the high voltage plug on the DU is connected
and the screwed plug is completely locked in
- the emergency off switch on the SCU and the
external emergency switch (option) are not
activated
The green indicator lamp is switched OFF, the
red indicator lamp is illuminated.
Select the menu:

"Manual test" or "Automatic test".
Define test procedure

Terms, explanatory diagrams for the symbols as well
the Help functions can be selected with the ? button.
Start the test procedure

A red high voltage arrow signal will be displayed which
gives a feedback of the switched ON high voltage. The
PHG is now "IN OPERATION".
2-7
18
Action
Procedure
Stop the test procedure by the PC program "Stop"
Push the high voltage OFF pushbutton (18)

The PHG TD will return to the operation condition
"READY FOR OPERATION"
The red indicator lamp is switched OFF, the
green indicator lamp is illuminated
The automatic discharge unit discharges the
internal capacitors and all connected high
voltage leads
Discharge live parts, ground and short circuit all

leads with optional discharge rod
The PHG System has an internal discharge unit but NOT a

solid grounding device.
Before releasing the safety precautions you must absolutely
once again externally discharge, ground and short circuit
necessary all live parts with a ground rod.
2-8
PHG Software
PHG Software for dissipation factor measurement (TD)
Select HELP
Enter title and

press SEARCH
Summary of icons
2-9
PHG Software
PHG Icons
Manual Test
Within this MANUAL TEST menu the test voltage is entered

manually. After switching ON the high voltage a minimum output
voltage will be applied. (DC 1 kV, Sinusoidal 1 kV, Rectangular
1 kV). In the field of VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY (Def.) the output
voltage and frequency can be selected via mouse or keyboard.
2-10
PHG Software
SINUSOIDAL
FREQUENCY option 0.01 - 1.0 Hz
RECTANGULAR
FREQUENCY option 0.01 - 1.0 Hz
Select Slew Rate (Rate of Voltage Rise) 10 - 100 kV/sec.
The maximum slew rate is dependent from the capacitive load.
If the slew rate is too high a comment will be displayed showing the
maximum possible slew rate.
DC MINUS
DC voltage output, negative polarity
DC PLUS
DC voltage output, positive polarity
commands
- TEST REPORT
Input of required test report name
- MIN-MAX. VOLTAGE
MIN. VOLTAGE = Preselected voltage value
Max. Voltage shows the maximum allowable voltage level.
- LOAD CAPACITY
After starting the test procedure the system calculates the
capacity of the load. This value is needed to control the digital
controller device. This capacity value is displayed and is also
interesting for the user application.
- PHG STATUS
Shows the acual generator status
- DWELL TIME
Shows the time interval of output voltage burn down cycle.
I CURRENT TRIP OFF
'YES' If an overload switch-off in the test sample occurs the
generator will be switched OFF immediately.
'NO' If an overload switch-off in the test sample occurs the burn
down cycle will be activated.
- OIL TEMPERATURE
Shows the oil temperature in the power HV unit
2-11
PHG Software
Automatic Test
Define test
sequence
Enter title for test sequence,

parameter and confirm with 'OK'
Factory settings: SAMPLE FILE is write
protected
2-12
PHG Software
Automatic test
In the menu 'Automatic Test' you can test procedures. Within the
following voltage waveforms you can select:
selectable voltage waveforms
SINUSOIDAL
Select FREQUENCY 0.01 - 1.0 Hz
RECTANGULAR
Select FREQUENCY 0.01 - 1.0 Hz
Select SLEW RATE (Rate of Voltage Rise) 10 - 100 kV/sec. The
maximum SLEW RATE is dependent from the capacitive load. If the
SLEW RATE is too high a comment will be displayed showing the
maximum possible slew rate.
DC MINUS
DC voltage output, negative polarity
DC PLUS
DC voltage output, positive polarity
Commands
- TEST PROCEDURE
Within the window 'Test Procedure' you can select the appropriate
cycle, by clicking the icon. All available test cycles are listed.
Select appropriate test procedure. Overview of test parameters
will be displayed
- TEST REPORT
Input of required test report name
- MIN-MAX. VOLTAGE
MIN. VOLTAGE = Preselected voltage value
MAX. VOLTAGE shows the maximum allowable voltage level.
- LOAD CAPACITY
After starting the test procedure the system calculates the
capacity of the load. This value is needed to control the digital
controller device. This is displayed and is also interesting for the
user application.
- STEP
each step you have to enter the voltage value and the testing
time. Maximum 10 steps are possible.
2-13
Notes
2-14
Cable Diagnostic
3. Cable Diagnostic
Overview
In this chapter you will find all relevant information on cable
diagnostic. More literature references or standards you will find in
the chapter 4-29 or on request.

Topic
Page
The ageing mechanisms of plastic insulated cables
3-2
Dissipation factor measurement
3-4
The dissipation factor measurement principle
3-5
How to carry out the dissipation factor measurement
3-6
Assessment of the dissipation factor measurement values 3-9

Limits and criterions for homopolym. PE and XLPE cables 3-9
Prepare the Diagnostic Measurement
3-10
Earth connection
3-11
3-12
Preform a Diagnostic Test
3-14
3-15
Software
3-17
3-1
The ageing mechanisms of plastic insulated materials
The experience gained over the past few years has shown that
water-treeing is the major factor that determines the durability,
especially of first-generation plastic insulated cables. While
installation and mounting errors tend to be locally repairable, watertreeing occurs in areas where extension of the equipment life can
only be achieved through the replacement of sections or through
chemical refurbishment.
Water-treeing is an effect to the physical background which has
not yet been fully explained despite various theories. Basically,
water trees are channel-shaped structures which develop in the
form of minute trees in the insulating material as a result of
moisture and electrical fields emanating from defects. The electrical
conditions prevalent in these water-trees, which are invisible to the
naked eye, differ from those in the healthy surrounding insulating
material and this feature can be utilised for their measurement. The
development of water-trees takes place over some years. Watertrees can occur continuously in a cable without reducing its
functional capacity. The critical phase begins when the PDinception field strength at the tips of a water-tree is exceeded.
3-2
Figure 1: Water-treeing in
plastic insulated cables
"bow-tie" trees
Outer semiconducting layer
Insulation
Inner semiconductor
"vented" trees
Core
Electrical treeing is a process which, unlike water-treeing, takes

place only in areas of high field strength. It occurs very quickly, and
is recognised by a series of partial discharges. The resulting hollow
channel-shaped structures are however not visible to the naked eye.
The final breakdown of the insulation path under the influence of
electrical trees is sometimes just a question of minutes or hours.
Unlike water-treeing, electrical treeing can be detected by PDmeasurement.
Since long water-trees in the insulating material are likely to pave
the way for future electrical trees, they can also be used to measure
the ageing condition of a plastic insulated cable.
A method of diagnostic which does not give just a "go/no-go"
appraisal, but which also evaluates the overall condition of the cable
insulation, must produce a measurement value which will correlate
very well with the "concentration" of long water-trees. Even though
this "insight" into the cable insulation can only give an integrated
result, significant similarities can be detected in most cases
between the results of the measurements and the actual state of the
cable using appropriate methods of diagnostics.
The higher the dissipation factor of the insolation, the lower is

dielectric stregth.
3-3
Dissipation factor measurement
Dissipation factor measurement at 0,1 Hz sinusoidal voltage as ageing

diagnostics for plastic insulated cables and other electrical equipments
Unlike tests which only give information about one local weak point,
the most important function of diagnostic on a plastic insulated
cable is the evaluation of the overall condition, which is mainly
dependent on the water-tree concentration.
The only way to evaluate water-trees in the cable in the frequency
domain is through dissipation factor measurement. Bad joints and
terminations can be diagnosed through PD-measurement with
alternative voltage.
For the past few years, very low frequency dissipation factor
measurement has continued to be used as the standard
measurement technique for water-tree concentration and as a
criterion for the medium term operating capacity of plastic insulated
cables. Reports on thousands of measurements carried out on site
by various power supply utilities are now available. These reports
confirm the good correlation between measured values and degree
of degradation with lowered breakdown voltage.
In consideration of the various experiences and requirements of its
clients, as well as the results of scientific research, BAUR has
developed a user-friendly system for dissipation factor
measurement, PHG the improved resolution and extended
measurement range of which can permit safe differentiation
between new, slightly and badly aged cable systems.
3-4
Simple water-tree model, The dissipation factor measurement principle
The dissipation factor measurement principle
During diagnostics using the PHG, the measuring voltage is derived

from a resistive voltage divider and current from the specimen
under test via a standard capacitor. The dissipation angle and the
dissipation factor are calculated with the help of Fourier analysis
and subsequent evaluation of the fundamental waveforms of both
measurement signals.
Since dissipation factor measurement on installed cables must be
carried out with the test specimen earthed, all the leakage currents
between the high voltage and earthed parts would form part of the
measuremend value. An additional shielding connection, VSE, has
therefore been introduced to intercept all leakage currents from
supply lines, surface leakage and insulation spacing in the test
object. The VSE is maintained at earth potential artificially and
ensures that this leakage current at the surface of the terminations
bypasses the capacitive current of the measurement.
The following conditions are essential for the measurement:
- no corona discharge at terminations of the test and measuring
set-up.
- Suppression of the surface current on terminations and the
insulation leakage current of the connecting cable.
- Suppression of the dielectric loss in the connecting cables to the
test object.
3-5
In practice, appropriate measures are taken:

Appropriate corona shields are used to eliminate the effects of
corona. These corona shields are attached to the cable sockets
on the terminations.
Surface current on both terminations is conducted by guard rings
to VSE.
In order to eliminate the effect of the high voltage cable on the
test specimen, the insulation leakage current of this cable is
channelled to VSE.
These measures have made the achievement of an accuracy of
+1 x 10-4 for tan possible during on site diagnostic of installed
cables.

The test object is isolated and discharged and then disconnected at
both ends from the sub-station, and the corona shields are fitted
over the cable lugs. In the connecting sub-station, the corona shield
also links the high voltage cable to the test generator PHG.
A spacing of 20 cm from the surrounding earth is enough to prevent
corona influence during full voltage testing.
In the connecting high voltage station the corona hood will be used
for the HV connection of the high voltage lead.
After connecting the earth line and the potential balance line, the
copper guard rings are fixed on the lower part of the cable
terminations with velcro tape. There is direct contact between the
guard ring and the VSE-Box at the connecting point, the guard ring
at the cable termination in the opposite sub-station is indirectly
connected through a spare phase. The screen of the high voltage
cable leading to the test generator is similarly connected to the
VSE-Box (Figure 8).
Very clean terminations with long creepage paths may not require
guard rings. However, it is not totally impossible that surface
current may affect the measurement results due to the absence of
guard rings.
The recording of the dissipation factor values at different voltage
levels takes just a few minutes. At relatively low diagnostic voltage
levels up to about 2 U0, damaging of sound cable sections, which
shortens service life, is impossible.
3-6
Figure 5: Wiring in the

connecting sub-station
1
5
3
4
1. High voltage connecting line

2. Connecting line cable screen / VSE-Box
3. Earth line to the test object
4. Guard ring connection in the opposite sub-station
5. Return wire from the opposite sub-station
6. VSE box
3-7
Figure 6: Corona shield and

guard ring arrangement in the
opposite sub-station.
7. Guard ring connection to the
spare phase
8. Flexible VSE conductor
connected to the bottom of the
sealing end
7
8
The VSE conductor 7 should not have contact with the sheath or
ground of the cable!
Figure 7: VSE-Box connection

4
1. High voltage connecting line
2. Connecting line cable screen /
VSE-Box
3. Earth line to the test object
4. Guard ring connection in the
opposite sub-station
5. Return wire from the opposite
sub-station
6. VSE box
3-8
Assessment of the dissipation factor measurement values
Assessment of the dissipation factor measurement values

For some years now, it has been possible to calibrate the 0.1 Hz
dissipation factor measurement on a very stable calibration
standard, the absolute value of which is known to better than
+ 2 x 10-5. With this standard BAUR offers the possibility of going
beyond simply making comparison measurements to provide its
clients with real absolute measurements.
The only important factors to take into account when making
an assessment are the change of dissipation factor since the
test object was new and the voltage dependency of the
dissipation factor.
The absolute maximum permissible value, at which operationinhibiting damage is bound to occur, depends on the composition of
the cables insulation material. This also varies from cable to cable.
Therefore, the measured values should, if possible, always be
considered in comparison with the tan value of a new cable. The
typical dissipation factor absolute values of new homopolymeric PE
and XLPE cables lay between 1 x 10-4 up to 2 x 10-4 . Copolymer
cables have much higher dissipation factor absolute values.
Especially on new copolymere insulated cables the dissipation
factor might be highly frequency dependent.
Limits and criterions for homopolymeric PE and XLPE cables

* tan (2xUo) < 1,210-3 and
* tan (2xUo) - tan (Uo) < 0,610-3
** tan (2xUo) > 2,210-3 or
** tan (2xUo) - tan (Uo) > 110-3
}
}
cable not fully penetrated

with water trees
cable with very high

operating risk
* To secure the detection of local defects in the insulation an additional high voltage withstand test with 3 Uo is recommended.
** Immediate replacement of cable or cable section is
recommended.
Caution!
Please look carefully for a corona free measuring connection

and a correct connection of the virtual ground to avoid
leakage current on the surface of terminations. If these criteria
are not fully attended, misinterpretation of the test results are
possible.
3-9
Isolate the test object, lock against reconnecting and make sure
that zero voltage condition exists.
Insulate nearby items which are under voltage.
It has to be ensured, that the application of the diagnostic
voltage does not lead to flashovers to other nearby items of
the cable station which are in service.
On multiphase systems connect all phases to the station ground
except the one under diagnostic.
It is known that the dissipation factor is highly temperature

dependent. Therefore it is recommended not to perform such
diagnostic test during high load conditions. Wait until the
temperature reaches ambient conditions.
3-10
Earth connection
Earth connection
Earth terminal of KTG

cable drum rack:
B
Equipotential
lead
C
25 mm2
lmax= 10 m
earth
copper terminal
protective earth cable

yellow / green
HV - plug - interlock
A
station earth
test object
Action
Procedure
Connect protective earth lead to station earth.
Connect protective earth lead to earth terminal of

KTG cable drum rack. Take shortest distance of
copper terminal. Protective earth lead must be as
short as possible!
Equipotential lead (cross-section min. 25 mm2 /

max. length = 10 m) to the next low-resistance
earth. If the copper cable is not connected a
potential rise of the unit in case of breakdowns
can be the result.
3-11
Emergency off, externally

(option)
high voltage plug

high voltage load
shield (VSE)
isolated phase
guard
3
B
B
guard
VSE box
return line
test object
Action
3-12
Procedure
Disconnect the strand to be diagnosed from

station on both ends.
Connect the guard ring with braided shield around

the bottom of the sealing ends.
Caution:
The connection of the guard rings may not
produce corona or partial discharges.
The guard must not have any contact with
ground!
If necessary clean the terminations.
Connect the guard lead with the VSE Box.

Connect the other guard ring at the far end of the
tested cable over spare phase for the return
leakage current (Fig. 5 / page 3-9 and Fig. 6 /
page 3-10).
Action
Procedure
Ground the VSE ground terminal with a contact

clamp of the ground lead (yellow/green)
(Fig. 7, page 3-10)
Connect the shield of the high voltage connecting

lead to the VSE box (Fig. 7, page 3-10)
Place on corona hood at the far end of the tested

cable and placeon corona hood with the high
voltage test lead on the strand to be tested.
Caution:
Be aware that all adjacent parts have a minimum
HV distance.
Place the external emergency OFF switch (option)

at a convenient place and connect it instead of the
short circuit jumper.
Connect power supply.
3-13
Perform a Diagnostic Test
Before going into operation, local safety regulations and safety

precautions for the protection against direct or indirect contact
of live parts have to be met accordingly!
Perform a Diagnostic Test
16
Action
3-14
17
Procedure
Switch ON the power supply switch (16) on the

SCU
Switch On the personal computer
Start the PHG software
Push the "READY TO SWITCH ON" pushbutton

(17) on the SCU.
The PHG is ready to switch on only when following
interlocks are released:
- the high voltage plug on the DU must be
connected and the screwed plug is completely
locked in
- the emergency off switch on the SCU and the
external emergency off unit (option) are not
activated
The green indicator lamp is switched OFF, the
red indicator lamp is illuminated.
Select the menu:

"Dissipation factor measurement
0.1 Hz sine wave".
Diagnostic procedure
Terms, explanatory diagrams for the symbols as well
the Help functions can be selected with the ? button.
"Start" Diagnosis
A high voltage arrow signal is displayed which gives a
feedback of the high voltage switched ON. The
PHG TD is "IN OPERATION".
18
Action
Procedure
Stop the test procedure by the PC program STOP
Push the high voltage button (18) OFF

The PHG TD will return to the status "READY FOR
OPERATION"
The red indicator lamp is switched OFF, the
green indicator turns ON
The automatic discharge unit will discharge the
internal capacitors and all connected high
voltage lines
Discharge all hot lines, ground and short circuit all

leads
The PHG System has an internal discharge unit but not a solid
grounding device.
Before releasing the safety precautions you must absolutely
once again externally discharge, ground and short circuit if
necessary all live parts with a ground rod.
3-15
Notizen
3-16
Software
PHG TD Software Tan-Delta Diagnostic

Introduction
The PHG software controls the programmable High Voltage Generator and the Tan-Delta loss factor measuring system. The PHG
software enables fully automatic voltage tests and Tan-Delta
diagnostic measurements. This programe offers optimum support
for evaluation and documentation of measuring results.
Description
Correct connection of the test sample (see 'Help' 'Information').

First enter data in 'Description'.
Fill in the relevant date, select the 'diagnostic' procedure and
'evaluation' and then enter 'phase voltage Uo'.
The display for 'max. voltage' indicates the maximum test voltage
during this diagnostic process. Check the entered data and then
start the process with 'OK'. The next screen displays 'Start
Diagnostic'. This screen informs about programe and status of
diagnostic process. Start the PHG system by activating button 'Start
Diagnostic'. The different graphic display modes can be selected
during and after diagnostic process (see 'Help' 'Icons and
symbols').
Description 'copy layout'
The description is used as data base and definition of the diagnostic

programe and evaluation. Frequently used data and definitions are
stored in 'copy layout'. After recall of 'copy layout' in 'description', the
new data can be entered. Delete the name 'copy layout' and fill in
the new title. Confirm with 'OK'.
As soon as a new title is entered, the system will store it
automatically as new file.
3-17
Software
Description title
A new title or recall and correction of stored title results in

overwriting of the original title. The title file can be deleted if the title
name is cleared and confirmed with 'OK'.
See 'Description Tan-Delta Diagnostic'
Evaluation
Phase
Load
Set / max. voltage
see 'Help' 'Evaluation Tan-Delta Diagnostic'
Display of actual phase

After start up, the system measures the load capacity of the test
sample.
Set
'Set voltage' = pre-set value of voltage step
Max. voltage
'max. voltage' indicates the maximum voltage level applied during
the diagnostic process. For calculation of maximum voltage level
the selected diagnostic process is used.
Example Diagnostic process
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3
1 * Uo
2 * Uo
3 * Uo
Voltage Phase/N
Max. voltage
Tan-Delta
phase against neutral Uo= 6 kV

= 18 kV
Actual Tan-Delta Value
Process
Displays the actual and the total number of measurements of this

step
Average
Actual average value
STD Dev.
Actual standard deviation

Each of these files has it`s own description and it`s own voltage
indication. The PHG TD PC version has only one description and
one phase voltage Uo for all phases.
3-18
Software
Loading files
Description for creating new files based

on old VLF files
- enter new title

- enter phase number 1 or 3
- enter phase voltage Uo (check and change old data for Uo)
Correct input values for phase voltage Uo are necessary to get valid
tan-delta evaluation diagrams.
- confirm with 'OK'
- quit the now displayed screen 'PHG - Start Diagnostic' with 'exit'.
Loading VLF files
By activating icon 'load file' followed by selecting and activating

'load old VLF files' the screen for selection of old VLF files is
opened.
The sequence of loading is only important insofar as the last loaded
VLF file is stored in 'description' can be completed or modified.
Now a file converted from old VLF files can be printed out and
stored as a new diagnostic file.
3-19
Software
Description PHG Tan-Delta Diagnostic
Filing
Title
Comment
Test file name
Path
Automatic storage
The filing system can be used to organize the stored data
Stored data can be identified using the title and loaded using the
title of data
Up to one A4 page additional comments can be stored
Data file in MS DOS format xxxxxxxx.dat

Statement of the path in the MS DOS format
'no'
Test results will not be stored
'yes'
Measuring test results are stored after the test procedure.
'Yes' (with sinusoidal data)
Measuring results and the data of current and voltage curve are
stored. For the sinusoidal data you have to enter it`s own file name.
xxxxx000.sin
for 000 an automatic increased number will be selected and
entered.
3-20
Software
General
- General Input Fields
Company
Location
Operator
- Cable Data
- Phase
1 Phase: Test procedure for the diagnostic for one phase will be
started.
3 Phase: Test procedure for the diagnostic for three phases will be
started. Automatic sequence will be L1, L2, L3. The sequence can
be changed at any time with 'Start Test Procedure'.
After pushing the button 'more cable data' a new window will allow
to enter more specific cable or test sample data. 15 different fields
are available, which also are printed in the report.
3-21
Software
PHG TD - Programme Sequence
Define Programme
Up to 10 test procedures can be defined. Open description. Select

the subtopic diagnostic format by clicking the window 'sample 1'.
The window 'diagnostic procedure' will be displayed. You can
overwrite the text 'sample 1' using a new diagnostic format name.
To delete the diagnostic procedure format you delete the description
of the procedure. After selecting a new format you can enter new
listed parameters.
- Steps
Enter the number of steps. Up to 7 steps can be defined
- Factor
Step Voltage = Factor x Phase to ground voltage Uo must be
defined
- Number
Please enter the number of Tan-Delta tests to be measured per
step
- Duration
After the input of number of steps the system calculates the
necessary testing time. If you increase this time the system will
finish the number of selected tests, the remaining time the step
voltage test will continue.
3-22
Software
- Interval
If the selected total time is higher than two times the needed time
for the test procedure, a new window will be displayed where you
can enter the 'Interval'.
example:
Step 1
Number
Duration
Interval
1 * Uo
8
10 min.
2
Interval 1:
- 8 Tan-Delta Test (2 min.)
- for 6 min. the step voltage will remain for the test
Interval 2
- 8 Tan-Delta Test (2 min.)
- Test finished
3-23
Software
Discontinue criterion at
the step voltage test
Syntax:
's'
... Step
'd'
... Difference of Tan-Delta between two test voltage intervals
'>' '-' ... Allowed operators
After the letter 's' the step number is entered. All the step numbers
are equal or smaller than the actual step number.
Afer the letter 'd' the letter 's' and the step number must be entered.
The Tan-Delta criterion is entered with the letter [E-3] followed by a
decimal point. A criterion will be finalized by a comma ','.
The distance, the number of blanks between the operators, the
value of criterion and the final character are not important.
Within a 'ds' term only the actual step is tested.
Up to maximum 5 discontinue criteria for already measured values
can be selected. Up to a maximum 50 characters for the
discontinue criteria can be selected.
Time event of a discontinue criterion
3-24
If the discontinue criterion is reached, the Tan-Delta test will be

discontinued before the next step of test will be started. All the
discontinue criteria are related to the already measured Tan-Delta
and the gradient of step values.
On an interval test the limits are calculated after each package of
test result and if necessary the test will be discontinued.
_Example 1
Step 1: S1 > 3.5

If the Tan-Delta value at step 1 is higher than 1 * 10 E-3 the test
cycle will stop.
Example 2
Step 2: S2 - S 1 > 0.4

If the difference of Tan-Delta value between step 2 and step 1 is
higher than 0.4 * 10 E-3 the test cycle will stop.
Example 3
Step 3:
ds > 0.5
If the difference of Tan-Delta value between two intervals is higher
than 0.5 * 10 E-3 the test cycle will stop.
Example 4
s2-s1 > 0.6, ds2 > 0.4, s2 > 1.2
Software
PHG TD - Evaluation Tan-Delta Diagnostic
Key Functions (Syntax)
'(' , ')'
'-' , '+'
'<', '>'
'A' , 'a'
'O' , 'o'
'G' , 'g'
... Tan-Delta Values in brackets

... Operators for adding and subtracting
... Operators for comparison
... Operators for a logic operation 'and'
... Operators for a logic operation 'or'
... Limited value
Example for an input of a creation:

Limited Value G1
Limited Value G2
Limited Value G3
Limited Value G4
Limited Value G5
Limited Value G6
Limited Value G7
TD(2xUo)-TD(Uo) < 0.6

TD(2xUo) < 1.2
TD(2xUo)-TD(Uo) > 1.0
TD(2xUo) > 2.2
TD(1.5xUo) > 2.0
G3 a G4 a G5
G1 o G2
The word 'TD for description Tan-Delta is optional. Following an

opening bracket '(' a multiplying factor and the rated Voltage '*Uo'
must follow. The multiplying factor is entered either with or without a
decimal point. If the factor becomes 1 or 1.0 this value can be
omitted.
Max 3 operators can be used to define the limiting values for
evaluation. The operator for comparisons like '<' or '>' is comparing
the linked Tan-Delta value at defined limit [E-3] either with the
operators plus '+' or minus '-' linked with defined Tan-Delta
limits [E-3].
Totally 9 limiting values with an adequate priority can be entered.
The highest priority '1' and the lowest priority '9'. If more than one
criterion is fulfilled the priority level will then decide the criterion.
As result of the diagnostic test the limiting values and the criteria
are calculated with different assessment strings or customer text for
further decisions will be displayed.
The least limiting value will be the criterion calculated and displayed
if both operators '<' or '>' are used and their criteria are not fulfilled.
The assessment string should not be longer than 100 digits. The
assessment string with the highest priority will be used for the
report.
3-25
Software
Short descriptions of further functions
Switch to PHG Automatic Test
Switch to Manual PHG - HV Test
Load diagnostic and sinusoidal data
Store diagnostic and sinusoidal data
Overview Tan-Delta measurement
Tan-Delta measuring
Graphic: Tan-Delta / HV
Graphic: Tan-Delta / measurement number
Graphic: Sinusoidal Voltage and Current
Print report results
Delete actual measurement results
Help for the Tan-Delta test
3-26
Notes
3-27
Partial discharge measurement
4. Partial discharge measurement

Overview
In this chapter you will find all relevant information on partial
discharege measurement with PHG. More literature references or
standards you will find in the chapter 4-30 or on request.

This chapter describes followeing topics:
Topic
page
Design and Function
4-2
Principle of PD-location
4-4
Specific features of different types of cables
4-8
Connections
4-10
Software
4-12
- PHG PD Sorftware Partial discharge measurement

Program start-up
4-12
- Basic settings
4-14
- Set-up
4-15
- Functions
4-19
- Menu options
4-27
References
4-30
4-1
Design and Function
Design and Function
Design
The PD-measurement system consists of the following system

components:
-
VLF generator PHG 70, PHG 80
Discharge unit DU
Interference suppression filter NF
The interference suppression filter is used for suppression of

interfering signals arising from high voltage generation. As a result,
a sensible PD-measurement is guaranteed.
-
Coupling unit CU
The coupling unit is directly connected with the cable head at the
cable station. There the PD-pulses are coupled out capacitively via
a coupling quadripole.
22
1 - ground connections
2 - High voltage electrode
3 - signal output
1
3
-
BNC line on hand-operated cable drum
The BNC line is used for the transmission of measured signals

from the coupling unit to the PD-measurement unit.
4-2
Design and Function
Calibrator
4
1- Button
Button to change calibration charge
2 -Button
Press to turn calibrator on
1
2
Press to change calibration charge

polarity
Press 3 seconds to turn calibrator off
3 - Display
actual calibration charge is displayed
4 -Connector
To connect with coupling capacitor
during calibration
4-3
The PD-measurements with source location in the system PHG PD
works on the principle of the echometry. This means that for the
evaluation the fact is used that the PD-pulses generated in the PDfault point are propagated as transient waves on the cable line and
reflected from the ends.
From the different pulse propagation time the fault distance can be
determined. The Figures below shows the principle.
The Generator is connectet to the DUT and to the Coupling

capacitor.
The Quadripole of the Coupling Capacitor is connected to the PD
measurement system.
The Quadripole and the DUT have to be grounded proper.
A PD impulse is moving from the source of PD in both directions,

one to the near end of the cable, one to the far end of the cable.
4-4
The impulse towards the far end of the cable is reflected back
The impulse to the near end is reflected back and the PD

measuring system is triggered
During their way both impulses are damped.
4-5
The impulse reflected on the far end arrived on the near and is
reflected back towards the far end again.
This can be seen in the PD Detector display.
The Impulse reflected on the near end arrives on the far end and
is reflected towards the near end again.
4-6
The impulse reflected on the near end and reflected on the far end
arrives on the near end a second time.This can be seen in the PD
Detector display.
With this informations the location of the PD can be

calculated:
time between impulse 1 and impulse 2

* pulse velocity
Length from far end to source of PD =
Length from near end to source of PD = cable length - Length

from far end to source of PD
4-7

PD Diagnostics is general
PD Diagnostics has been a well proven method for non-destructive
judgement of insulation behavior. From laboratory testing PD
measurement is well-known as a routine test. The PD levels
required there are dependent on the product. In case of medium
and high voltage cables the levels are in the range of some pC.
For on-site testing the required levels are different. For on-site
testing the exact level itself is less important compared to the
localisation of the PD source. The PD level has to be known only
within a range. The PD pulses are subject to the damping of the
cable. Therefore the level to be measured is dependent on the
distance of the PD source. For PD source location only the time
delay between the first and the reflected pulse is important.
In most cases the PD source is not located in the cable insulation
itself, but in the accessories. Would the PD source be located
within the cable insulation, this would lead to a breakdown within
shortest time. Practical measurement prooved that most of the PD
sources are located in the joints. PD sources outside the joints are
rare and then mostly defects on the sheath.
Thus leads to the fact that for on-site PD diagnosis PD levels in the
range of some 100 pC are relevant only. Most important is the
knowledge of the location of the PD source.
Experience on plastic cables
Numerous practical measurements worldwide showed that PD
location at plastic cables (means in the joints of those) were
performing successfully [1][2][3][4]. [2] describes the location of 6
defective, out of total 36 joints. The reason was a mounting defect
during installation. [3] describes the investigation of two out of the 6
defective joints in laboratory. Reason for the measurement was a
joint defect 6 months after installation. The results of the on-site
and the laboratory PD measurements are equivalent.
A visual examination of a faulty joint showed that this joint, having
1.6 nC would have led to a defect rather soon.
Table 1 presents the results of this on-site measurement. The
results were prooven by laboratory measurements on the joints
being removed from the grid.
4-8
Position
Joint1
Joint2
Joint3
Joint4
118m
541m
780m
1150m
L1
126pC
1.2nC
260pC
L2
428pC
L3
1.6nC
472pC
604pC
Table 1: Summary of the on-site measurement on a 30 kV system

at 1.7 U0
A lot of measurements were performed on other plastic cables
(PE/XLPE and EPR) with the same success.
Experience on paper mass cables
The PD measurement on paper mass cables is the same as on
plastic cables regarding the measurement technique. The most
important difference exists in the interpretation of the results.
From its design a paper mass cable has a lot of PD within its
insulation. In contradiction to a plastic cable this is not harmfull to
the insulation. The voids in the insulation open and close
frequently due to the thermal expansion and viscosity of the
insulation mass. The harmlessness of this is prooven by paper
mass cables showing nC of PD but being in operation since more
than 80 years. This background PD level of the cable itself
depends on type, manufacturer, manufacturing year and condition
of the cable and ranges between some 10 pC and some nC
without being risky to the cable.
As already described for the plastic cables the PD measurement at
paper mass cables is done in order to locate defects in joints and
terminations. In some cases defects of the sheath (corrosion of the
lead sheath) were detected.
In comparison to plastic cables, the paper mass cables never were
routine PD tested at the manufacturer. Therefore the interpretation
of the results and the operation risk are much more difficult
compared to plastic cables. Only comparison between the cables
of different phases and of same type and manufacturing year
enable an interpretation.Additional to that the measurement itself is
more difficult. Many of the (non-risky) discharges in the cable are
recorded of the measurement system. Each impulse shows the
equivalent position of the source. This leads to a distribution of
many pulses all over the cable length. In order to locate a defect
which shows up with a PD level higher than this background
noise, many recordings are required. Measurement systems with
automatic position recognition are to be favored.
Practical experience of the authors in Germany, Austria, Italy,
Russia, Ukrainia and other countries have shown, that despite the
above described difficulties a reliable identification of PD sources
was possible. Even sheath defects could be identified. Additional
to that lead corrosion at railway crossings and river crossings were
detected. Therefore PD location and measurement on paper mass
cables is also recommended in order to increase the reliability of
the grid.
4-9
Connections
Connecting for PD Diagnosis

Preparation of the DUT
Disconnect all poles of the DUT, prevent reclosing, and check deenergisation. Neighbouring parts under voltage must be insulated.
Check that the test voltage cannot lead to flashovers to
neighbouring parts under voltage. In a three- or more-phasesystem ground all conductors except the phase under test.
Connecting of safety earth

With the included safety-earth-line (yellow-green) connect the
testers safety-earth-connector to the station earth. Connect the
station earth to the ground connector of the coupling capacitor.
Ensure good connection of the DUT cable steath to ground on
both ends of the DUT.
Connection of the high voltage line

The sheath connector of the high voltage cable of the tester has to
be connected to the grounded sheath of the DUT. The high voltage
connector has to be connected to the Coupling capacitor via the
included resistor. Connect the inner conductor of the DUT to the
coupling capacitor via the included unshielded HV cable.
Connection of the signal line

Connect the signal line (black coax-cable with BNC plugs) to the
signal output of the coupling capacitor and on the other side to the
PD measuring system (Plug named RPA1).
1- VLF Generator
2 - Partial discharge measuring system
3 - Coupling capacitor
4-10
connenctions
Please ensure that adequate precautions and general safety

instruction are followed
1 - connect ground
connectors of coupling
capacitor to ground.
2 - screw included resistor

to coupling capacitor.
Connect HV cable from
generator to resistor,
3
3 - connect coupling
capacitor with DUT via
unshielded cable
2
1
Connect the black BNC

measuring cable to the
coupling capacitor and to
the measuring system like
shown.
4-11
PHG PD Sorftware Partial discharge measurement, Program start-up
PHG PD Software Partial discharge measurement

Programm start - up
The Partial Discharge Measurement program is started from the
PHG control program. This is done by selecting "Partial Discharge
Measurement" from the main menu.
The screen then appears as shown in the following figure. When the
program starts up, the last used parameters and measurement data
are loaded and displayed. The automatic search routine then
checks that a partial discharge measurement unit is attached and
ready.
Following successful initialization of the unit, the set-up settings for
the unit are loaded and any modifications to values for e.g. Position,
Zoom, Gain, Cable Length and Propagation Velocity are displayed.
The screen is divided into several areas. The function buttons on
the bottom edge of the screen allow quick access to the most
important functions. These functions are also available from the
menu at the top of the screen. The menu bar also contains the
more seldom used functions and options.
The status indicator can be seen beneath the menu. The "RPA"
LED indicates whether the coupling unit is connected or not. Green
or white lights mean normal operation. The red "ERR" light signals
an interruption in the transmission of data between the unit and the
PC or errors in the data exchange between the PHG voltage
monitoring software and the PD measurement software. The "RXD"
and "TXD" lights on the right hand edge are red if data is being
exchanged over the serial interface.
The software can also be used for offline-evaluation of the
measurements. Install the Software on a desktop PC running
Windows 98(TM Zeichen in Word einfgen) or Windows 2000(TM
Zeichen in Word einfgen) from the CD. Ensure, that the onlinemode is deactivated on the office-PC. After doing measurements
copy all the recorded files with extension <.DSO> and make a
Replay on your office PC like described later.In addition you should
backup all your measurements on printed on paper and/or backup
the recorded files on you office PC or a floppy disk. Archiving the
measurements only on the BAUR system PC is not recommended
because the system may be exposed to heavy duty environmental
conditions such as very high/low temperatures and mechanical
shock. All components, also the PC, are designed for this heavy
duty condition but a failure of e.g. the inbuilt harddisk could destroy
all the data saved on the PC.
4-12
Program start-up
3
4
The graphical interface shows this using two x-y plots. On the left
hand side is the DSO (Digital Storage Oscilloscope) (1). This
displays the graphs transmitted from the unit against time. The yaxis shows the amplitude of the input signal at the preamplifier in
millivolts. The x-axis has a display range from a minimum of 2s to
a maximum of 80s. With an A/D sampling interval of 10ns, this
corresponds to between 200 to 8000 transmitted values. Under
these graphs there is an area which displays the current section of
the window in relation to the maximum possible total data period
(80s) (2). The cursor positions are always shown there.
The associated graphs are shown on the right hand side. At the
present time the graph is in the form of a correlation frequency plot
against the cable length. Beneath these, you can position manually
markers for e.g. couplings or cable ends.
In the middle of the screen there is line of several control windows
for the parameter settings of the unit and the software (3). Any of
these values can be modified by the user. Each one of these is
dealt with in more detail later.
The area above the function buttons is used to display the current
calculated values for cursor positions, PD value or voltage (4). The
most important basic settings and all the set-up options are
explained in the next chapter.
4-13
Basic settings
Basic settings
Basic settings
After starting the program you can choose between two different
modes of operation.
(a) Online measurement for testing the cable and
(b) Offline - data exchange.
For online measurement, a connection to the PD measurement unit
via a serial interface is set up and all the preparations such as
connection of the coupling unit and safety precautions are
completed. To start continuous data transmission you must select
RUN mode. The F1 key can be used to move between the two
modes (see the chapter on functions). In this mode the curves in
the DSO graph representing the transmission velocity and the
trigger mode are updated as quickly as possible.
For offline data evaluation, no unit is to be connected as otherwise
several important functions e.g. Replay, are not available. With no
unit connected the software is always in HOLD mode. The RUN
mode cannot be activated offline (no serial connection).
Connecting the calibrator

No high voltage must be applied to the DUT during calibration!
Switch off the generator and press the emergency-off button to
prevent switching on high voltage by mistake!
For the calibration process use the included calibrator and connect
it to the coupling capacitor high voltage electrode and to the
coupling capacitor ground connector.
Begin calibration with low Level (e.g.0.1 nC) for maximum
sensitivity and increase level if necessary.
4-14
Set-up
Set-up
Position
The value in Position determines the displacement of the x-axis in

relation to the trigger point. The x-axis has its origin exactly at the
trigger point. The pre-trigger zone is set within the unit as 1s. This
corresponds to a Position value of 0s. The Position value changes
this pre-trigger zone in RUN mode and only the displayed area and
not the original data in HOLD mode or Offline. Position and Zoom in
HOLD mode are automatically adjusted with respect to one another
so that no overlapping can occur.
Changing the Position value

results in displacement of the x
axis, at position 0s the x-axis
starts at -1.0s
Range markings; in HOLD or

Offline modes a light grey bar
indicates the selected section
4-15
Set-up
Range/Zoom
In RUN mode these values determine the transmission time span

(Range) in microseconds. The time base for the DSO graph should
be as small as possible in order to avoid unnecessarily long data
transmission times from the unit to the PC.
Due to the dispersion in the cable, a Range some 10-20% greater
is chosen to ensure that all of the reflected signal can be seen. The
value selected for this setting must always be a multiple of 2s. The
maximum value is 80s.
The white bars under the DSO graph indicate the maximum
possible measurement range. The area marking is shown as a
percentage of the whole area.
The area marking for Position and Range (Zoom) can have the
following appearance:
a) Run Modus:
Position
Zoom
b) Hold Modus:
Position
Zoom
The values for Position and Zoom can be changed by shifting the
range marking using the mouse. When the mouse pointer reaches
the range marking then either a hand appears for moving Position
or a double arrow for moving Range or Zoom. You can change the
bar display by holding down the left mouse button.
Under the bars you can see the markers (grey, green and blue
vertical lines) for the cursor positions in the DSO graph. The red "T"
at the start remains where it is and indicates the trigger position.
It is to be noted that any area which you wish to see in HOLD mode
can only show part of the originally measured data (i.e. Zoom =
Range always applies). Therefore it is always better to choose a
slightly bigger Range for measurement so that there is more scope
for using Zoom in the evaluation.
4-16
Set-up
Gain (Amplification), Trigger level
The value for Gain determines the amplification of the high

frequency measurement signals. It is adjustable from 1 to 80000 (0
- 98dB) in steps. The trigger threshold can be set between 0 and
100%. These two fields are only accessible in RUN mode. If a
cyclic repeating triggered signal cannot be seen, this could be due
to several reasons:
- The amplification is too low, the trigger threshold is not reached;
- The trigger level is too high; if necessary choose a lower trigger
threshold for very weak signals
- No PD pulses are present; for very high gain values only noise
signals are triggered.
A suitable combination of gain and trigger values is best achieved
using the calibrator signal. The trigger level should ideally be
between 50% and 90%. The gain should then be set so that the
reflection from the cable end is clearly visible but the first trigger
pulse is not too strongly overmodulated. A reflection position is
essential in each case for a test to be carried out.
green arrow:
trigger ok;
red arrow:
no trigger, gain too low or
trigger level too high
Trigger level in percent;

no differentiation between
positive and negative
signals; Arrow is moved
by mouse or kept below
absolute value;
Automatic gain
adjustment
Auto / Normal /
Single Trigger Mode
On the right hand side near the field for the Gain value there is a
button which can be used to initiate an automatic gain adjustment.
This causes the gain to be increased in stages and only when the
measuring signal exceeds the trigger threshold does the automatic
gain adjustment stop.
4-17
Set-up
On the right hand side near the Trigger Level field there is a button
which can be used to set the trigger mode. The letter shown
indicates the currently active mode. In Auto mode (A) the DSO
graph is continuously updated, irrespective of whether a trigger
event took place or not, in Normal mode (N) only triggered signals
are shown and Single mode (S) only shows a trigger event and
immediately afterwards switches into Hold mode.
Cable Length and Vc

(Propagation Velocity)
4-18
The values for the cable length and the propagation velocity, if
known, can be entered directly into the fields. If only the cable
length is known then by calibration the value for the propagation
velocity can be automatically calculated.
Calibration procedure:
Connect the calibrator, to the coupling unit and enter a value in pC.
This procedure can only be carried out in the non-live condition.
Then set the gain and trigger level so that a continuous triggered
measurement signal is provided. In order to be able to carry out a
calibration, the Range in the DSO graph is set so that the reflection
position at the cable end is clearly visible. Now start the LOC
function (see more in the chapter on functions) and a correlation
frequency distribution is displayed in the right hand graph which
ideally shows a pronounced maximum at the reflection position. By
double clicking the mouse on this vertical red bar, a window opens
in which a value for the exact length of the cable length can be
entered. Closing the window with "Ok" displays the propagation
velocity, taking into account this value and the position of the red
bar in the LOC graph.
Functions
Functions
The function buttons on the bottom edge of the screen make all of
the most important functions for cable fault location available. The
following text describes these in more detail and the various ways
in which the program can be used. Active functions have a dark
grey background.
Offline (no connection to unit) in HOLD mode
Offline with Replay function started
Online (serial communication) in RUN mode
Online in RUN mode and Scan function running
Run / Hold DSO

(F1, Ctrl+U or Ctrl+O)
The program can show the DSO graph in two ways: The first is in
RUN mode, in which there is a continuous flow of data between the
PC and the unit and updating of the DSO graph takes place
according to the trigger mode. If the Trigger mode is set to Auto
then all the transmitted DSO graphs are displayed. In the HOLD
mode the DSO graph shows the last transmitted DSO graph or the
last one read from a file. The button label always shows the action
that would be carried out if the button were to be pressed. In the
RUN mode the button label is shown as "Hold DSO" and in the
HOLD mode the button label is "Run DSO". If there is no serial
connection to a PD measurement unit then the program will
automatically be in HOLD mode. Switching to the RUN mode is not
permitted in these circumstances.
4-19
Functions
Start / Stop Replay, Start / Stop

Scan (F2, Ctrl+A)
This is one of the most important functions for data evaluation. In

Online operation the Scan function is available and the Replay
function is available in Offline operation. Both are dependent on one
another.
The Scan function allows you to store the readings sequentially in
files which can then be reloaded and evaluated offline using the
Replay function. Only the raw data and set-up information are
stored in the DSO files (file ending *.dso) so that the use of hard
disk space is minimised. Scan is then started
and the secondary window shown on the left appears. The value
entered in "Scan Directory" determines the directory where the files
in question are to be stored. This can be either entered manually or
chosen from the existing directory structure using the "Browse"
button. The file prefix determines the complete file name. The file
name consists of the file prefix, a consecutive number and the
ending "dso". The maximum number of files that can be created by
the Scan procedure is limited by the value of the "Max File
Number".
This value can be between one and a thousand. When activated,
the "Scan non triggered" option means that data not produced by
the triggering of a pulse is also stored in the files. This option is
sometimes of use if a very severely interrupted signal is present
and reliable triggering on dominant PD pulses is very difficult to
achieve. Then in these circumstances, PD pulses and their echoes
appear at random in the data stream and are stored for later
evaluation.
The Cancel button is used to interrupt the Scan procedure and Ok
is used to start data storage. The file name previously saved
appears over the DSO graph in blue letters. The Scan function
stops automatically after saving the previously set number of files
or by manual interruption from the user (Stop Scan).
4-20
Function
If the Replay function is started in Offline mode then a secondary

window appears in which the scanned files must be selected. Make
sure only those files are selected that were stored with the same
time "Range".
Selection
Choose the first file, press STRG +
and click at the last file.
After the files have been chosen it is then up to the user whether or
not to look at each in detail, selecting each file for retention or
rejection or accept all of the files. For the last option, the question
"Single File Select?" should not be answered.
4-21
Functions
If the question is answered with a "Yes" then a new secondary

window appears for the files to be pre-selected. The DSO graph
shows the saved graph and the cursor positions. This information is
saved with each file from Version 1.30.
The file name is displayed beneath the DSO graph. The user can
now rename the displayed file and save it under another name
(Save As), delete it (Delete), select (Select) or skip (Skip) the file.
As above, the Replay process can be interrupted with "Cancel".
Pressing the "All" button means that from the next file onwards all
the remaining files are automatically selected.
Each file chosen is automatically included in the calculation of the
LOC display (correlation frequency distribution). The LOC display is
updated on the main screen after every calculation. The DSO graph
shows the last selected file on the main screen.
4-22
Functions
Report (F3, Ctrl + R)
Ctrl+R
This report falls back on to the TD Description and makes a

common access to the cable line description possible (see 3-22)
Additionally, you can fill in the position of joint and PD fault as well
as the PD inseption and extinction voltage.
This report is stored with each CFL file saved with the function
"Save (F5)". Using the window shown below, the user is able to
enter comments associated with the measurements that can be
loaded again later and will appear on the page on every printout.
Load (F4, Ctrl+L)
In Offline mode the saved files can be loaded and displayed on the
screen. These files can be scanned files (*.dso) or project files
(*.cfl). The project files contain the set-up information for the unit as
well as the last displayed DSO graph, the report and the last fault
location calculations from the LOC display.
Save (F5, Ctrl+S)
Saves the currently displayed data in a cfl file.
Search / Offline (F6, Ctrl+E)
This function establishes the link to a PD measuring unit or breaks

it. All the serial interfaces listed in the initialisation file are searched.
Normally these are the ports COM1 and COM2. Depending on the
particular system configuration there could be up to 16 serial
interfaces.
4-23
Functions
PHG Control(F6, Ctrl+H)
Monitoring window display for the test generator voltage. The

required voltage Uphg can be entered as the actual value in this
window. Further options can be accessed using the "Def" button.
This brings up the secondary window PHG-PD parameter. The
maximum allowable voltage, the synchronization frequency and the
parameters for the PDIV mode can be set in this window.
The PDIV mode automatically increases the test voltage up to the
previously entered PDIV value (partial discharge value) in pC. From
this point the voltage is not further increased. Each increase in
voltage is maintained for a fixed number of time intervals. The size
of the voltage increase and the starting voltage for this mode can
be varied.
After the start of the voltage control, the displays of the current
voltage Uphg in the analogue display and the bar display in the
PHG control window are constantly updated. The kV- and kV+
buttons in the PHG control window are not available in the PDIV
mode. These buttons are only accessible during manual setting of
the voltage or after the PDIV mode has been automatically
switched off. Pressing the Start button starts the generator and
shows the button against a red background. A red high voltage
arrow near the Uphg display signals the presence of high voltage.
4-24
Functions
Start / Stop LOC (F9, Ctrl+T)
This function can be used to start or stop the automatic fault

location calculation (LOC / Location). The calculation produces a
correlation frequency distribution which is shown in the graph on
the right. Every triggered graph from the DSO
graph is correlated with a reference pulse. This reference pulse has
been artificially "aged" i.e. the pulse has already taken into account
the dispersion in the cable. After correlation the maxima are plotted
in a three dimensional array. This produces frequency clusters from
the measured times to the reflection positions. The accumulations
of these frequency clusters within a segment of the x-axis are
shown with red vertical bars on the LOC graph. It should be noted
that the accumulations are only shown for those clusters that have
exceeded an adjustable pre-set level.
The most pronounced maxima are directly translated into fault
positions and shown beneath the LOC graph as Pos 1-3. Using the
menu options for the LOC graph, the various results can be
superimposed or removed and changes made to the details of the
displayed image.
The LOC function is started automatically during a Replay. It should

be noted for LOC graphs that the dimensioning of the x-axis begins
at the remote end. For this reason the display range for the x-axis
(Max. Display) should always be greater than the cable length
(Cable Length) otherwise some of the fault locations could be
missed. The vertical red bars which show the accumulations are
also called "Projections", whilst the frequency clusters are referred
to as "Peak Distribution" in the menu under LOC Graph. The cursor
can be turned on and off for this graph. The cursor positions can be
read off the right hand edge of the screen beneath the graph.
Note
The use of correlation frequency distribution as the only criterion for

fault analysis of a cable is not advisable. The relevant DSO graphs,
the layout plan and the effect of interference are always to be taken
into consideration.
4-25
Functions
4-26
Print (F3, Ctrl+P)
This function produces a print of the currently displayed data. The

DSO and the LOC graphs in addition to the previously entered
report can also be output on paper.
Exit (F10, Ctrl+X)
This button closes the partial discharge measurement program and

returns to the main menu. If the generator voltage has not yet been
switched off then the program cannot be closed down. In this case
you have to press the "HV Stop" button.
Menu options
Menu options
The program has further functions that are more seldom used
available from the menu bar. Only those that are not accessible
from the main menu are explained below.
The PgUp and PgDown buttons allow you to load the next DSO file
from the current Replay directory in Offline mode. If the program
cannot find a DSO file in the directory, then a short message
appears.
The function "Default Directory" opens a directory selection
window from which the directory can be chosen that will appear as
the default directory for Load and Save functions.
In the Edit menu there are useful functions such as "Copy DSO",
"Copy LOC" and Copy DSO+LOC" which copy the contents of the
DSO and LOC graphs individually or together into the Windows
clipboard. This makes the writing of reports in, e.g. Word, very
much easier. "Scan Settings" can be set using this function
without having to start the actual function.
4-27
Menu options
Under "Window Main Panel" the LOC graph can be switched off so
that the whole width of the screen can be used for the display of the
DSO graphs. This is useful for very long cables and therefore long
transmission times in order to obtain better resolution. The normal
setting is "DSO+LOC" for which the two graphs are visible.
Under Options there is a collection of various general setting

parameters.
Pulse velocity
Units
4-28
The "Pulse Velocity" (propagation velocity of the signal within the

cable) can be displayed as an absolute value (v) or a halved value
(v/2). The units of measurement for length or velocity can be
selected as either the "SI (mks) - metre kilogram second" - system
or the "fps - foot pound second" - system.
Menu options
The cursor for the DSO graph can be switched on and off as for the
LOC graph. The trigger mode can be switched between "Single",
"Normal" and " Auto" modes using the menu.
LOC Graph
Sensivity
The LOC graph offers the most possibilities for setting. The different
results like "Peak Distribution" and "Projections" can be inserted
and removed individually. The type of summing of the projections
can be variated between absolute and relative. In the absolute
mode only the individual accumulation points are added and then
weaker impulses appear more intensively. The relative mode needs
to be selected for strong signals. Here the dispersion along the
cable is very clear and the fault positions can be differentiated in a
better way.
The LOC graph has the most options for its settings. The different
results such as "Peak Distribution" and "Projections" can be
individually superimposed or removed. The type of accumulation of
the projections can be either absolute or relative. In absolute mode
the individual frequency clusters are added together so that the
weaker pulses become more noticeable. The relative mode is used
with stronger signals as the dispersion along the cable will be the
clearest and the fault locations are easier to differentiate.
4-29
References
References
[1] Erfahrungen bei der 0,1 Hz- Verlustfaktormessung mit der VLFAnlage der Firma BAUR, Oberstein- Id. Elektrizitts AG, Idar
Oberstein 1992 (Prfbericht)
[2] Kaul, G.; Plath, R.; Kalkner, W.: Development of computerized
dissipation factor measurement system for different
frequencies, including 0,1 Hz and 50/60 Hz
8th ISH, Yokohama,1993
[3] Bach, R.; Kalkner, W.; Oldehoff, H.: Verlustfaktormessung bei
0,1 Hz an betriebsgealterten PE/VPE- Kabelanlagen
Elektrizittswirtschaft, Jg 92 (1993), Heft 17/18
[4] Mller, K.-B.; Stucki, F.: Eigenschaften individueller water trees
in VPE- Kabeln
Elektrizittswirtschaft Jg.92 (1993), Heft 26
[5] Oldehoff, H.: Diskussionsbeitrge von der VDEW-Kabeltagung
1993, Elektrizittswirtschaft, Jg 92 (1993), Heft 26
[6] Krefter, K. H.: Prfungen zur Beurteilung von Kabelanlagen in
Mittelspannungsnetzen
VWEW-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1991
[7] Steenis, E. F.; van de Laar, A. M.:Characterisation test and
classification procedure for water- tree aged medium voltage
cables Electra No. 125 S. 88- 101
[8] Kuschel, M.; Plath, R.; Kalkner, W.: Dissipation Factor Measurement at 0,1 Hz as a Diagnostic Tool for Serviceaged XLPEInsulated Medium Voltage Cables
9th ISH, Graz, 1995
[9] Verhoeven, C.W.J.: Tangent Delta measurements with VLF.
Sense or Nonsense?
NV PNEM Facilitair Bedrijf, 1995
[10] BAUR, Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH: Prfung und Diagnose
an Mittelspannungskabeln mit dem BAUR System PHG TD;
Ident.Nr. 810-006
Informationsschrift, Sulz 4/96
[11] Wonnay, J.R.; Mathis, H.-J.: Voltage test and dissipation factor
diagnosis of medium voltage cables with a new high voltage
function generator
9th ISH, Graz, 1995
[12] Kuschel, M.; Plath, R.; Kalkner, W.: Dielectric Response as a
Tool for Insulation Diagnosis - Comparison between Time and
Frequency Domain
Kuschel / ICDI 1997
4-30
References, Continued
References, Continued
Standards [1] IEEE P400/D14
Draft Guide for Field Testing and Evaluation of the Insulation of

Shielded Power Cable Systems 1 to 500 kV.
IEEE Standards Department
Copyright and Permissions
445 Hoes Lane, P. O. Box 1331
Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA
http://standards.ieee.org
[2] Harmonisierungsdokument HD 620 S1, Juni 1996,

Energieverteilungskabel mit extrudierter Isolierung fr
Nennspannungen von 3,6/6 (/,2) kV bis 20,8/36 (42) kV
CENELEC, Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische
Normung, Zentralsektretareat; Rue de Strassart 35, B 1050
Brssel, Belgien.
info_pub6cenelec.org
[3] Harmonisierungsdokument HD 621 S1, Oktober 1996,
Energieverteilungskabel mit getrnkter Papierisolierung fr
Mittelspannung
CENELEC, Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische
Normung, Zentralsektretareat; Rue de Strassart 35, B 1050
Brssel, Belgien.
[4] DIN VDE, Deutsche Norm fr Strakstromkabel VDE 0276,
Dezember 1996, Teil 620: Energieverteilungskabel mit
extrudierter Isolierung fr Nennspannungen von 3,6/6 (/,2) kV
bis 20,8/36 (42) kV
VDE - Verlag Berlin, 10625 Berlin, Deutschland,
http://www.vde-verlag.de/
[5] ASTM
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959
Phone: (610) 832-9585
Fax: (610) 832-9555
http://www.astm.org
[6] K. Rethmeier, W. Kalkner: Untersuchungsbericht: Vor-Ort-TEMessungen an Mittelspannungskabelstrecken sowie Laboruntersuchungen an aufgenommenen teilentladungsbehafteten
Muffen, Untersuchungsbericht TU Berlin, Institut fr
Hochspannungstechnik, 2000
[7] M. Baur, Case Study on PD Diagnosis in Southern Germany,
interner BAUR Bericht, 2001
[8] K. Rethmeier, W. Kalkner: TE-Messungen an zwei
geborgenen Mittelspannungsmuffen (Kurzbericht),
Untersuchungsbericht TU Berlin, Institut fr
Hochspannungstechnik, 2000
[9] Colloca, Fara, de Nigris, Rizzi: Comparision among different
diagnostic systems for medium voltage cable lines, Cired,
Amsterdam, 2001
4-31

Cable Testing and Diagnostic Software

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Cable Testing and Diagnostic Software

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Operating Instructions

Cable Testing and Diagnostic with the

Ident. No. 822-103

BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH

Tel +43 / 55 22 / 49 41-0

Guide to this Operating Instruction, Copyright, Preface

Guide to this Operating Instruction

For fast finding of important information the corresponding text

More and special information concerning the respective subject are

Important unit information!

Important information text.

BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH,

In the interest of our customers we reserve the rights for

This manual contains all information necessary for the correct

BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH, Raiffeisenstrasse 8

Please read now and

- The cable test and diagnostic system PHG is built in

Safety Precautions, Warranty

Safety Precautions, Continued

Use the PHG - System

- It is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that only

12 months warranty time

The 12 months warranty time starts with delivery.

BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH, Raiffeisenstrasse 8

1. System Information ........................................................................ 1-1

2. Cable Testing .................................................................................. 2-1

3. Dissipation factor measurement.................................................. .3-1

4. Partial discharge measurement .................................................... 4-1

This chapter describes following topics:

Operating elements on SCU

Safety Control Unit SCU

PHG power unit

Cable drum rack KTG

Protection ground connection

Fibre optic link connection for

Fibre optic link connection RS232/1

Fibre optic link connection RS232/2

Connection for security circuit

Mains connection PHG 70 TD / PHG 80 TD

Connection for protective earthing (VSE)

Connection for CC1

Connection for IRG / CC1

230 V (50/60 Hz),(200 ... 264 V) 230 V (50/60 Hz), (200...264 V)

sinewave 38 kVrms 0.1 Hz

sinewave 57 kVrms 0.1 Hz

Max. output current DC

Maximum capacitive load

Sinewave, squarewave with defined slew-rate; DC-, DC+

RS 232 with fibre optic link

Max. ambient temperature

working: 0 C ... +45 C, storage: - 20 C ... +60 C

English, German, French, Spanish, other languages on request

Power unit Dimensions

19", 14 U (483x623x775 mm)

Weight of complete System

depending on version 250 - 400 kg

Technical Data, Continued

Technical Data, Continued

>10 nF (500 pF, option)

>10 nF (500 pF, option)

0.1 x 10-3 to 1000 x10-3

0.1 x 10-3 to 1000 x10-3

+ 1 % from measuring value + 1x10-4

BAUR IPC, MS Windows