3

fr}FER

1.52. Prove that for m

2,3,

...

. rr 2r 3rr . Qn-Tlt
tn, tn

#er*p*x ffc$*ers

tn

2*-l

fi!

olutfon
Tfreroots

}ar'e;: l,s:;ii'n,rJ:t't;.-..,12'--''oi''.Then,wecanwite

oi{:

-.

z^

Dividingbothsidesbyrve f-nd

- 1: (:-

Multiplying (1) by (2) using (1

{1

(1

"2in-t)ri/n

- *zriltn}il - ":",/*t-

.. {1

- ,1"/*)(1 - "-4rilmr.

(1)

- 2(-r}Ei/-)

(-1

(2)

n-1trn-Dn/m1

- k"i*)(l - e-zkilil):2-Zcos{Zkrf m), wehave

*2 -2n"

- ?u/'"){z--/^).. {z-

l andthelletting: - I [s]izingthat(f - 1)1{z-1}:1+ z+22 +---+z''-.11,

m:

Sirce 1

t1

(,-*.T)(, -.*#) (,- ,",?r*-!')

co*{2.kr/m) :2sitt2(krr/m), (3)

becomes

(3)

., $ ,2'l
1: -.*-)
it,i - L;t
. .w_
"
2-"' - sln- _ sln_
;.
m

(4)

m-

'lhei. ta.ong the positive square root of botli sides yields titt ;..9urc.i r'esult.

SUPPLEilIEI{TARY PROBLEMS

Fgnfamental Operations with Complex Numbers

l/

1.53.

Perform each of the i*dicated operations:

(a) (4-3i) +(.2i -8),

(b)

3(-r +4

(c)

(3 + 2(2

2(7

- it,

- ),

(d)

(i -2)I.211

(e)

'#

(f.)

(4

+,] -3(t-1))"

{h)

+ rx3 + 2(1

,/
./tS+.
Supposexr:1- i, zt:-?+4i, zt: Ji-2iy'
7^

(d)

lztb -f zzZtl

- 32il2

(e)

ler

)'

(f)

(a)

\*tz1-J

(b)

l2a

(c)

(3

+tz+11

lr-a+'l

1l-*s)
2 \r zl

(e)

(i)

-r)

T*t)

(h) t4+4t'+t-*rtz
nei2 +

tzl-

szll

-2i)t1+2i)

$- if

'X3

(rr-rr{*.'#l
a

+f

+16

t:TlldrF

Evaluateeachof thefollowing:

(e) k

(j)

(2

***&PTEffi

1.55. Prove that (a) (44)

1.56. Prove that

l37.

(a)

ZtZz,

b) (Ztrt)

= lftzla.Generalize tlese

{li|n : i /:a, @) la /:zl = lzilllal if z.z *

Find real numbers .r and .y such that 2x

:(.:+1t/2.

1.58. Prove that(a)Reirl

l/

r*=*_*%ffi

Scrnpfer ffsiff&crs

3iy

3iz

zz and

: .r *

2y

A.

- 5-

10i

= (r *.-i'

2)

- (l- -l

3)i.

tb) (m{;} =1;-l)/2i.

1"59, Suppose the product of two complex umbers

1"60. Let w

*Tix

results.

is zero. Prove that at least one

ry. Find In,l2 in terms of -r and

of the nr:mber must be zero-

Graphical Representaton of Complex Numbes. Vec'tors.

.

1.61. Perform

(a)

(2

he indicated operaticns both alalrtically and graphica1lv.

+3) +

(4

5i)

{b) (7+r-{4-?)
(c) 3{.1 + 2t - 2(2 1,62. Let il , r:,

and

be

3i)

e vectors

indicated n F1g. 1-40. Crnshtct

graphicaily:

(a)

2zt

*z

(b) (r t :) * z(cl q *{u*ra)

(d) 3t -2zz*5zt
ll-.

.-\

1.63. Let zt
!r l-

Flg._l4o

,21- i-;r-.1
'-1

: 4,.

3i

:--1,I

aad

x2: -1 *
/

.. --l:- I
iq\'-,
j
\

.,

2i. Obtain grryhically and anatytically

-l
f4\
I7:,
i",/
l-r,I
- 1:. -.

': '1 --4,

1.64. the position vectors of points A, B, ald C of triangie ABC arc given by r :1*
ig : 1 - 6i, respectively. Prove that ABC is an isosceles triangie and nd the lengths of
?, 3, i. be tle positio vectors of the vefiices
par-allelogram if and only if tt - 2 - xr * r-1 = g.

for quadrilateral ABCD. IYove

Suppose the diagor:als of a quadrilateral bisect each other.

Ilove

1.5. Let
1.66.

ii,

1.67. h'ove that the

1.68.

L,et

1.69. In
1.70,
-.2
.

y'.rr.

Y,-

/ t.lZ.

2i,;2:4-2.

medians

and

the sides.
rhat ABCD

is

that e quadrilaterai is a parallelogram.

of a triangle meet in a point.

ABCD be a quadrilaterai and E, F, G, H

rhe

midpoints of the sides. Prove that EFGH is a parallelogram.

paral.lelogram ABCD, point E Lrisects side AD. Prove that the point where BE meets AC trisects AC.

Tlre positio vectors of points A and B are 2 * i andS - 2i, respectively. (a) Fid an equation for line AB. (b)
Find an equation for the line perpendiculm to AB at its midpoint.

Describe and graph the iocus represented by each of the follorvig: (a) lz

(b)

l+2il*l-il:6,

(c)

:2,

l-31-le+31:4. (dlz(i+2)--3, (e)Im{f} :4.

Find an equation for (a) a circle of radius

whose major axis has leugth I0.

with ceoter at

(-3,

4), (b) an ellipse with foci at (0.2) and (0,

-2)

*&PT'tr
1.73. Describe graphically
(a)

1< l+,1<2,

1.74. Showthattheellipse

the region represented by each of the

(b)Re{r2}

*ra*pes ffrrr&ers

following:

> 1, (c} l+3il>4, (d) l+ z-3il+lz-Z+3rl <

l*31+l-31:10can

10.

*ZS+y2tO:1

beexpressedinrectailgularformas

Probiem I.l3(b)1.

[seJ-

Axiomatie Foundations of Complex Numbers

1'75. Usrthe dertion of a compiex number

as an ordered pair of real. nurnbers to prrve that

complex numbers is zero, then at least one of the iiumbers must be zero.

if

the producr of

tw;

136. Prove the commurative laws with respcr to (a) addition, (b) multiplication.
14

Pro'oe the associati.,'e laws s*ith

t3E.

(a)

Find real numbers

(b)

How is {-r, 1'} relaterl to the result for rlivision of complex numbers given on

re;rcr l.;, ia) ailtli,lca, (bi multii;1i;:i.rn.

and r such rhar

(c, d) . (x, fl

(a, ) where (c. d) t (0, 0).

page z?

1.79. Pove thaf

(ccs 01, sin B1)(cos

&,

sin

&). ..(cos 8,,,

:(cos[ft +0r+.--*0,],
1.80.

sin[0r

(ai

How would you define (a, b11/" wbere n is aposive integer'?

(b)

Derermine {a" g1liz

ir

tenns of

sin 0,)

* 02+...+0,])

ad t.

Polar Form of Gomplex f{umbrs

r /,/1.81.

Express each of the foliowirig complex numbers in polar fonn:

(a) ?

2r, (b)

-1 + /3i,

{c)

zJZ + zJ-zi, {d) -i, (e) -4, (t)

-2.J, *

zi, {e)

,Di,

,E /z _ t/2.

1R'

,/ ts xpress in polar form: (a) -3 - 4i,

V

(b)

i-

?.

Graph each of the foliowing and express in rectangular form:

(a)6(cos135"+isint35"),(b) 12cis 9A',(c)4cis315", {d)Zeso/t,(e)5e7"/6,(ft3e-2-/3.

1.85.

Al airplane tavels 150 miles southeast, 100 miles due west, 225 miles -30' north of east, and the 2ffi mites
northeast. Deterrnine (a) analyticaily and (b) graphically how far and in what direction ir is from irs starring
point.

1^86.

Three forces as shown in Fig. t-41 act in a plane on an object

piaced at O- Determine (a)graphically and (b) analyrically what
force is needed to prevert the object fr-om moving. [This force
is sometimes called the equilibrant.]

1.87.

Prove that on the circle Z = Reo,le'r

1.E8.

(a) Prove that 4ei8t *r2ei0,

\:
and

it

r-1ei3

"-nti"tr-

whete

i*tj*211r2cos( -

A- : tan-l/

rl sin 0l

\r1 cos 0

&)

Generalize the result in (a).

$2)

rz sit 8:

*zcos&)

Fig.

t4L

De Moivre's

1.89.

Theorem

--

Evaluate each of the

following: (a) (5 cis 20')(3 cis 40") (b) (2 cis

50')6

.',1.-:.

- ':

(3ed-i6){2e*san)(6nsa/t)
(c) 1! ql'i9 ]i (d)
\u'
re)
\u'
\v'' (4=\'
(2"il60T

f1,\'
\T+J \r-,1

1.90. Plove that (a) sin 3 i : 3lin S -

l/

1.91.

Prove that the solurions of

4 sin3 B.

(b) cos

-3f * 1 :

3B

4 cos3 S

3 cos 6.

g are given by

z:2cos36o, 2cos72", 2 cos216", 2cos252".

: ior5-

(v;*

t.92"

ihow that {a.} cos36"

f.93.

Prove that (a)

sin49/sin 0:8cos3 0-4cos 0:2cos30*2cos0

ft) cos40:

sin4 0

1.94,

8 sin2

iil4, (b) casJ}'':

ul4. [Etxt: use iloblem

1.91.]

6+ l

Prove De Moivre's theorem for {a) negative inregers, (b) rational numbers.

Roots of Complex Numbers

-1..95.

,/

4.96.
1.97.

l/. ,/

Find each of the indicated oors and locate them graphically.

@)

-?1/2,

h) t-4 +

4)t/5, (c) (2

* zJI,lt,

(d) (-16A114, (e) (6+)r/0, $) e)213.

Find alt the indicated roots aud locate them in the complex ptane. (a) Cube roors of 8.
(b) square roots of aJT +,tJ-Z;. (c) flfth Loots of
-1 + 16\6,, (d) sixth roots of -27i.
Solve the eguations (a.)

-/'

j + 81 = 0, (b) z6 + 1 : ,tr"

1.9s. Find the siluare roors or (a) 5 - lzi, {b, s + 4Jii.

i.99. Fild hc cui;e rocis -.i I * ii.

Polynornial

,/
t//

eJl

1.100.

Equations

I ';

Solve the following equations, otrtaining all roots:

lar5f+2*10:0. (b)f+e-z)z*(3-:0.
1.101. Soh,e r'-zi -t'+ 6z-4=01.102.

(a) Fid all the roots of a +

+ 1 = 0 and (b) locate them in the complex plane.

1.103. h'ovethatthesumof therootsof aof

(-L)'a,/a* where 0 1 r { n.

1.1M.

+tt"-t+a2i"-2+...*a,:0wheneoo#0takenratatimeis

Find two numbers whose sur is 4 and whose product is

8.

The nth Roots of Uni

1.105. Find all

the (a)

fourth roots, (b) seventh roots of unit-v, and exhibit thern graphically.

*cos144'*cos216"*cos288'=0.
(b) Give a graphicai interpretation of the result in (a).

1"106. (ai Provethat 1*cos'72"

1.107.kovethatcos3"*crs72"*cos108"*cos144":0andinterpretgraphically.

..,

.:,;;

26

{ ,rri: l'r-u

Sistemas de ecuaciones lineales

Pr*blemes t.3
En los problemas del L ai 27 utilice el mtodo de eliminacin de Gauss-Jorclan para encon
si existen, todas las soluciones de los sistemas dados.

1.

* 9-r,- 7,i-.,:6
r-,: -l0
-7.v,
9.v, + 6.r..+ 8.v=:45

i.

9.x,

+"

* 6.t.- 6.r,:9
2.", - 5-r,* 4-r:,.:g
-

.r::0
-

-1U

2-t'-10.r-.:-3

+ 6*,-

6-r:-,:9

.5r"..4r'.:6
-"
l

1-

l.r:.

I4-r.

: -j

-rr

l{}.

.Y:* 3,r.:l
.-

8.r.

lR

* ,Yr- -Y::7
4.t, .{:* 5,r:.:4
2.i-, i 2,t,- 3.r.,:6

-2,r, - 6.r".- 3-r-":9

.Yr- .Y:1
'- i ?r-- - l

* 3,r. : lf)

lv,
-" )
.r,

.1-A

r- -i- t5r- :

3.r-,

-.rl *
\'. -

_-

-\.Y:

1r. l-

3.r,

-r l

J-r

-3.r,*6.r".l-8.rr:1

l-r..,

4-r,

2.r.+ 3.i-.,:1

-1r--1-

-Y : -2

"t

9-r,-7-r-,:7

1/.,.I
<,- f 1e,. _ w-\

--t

_1

i 2-r.-;.r-.-.ri:i
+ -1.,., .\': - 3.i-., : 4
-.i.r, --- ii.r, - 4.i, - r.i.*= 3
6-.;r"+"il-r. - l2"r-,- 6-r. :
.ri

* .{r - -r- : 7
4.t, - ,r:*.-5.r.:4
6"r,* .r:* 3-r,:18
.rr

!i

- .i.v,

-s

* -rr- ,r::U
4..,- .r:* 5-r.:9
6,r,-| .r:t -1.r-.:0
"rr

* 2.r:.- 2-r.- _y+:1

--3,t, * 4-r-.* .r-2.t.:i|
--l-r, +1.{-r.- 4-r1 -7.rr:l
6.r.., * 12,r. - i2,,;: - 6-,'* : 5
-rr

.\t *
1:.11

iv.

1.i-t

+.r" +

A-. _.t +
a,{t
-

8-t,

* 2-r.--r,r*
3-r-, + 6.r, -3.t, +
-rt

I.

!i.

: -3
Yr:7
3.t., : r1

..)--

r-tl

a
'

-ll

3.r,

4.t,

1..

_ ?

\' + 2.r-. {r'. :4

-2-r, - 4-t-,* 8.r-.:-9

!.r.,

6.r.

.\'l

3r, +
:{}

r-:.1

-J.r. - l.i-, = 4
-.\-ii

2.r.

-2_t,

\=-5

-2

* 2-r.--r.,* 3r*:4
-3-r-, + 6,r". -3.x, l- 9-t, : l?
--rr