1

MATHEMATICS
DIGITAL TEXTBOOK
RAGHI KRISHNA

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

CONTENT

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

Number sequence

Arithmetic sequence
Common difference
Sequence in algebra
Sum

3
4
5
7

10
12
13
13
14
15

CIRCLES

Right angle and circle

Angles ,arc and chord
Segment of a circle
Circles and quadrilateral
Cyclic quadrilateral
Cutting chords

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES

NUMBER SEQUENCE
A collection of numbers which are written in
order to certain definite rules is called number
sequence.
Example:

3, 9, 21, 45
5, 10, 15 , 20 ..
1, 4, 9, 16

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
A sequence which starts with any number
and proceeds by the addition of one number
again and again is called an arithmetic sequence
or an arithmetic progression.

Example:

2 6, 10, 14 ..
-6 , 0 ,6 , 12 ..

COMMON DIFFERENCE
In an arithmetic sequence, if we subtract any
number from the number just after it, we get the
same number. This number is called common
difference.
In an arithmetic sequence the first term is named
as t

or a

and common difference as

Now check which of the sequence given below

are arithmetic sequence.
The multiples of 2 , written in order gives
2,4,6,8
. Is this an arithmetic
sequence? What about the powers
2,4,8,16. of 2?

Dividing the natural numbers by 2 , we

get

1
3
,1 , , 2
2
2

Is this an arithmetic sequence?

Prove that in any arithmetic sequence, if
we take three consecutive numbers, then
the middle number is the half the sum of
the first and last.
Proof: lets take a,b,c as three consecutive
numbers in the arithmetic sequence.
Then
ba=cb
2 b=a+c

1
b= (a+ c)
2

SEQUENCE IN ALGEBRA
The term of a sequence are formed by some rule.
For example : consider 3,5,7
To get the term at any specified position of this
sequence, we subtract 1 from the position
number ,multiply this by 2 and add to 3.
For example : 15 th term { ( 151 ) 2+3 }
21

In general , every natural number n ,

n thterm

= { ( n1 ) 2+3 }=2 n+1

In other words , all these have the general

algebraic form
xn=an=b

If we take first term of an arithmetic sequence as

f

and the common difference as d then its

terms are
f , f + d , f +2 d , f 3 d .

In general , its n th term would be

f + ( n1 )=dn( f d )

Every arithmetic sequence is of the form

xn=an+b ;

conversely every sequence of this

is an arithmetic sequence.

Examples:
In an arithmetic sequence, the ratio of first
term to the second is 2:3 .what is the ratio
of the third term to the fifth term?
SUM

The sum of all natural numbers from 1 to

a specific natural number is half of the
product of numbers itself with the next
natural number.
In algebraic language

1
1+2+3++n= n ( n+1 )
2

In algebra , the sum of specified number

of odd is n2
We can write the general term of an
arithmetic sequence as
xn=an+b

So ,

x 1+x 2+ x 3++ xn
( a1+ b ) + ( a2+b )+ ( an+b )
a ( 1+2+3++ n )+ ( b+b+ b++ b )

a1
n ( n+1 )+ ( nb )
2

1
an ( n+1 ) +bn
2

For convenience, it can be written as

1
x 1+ x 2+ + xn= n ( x 1+ xn )
2
n
ie, sn= 2 (x 1+ xn)

examples:
1) The first term of an arithmetic sequence is
5 and the common difference is 2 .find the
sum of first 25 terms?

2) Find the sum of all three digits which are

the multiples of 9

10

CIRCLES
RIGHT ANGLES AND CIRCLES

If the ends of the diameter of a circle are

jointed to any other point on the circle,
then we get a right angled triangle.

11

If the ends of the diameter of a circle are

jointed to any point inside a circle, we get
an angle greater than right angle.

If the ends of the diameter of a circle are

jointed to any point outside a circle, we
get, an angle lesser than right angle.
P

12

Some ideas based on this concept are given

below;
1) In

ABC, we have <

A=60

<B=70.
Is the vertex C is inside or outside the
circle with diameter AB?
2) Prove that if pair of opposite angles of a
quadrilateral is right, then a circle can be
drawn through all four of its vertices?
ANGLES, ARCS, AND CHORDS

13

The angle made by an arc at any point on the

alternate arc is equal to half the angle made by at
the centre.
In the figure given above if the central angle of
the arc AQB is 80 . Then <APB=40
Example:
1

How do we draw a 22 2 angle ?

SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE
Every chord of a circle divides it into two parts ;
such a part is called a segment of a circle.
Angles in the same segment of a circle are
equal.
Angles in the alternate segment are
supplementary.
CIRCLES AND QUDRILATERALS

14

If all vertices of a quadrilateral are on a circle,

then its opposite angles are supplementary.
Suppose a circle is drawn through three
vertices of a quadrilateral. If the fourth vertices
is out side the circle, then the sum of the angles
at this vertex and the opposite vertex is less than
180 ;
If the fourth vertices is inside the circle, then
the sum is greater than 180 .

CYCLIC QUDRILATERAL
A quadrilateral for which a circle can
be drawn through all the four vertices is called a
cyclic quadrilateral.

15

Prove that in a cyclic quadrilateral the

exterior angle at any vertex is equal to the
interior angles at opposite vertex.
CUTTING CHORDS

PP

D
AB is a chord perpendicular to it:
Since the perpendicular from the center bisect a
chord ,
we get

CP = PD .so

16

AP*PB=CP*CP
One application of this is to draw squares of any
area

Examples:

Draw rectangles of sides 5 cm and 4 cm

and drawn a square of same area.
Draw a equilateral triangle of side 5 cm
and draw square of equal area .