2009 02 10 Beyond Weiser Poslad

2/11/2009
Beyond Weisers Vision of

Ubiquitous Computing
Stefan Poslad
Queen Mary University of London
http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom
Overview
Ubiquitous Computing: achievements
Beyond Weisers model: Smart DEI model of
Research Examples
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
2/11/2009
Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom)

The term ubiquitous, meaning appearing or
existing everywhere, combined with computing
forms the term Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom)
Term introduced by Marc Weiser in early 1990s
Synonyms: pervasive computing, etc
UbiCom describes a vision for computing to

Enable computer-based services to be made available
everywhere
y
Support intuitive human usage but yet, appear to be
invisible to the user.
Situated in physical (and human) world environments
What were ICT Environments Like?

In the late 1980s, when much of the early work on
UbiComp started
people were often unreachable if away from a fixed phone point
computing was only available at a desk computer, attached to the wired
Internet.
some early models of personal computers but no laptops were available
no pervasive wireless networks were available
little location-determination for non-military personnel was available
Lets look at the history of the main ICT development trends

A distinction is made between the availability of 1st prototypes (1) vs. 1st
widespread commercial uptake of an ICT product (M).
Difference between the (1) and (M) phases is about 10 years.
2/11/2009
Short History of ICT Technology

WearCom1
Weisers Class
Tabs Room
2000
WWW1
WWWM
TCP/IP Mobile
M
InternetMPhone-D
WLAN1
PC1
Computer1
1940
1970
TCP/IP
WLANM
GPSM
Internet1
LapPDA1 GPS1
top1
LapPDAM
topM
PCM
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Could also note when specific PC technologies arose, e.g., hard-disk,

mouse, removal memory cards, etc
Early UbiCom Research Projects

Smart Devices: CCI
PARC Tab, MPad & LiveBoard; Active Badge, Bat and Floor
Smart Environments: CPI and CCI

Classroom 2000, Smart Space and Meeting Room, Interactive
Workspaces and iRoom, Cooltown, EasyLiving and SPOT,
HomeLab and Ambient Intelligence
Smart Devices: CPI

Unimate and MH-1 Robots, Smart Dust and TinyOS
Smart Devices: iHCI

Calm Computing, Things That Think and Tangible Bits, DataTiles,
WearComp and WearCam, Cyborg
Other UbiCom Projects
2/11/2009
Active Badge, Bat and Floor

Active Bat
Uses ultrasound, greater accuracy ~ 3 cm.
Base station asks Bat for a signal
g
that is
then measured in multiple ceiling receivers
(must add to environment), position
determined using trilateration
Active Floor
Unlike, Badge & Bat, identified someone
by their type of walk or gait, not by carry
an identifying token. Cons: scalability,
accuracy
Floor design requires a careful analysis to
specify an appropriate spatial resolution
and robustness to allow users to walk on
sensors without damaging them.
Cooltown
Car is one of 5 Cooltown demos. Here car detects it is low on fuel whilst on
the way to a business meeting and guides user to a convenient filling station
2/11/2009
iHCI: Calm Computing

Example of calm technology was the
Dangling String created by artist
Natalie Jeremijenko, situated at PARC
8 foot piece of plastic spaghetti that
hangs from a small electric motor
mounted in the ceiling.
Motor is electrically connected to a
nearby Ethernet cable so that each bit
of information that goes past causes a
ti ttwitch
tiny
it h off the
th motor.
t
Hence the degree of twitching
indicates the degree of network traffic
in that Ethernet segment.
Tangible Bits
MetaDesk: tangible map
AmbientRoom:
Light patches
Bottles, Clock, Water
ripples, handles
transBOARD:
Networked digital
interactive whiteboard
Graphically view & record
Drawings, tagged pens
10
2/11/2009
DataTiles
Allows users to manipulate data in form of tangible tiles

Combinations of data streams and functions make it
possible to create new applications
11
WearComp and WearCam

Manns experiments with wearable computers started in late 1970s.
Main application was recording personal visual memories that could be
shared with other via the Internet.
(Photo from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computing)
computing)
12
2/11/2009
Cyborg 2.0
Electrode array surgically implanted into Warwicks left arm and interlinked
into median nerve fibres is being monitored.
13
Analysis of Early Projects: Distributed

Access Support
Mobile device model design for Tabs and Pads.
Supported communication & location-awareness for mobile users,
commercial mobile ICT devices, widely available wireless networks.
Late 2000s,
2000s mobile devices such as phones and laptops are widely
used and wireless networks are widely available that support data
communication routing to users wherever they are
Service discovery of local network resources is weak and the discovery
of other local environment resources is still virtually non-existent
Hence, much of the vision of Cooltown is not routinely available.
smart environments not yet mature or widely available.
diversity of support needed
needed, cost and secure fixings
fixings.
14
2/11/2009
Analysis of Early Projects: contextawareness

Context-awareness: mainly location awareness
Early achievements based upon (local not global) location awareness
indoors with heavily instrumented environment.
Legacy: Global Location determinism (via Mobile phone, GPS) but
accuracy limited to 10s of M.
Integrated into some mobile devices, e.g., phones, cameras, cars.
Location-determinism tends to be supported mainly as stand-alone
devices and services that are not readily interoperable.
Mainly
M i l ffor outdoor
d
use.
Systems for indoor use are available today based, e.g., based upon
trilateration using WLAN but not ubiquitous
15
Analysis of Early Projects: iHCI

Electronic boards
Allow users to collaboratively edit text and graphics
PARC prototype in early 1990s now commercial products.
Classroom 2000 use in 1995-1998 (Abowd) now routinely used in
many educational establishments
Wearable smart devices

several products are available but not in pervasive use.
Robots
Heavy use in clean room manufacturing, not in open environments
apartt from
f
cleaning,
l
i
mowing
i robots
b t and
d robot
b t ttoys and
d pets
t
iHCI
A continuing research initiative.
Very many variations
Mass market ? But Wii is popular
16
2/11/2009
Today: Living in an Increasingly

Digital, Interconnected, World
More everyday human activities heavily reliant on computers

More devices per person, building, transport vehicle, etc
Greater variety of general purpose vs. task specific computer devices
Devices smaller/ larger?, cheaper, use less energy, reliability (or ?)
Profusion of multi-purpose, intelligent, mobile devices can access
remote services ... and more local services
Physical & Human world strewn with embedded sensors & control
devices
More devices can interoperate in ad hoc versus planned ways
High speed wire(less) networks are pervasive & accessible by all
all, can
be added less disruptively into the physical environment .
Energy efficient devices , yet overall energy consumption
17
Everyware UbiCom Applications

Vision: ubiquitous computer systems to support people in
their daily activities in the physical world tasks to simplify
these and to make these less obtrusive.
People will live, work, and play in a seamless computer
enabled environment that is interleaved into the world.
Bushnell (1996) coined variations of term ware such as
deskware, couchware, kitchenware, autoware,
bedroomware and bathware to reflect the use of ubiquitous
computing for routine tasks.
Greenfeld (2006) used the term everyware to encompass
the many different types of ware
Some Everyware scenarios follow
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
18
2/11/2009
UbiComp
System
GPS
Transmitter
Location
Determination
Clock
Display
AVAV
Capture
Image
Processing
AV-player
AV player
Projector
Communication
AV database
Removable
Memory
Printer
Automatic
face detection,
recognition,
etc
dd/mmyy
x,y
GIS
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 1019

02-2009
Whyis
theBus
late?
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 1002-2009
20
10
2/11/2009
Location
Determination
NO. TOA
211 14:11
107 14:17
Appliance,
e.g., Food
heater
Ceiling
21
External
Gas Grid
Manual
Controller e.g.,
Food Heating
Manual Timer
Desk
Lights
Sensors Temperature
Wall
External
Electricity
Grid
WLAN
Mobile
Phone
ICT Network
Storage
WWAN
22
11
2/11/2009
Appliance,
e.g., Food
heater
External
Physical
Environment
Sensors
Ceiling
Sensors, food
Temperature
Digital, networked
Controller & Timer
Desk
Lights
Wall
External
Electricity
G id
Grid
Mobile
Phone
ICT Network
Storage
23
WWAN
WLAN
Overview
Beyond Weisers model: Smart DEI
model of Ubiquitous Computing
Research Examples
24
12
2/11/2009
UbiCom: Weisers 3 Internal System

Properties
3 main properties for UbiCom Systems were proposed by
Weiser (1991)
1. Computers need to be networked, distributed and
transparently accessible
In1991, little wireless computing, Internet far less pervasive
2. Computer Interaction with Humans needs to be more

hidden
Because much HCI is overly intrusive
3. Computers
p
need to be aware of environment context
In order to optimise their operation in their physical & human environment.
25
Internal System Properties: iHCI

Concept of calm or disappearing computer model:
Device too small to be visible, embedded,
Devices visible, not noticeable, part of peripheral senses
Implicit (iHCI) versus Explicit HCI
Much HCI is explicit, low-level, more devices -> human overload

More natural, less conscious interaction
Systems anticipate use -> explicit interaction
Calm Computing
If explicit HCI , -> careful balance between several factors
Embodied Reality as opposite of VR (people in virtual world)

Devices as embodied, env. aware, service access & execute entities
Devices aware of, & bounded by, physical, not just virtual env.
26
13
2/11/2009
Internal System Properties: contextaware

Context-based ubiquity rather than global ubiquity
Physical Environment Context: location, time, temperature,
rainfall, light level etc.
Human Context (or User context or person context):
interaction is usefully constrained by users identity;
preferences; task requirements, etc.
ICT Context or Virtual Environment Context: UbiCom
system is aware of the services available that are available
internallyy and externally,
y, locallyy and remotelyy
Active (by system) versus passive context adaptation (by
user)
27
Devices: Weisers 3 Internal System

Properties
HPI
Physical
Human
ICT
Environments
CPI
UbiCom
System
HCI
implicit HCI
context-awareness
distributed
ICT
ICT
CCI
Virtual
ICT
28
14
2/11/2009
Devices: Extended set of Internal

System Properties
3 main properties for UbiCom Systems were proposed by Weiser
1. Computers need to be networked, distributed and transparently
accessible.
2 Computer Interaction with Humans needs to be hidden more
2.
Because much HCI is overly intrusive
3. Computers need to be aware of environment context
In order to optimise their operation in their physical & human environment.
To which two additional properties are added:

4. Computers can operate autonomously, without human intervention, be
self-governed
5. Computers
C
can h
handle
dl a multiplicity
l i li i off d
dynamic
i actions
i
and
d
interactions, governed by intelligent decision-making and intelligent
organisational interaction. This entails some form of artificial
intelligence.
29
UbiCom: Different Combinations of Core

Properties versus a Single Definition
No single, absolute definition for ubiquitous computing.
Instead propose many different kinds of UbiCom based upon
combining different sets of core properties
Here are some examples proposed by others
Weiser (1991): distributed, iHCI, physical environment context aware
Ambient Intelligence (AmI), similar to UbiCom - intelligence
everywhere?
Arts and Marzano (2003) define 5 key features for AmI to be embedded, contextaware, personalised, adaptive and anticipatory.
Buxton (1995): ubiquity and transparency

Endres et al
al. (2005)
(2005): distrib
distributed
ted mobile
mobile, intelligence
intelligence, a
augmented
gmented realit
reality
Millner (2006): autonomy, IHCI etc
.
30
15
2/11/2009
UbiCom System Model: Smart DEI

No single type of UbiCom system
Different UbiCom systems applications support:
Internal properties (distributed, iHCI etc) to different degrees
Different types (phys. virtual, human) of external environment
interaction to different degrees
Different form-factors (six basic forms) for devices
Multiple systems can combine to form interacting systems of
systems
3 basic architectural design patterns for UbiCom:

smartt Devices,
D i
smartt Environments,
E i
t smartt Interaction
I t
ti
Smart means systems are:

active, digital, networked, autonomous, reconfigurable, local control
of its own resources, e.g., energy, data storage etc.
31
Five main properties for UbiCom require a

multi-disciplinary approach to R&D
Networked
Transparent access
Openness
Automated, Independent Selfgoverned
Autonomous
Sense, adapt & control environment

Physical World,
World Person ICT
infrastructure aware
Distributed
Context-aware
iHCI
Disappearing Computer
Handling Non-determinism
Intelligent Implicit Interaction
Knowledge & task sharing
Embodied Reality
Goal-based, etc.
Mediated Reality
Social intelligence Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 1002-2009
32
16
2/11/2009
UbiquitousComputingSystem
Useraware
Location
Posthuman Immersed Hidden Anticipatory
Physical
Human
Time Phenomena Person Activity
Sense
ICT
Resources
Communal Orchestrate Cooperate Compete Mediate

Reactive EnvModel Goal Utility
Self
Model
Context
aware
Organisational
Intelligent
Learning
Search Knowledge Uncertainty Reason

Un
Embedded
Control tethered
iHCI
Individual
Plan
Persist Auto
ent nomic
Autonomous
DistributedSystem(SingleVirtualComputer)
y
( g
p
)
Discovery
Mobile
Transparent
Openness
Secure
Fault
tolerance
Distributed
Shared
Interoperable Heterogeneous Virtual
concurrency
Adhocvs. Wirelessvs. Asynchronousvs. P2Pvs.Client

server
Fixed
Wired
Synchronous
Localvs.
Global
Networked
Mobility: Dimensions
Mobile Services
Mobile
Context
LAS,
LAS
etc
Mobile
Devices
Self-powered,
Mobile
Code
Volatile, open, dynamic

distributed services
Mobile
Data
Mobile Host
Wireless Communication
Manual control Automatic

Type of
Mobile Host
Physical Dimensions
Skins
Animate
Pads
Inanimate
SurfaceSurface
mounted
Tabs
Artefacts
Air or Fluid
Dust
Smart
Phone
How device is
attached to host
Accompanied
Human
Laptop
Computer
Smart
Card
MEMS, Sensors,
RFID Tags
Mobile
Communication
Wearable
When Mobility
occurs
Manufacture
to Install
Mobile between
sessions
Embedded
Implants
Remove to
De-install
Mobile
during
sessions
17
2/11/2009
Devices: Extended set of Internal System

Properties
Physical Environments
Physical
Ecological
Phenomena
(Living)
CPI
(Survive,
Adapt)
Human Environments
Personal
CPI (Sense,
Public
Social
HCI
(Cooperate)
HCI
Adapt)
HCI
(Compete)
implicit HCI
ContextAware
Autonomous
Distributed
Intelligent
UbiComp
System
ICT
CCI
ICTI
Virtual Environments
Increasing Human
(H) Interaction
Multi-lateral HCI
H2H
Humaninteraction
mediatedbyUbiComp
H2C / eHCI
Minimum
Increasing Physical
(P) World
Interaction
HumansusemodelofICT
H
d l f ICT
toexplicitlyinteract.
HpersonalisesC
C2H / iHCI
CawareofHscontext&
adaptstoit.
Cispersonaliseditself
C2C
35
Minimum
AutonomousICT
system interaction
systeminteraction
Increasing Ubiquitous Computing

(C) Interaction
36
18
2/11/2009
Multi-lateral CPI
Increasing Physical
(P) World Interaction
P2P
Increasing Human
(H) Interaction
Physicalinteraction
(NoICTmediation)
CSensesP
C Senses P
CAwareofPsContext
C2P / CA
CAugmentsorMediatesPs
reality.CAdaptstoPscontext
P2C/AR/MR
Virtual Reality
VirtualReality
facilitatedbyC
C2C /VR
Minimum
Increasing Ubiquitous
Computing
(C) Interaction
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10Minimum
37
02-2009
Form Factors for Smart Devices

Spatial
Dimensions
3D
Volumes
Clusters of 1D
technologies
Ear
Receiver
3D
Surfaces
Organic
UIs
2000s
Mobile
Phones
2D
Planar
1980s
Mobile
Phones
Laptops
Electronic
Whiteboards
ebooks
1D
Points
Nanotechnology
Nano
MEMS
Milli
Micro
Centi
Deci
Meter
Macro
Device Size
38
19
2/11/2009
UbiCom System Model: Smart DEI

Device Trends
Increasing capability to
manufacture low power,
micro, more complex devices
Use more complex, multifunctional, mobile, personalised

(& private) smart devices to
ease access to & embody
services rather than just to
virtualise
irt alise them
e.g., phone is also a
camera, music player, is
also a printer??
Increasing capability to
embed devices in the
physical
h i l environment
i
Use smarter environments

to sense and react to events
such as people, with mobile
devices , entering & leaving
controlled spaces
e g walls can sense camera
e.g.,
is recording and modify
lighting to improve
recording
Increasing capability for

more interoperable
distributed mobile devices
Use more service access

devices with simpler
functions and allow them to
interoperate smarter
interaction between devices
ee.g.,
g camera can interconnect
to phone to share recordings,
direct to printer to print
UbiquitousWeiser:
Computing
Ubiquitous computing:beyond
University Cambridge Talk 1002-2009
Smart Device
1-1 Interaction
Smart Mobile
Device
39
SmartDEIModel
1-M, M-M Interaction
Smart
Environment
Mobile, Personalised,
MTOS, Remote 1-1
interaction
Fixed vs. Untethered,

ASOS, sense-control,
local 1
1-1
1 interaction
Design: Fat-clientproxy-server ?
Design: Autonomous
Peer-to-Peer
interaction?
Smart
Interaction
1-M, M-M, richer (coop,

compete, semantic,
etc), P2P interaction
Design: Appliance
Model, Service Pool,
Remote Service
Access Point, Service
Design
Thin-clientContract,
Ubiquitous
computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge
Talk 10- on-demand,
40
02-2009
proxy-server interaction?
autonomic?
20
2/11/2009
Overview
Beyond Weisers model: Smart DEI model of
Research Examples
41
CRUMPET, CReation of User-friendly Mobile Personalised

for Tourism Project
The main objectives of the CRUMPET project was to:
Implement and trial tourism- related value-added services for nomadic users:
Evaluate the use of agent technology as a suitable approach for the fast creation &
composition of such services.
Hence based upon a Multi-Agent System ( MAS design), to
ACL to factor out common service actions to ease interoperability across services
Semantic approach to service mediation to integrate multi-service content
Content adaptation for mobile use & heterogeneous ICT, wireless network, terminals
Location-aware map service
Personalisation
Two designs
Active
A ti iintelligent
t lli
t mobile
bil client
li t ((micro
i
agentt platform)
l tf
) aids
id content
t t adaptation
d t ti
Passive mobile client (micro-browser)
42
21
2/11/2009
CRUMPET Project integrates 4

key technologies
Multi-agent
technology
Location-aware services
Multimedia
iinformation
f
ti
access
over
Personalised
user interaction
mobile terminals
08.10.2001
CRUMPET Project IST-1999-20147
43
Architecture Variation A: This deployment

architecture has a larger client-side footprint and is
suitable for deploying in high end PDAs and PCs
08.10.2001
44
22
2/11/2009
Architecture Variation B: This deployment

architecture has a very small client-side footprint and
is suitable for deploying in low end PDAs and
suitably equipped mobile 'phones
TA
Satellite
Wireless Station
Service Provider
GSA
HTTP
HTTP - no control over link
Fixed Network
SCA
JAVA process very little control
over GPS and browser
Wireless Station
Service Provider
MAPA
ExplorerCE
MA
DCA
CASA
Service Provider
CRUMPET Services
CCA
08.10.2001
CA
SA
UMA
45
CRUMPET ICT Adaptation

Map
components:
Map of the
nearby world
Start/Edit tour
Status bar with
proactive bulb
My IP address
and port are...
Ok, here are your nearby

points of interests.
Here is my
new location.
Components:
Map of the world
Diagnostics
information
Client status (Agent and network
status)
Points of interests
08.10.2001
46
23
2/11/2009
CRUMPET System
08.10.2001
47
Crumpet System: conclusions

Low resource terminals find it challenging to parse rich
semantic messages
Multi-lateral approach to adapt content:
E.g., variable image compression, text headings vs. whole body,
etc
Context acquisition & composition design:

What is an event: user stopping? Etc?
Ordering: location -> personalisation -> terminal or different
Generic versus specific adaptation e.g., personalisation
Agent design
Simple reactive and proactive
ACL need?
48
24
2/11/2009
Pearson (2000) Predictions for

Smart Environments
Automatic body
measurement
scanners
Nano devices
roaming within
blood vessels
Food
Electronic
packaging
outnumber
chips tell state Solar reflector
organic pets
satellites increase
of food
Technology to
Nanotechnology
sunlight
Emotional
enhance illusion
garden plants
objects, switches
of tradition Micromechanical
in home
garden gnomes
Mood sensitive
Reconfigurable
light bulbs
Space
Automatic body
g
buildings
robots outnumber solar
measurementt
people in some
power
Anti-noise Self- driving
scanners
countries
stations
technology cars on smart
Digital
highways
homes
bathroom mirror
5 years ago to
present time
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser:

49 University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009
Conclusions
Good opportunities for mass use of smart devices
and context-ware devices began relatively recently
these opportunities are expanding.
References
Poslad S. (2009) Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices,
Environments and Interaction. Wiley, ISBN 9780470035603
http://www.elec.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom/
Pearson (2000) Pearson II.D.
D (2000) Technolog
Technology Timeline Towards Life in 2020. BT Technology J., 18(1): 19 31
50
25

2009 02 10 Beyond Weiser Poslad

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

2009 02 10 Beyond Weiser Poslad

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

2/11/2009

Beyond Weisers Vision of

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom)

UbiCom describes a vision for computing to

What were ICT Environments Like?

Lets look at the history of the main ICT development trends

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Short History of ICT Technology

Could also note when specific PC technologies arose, e.g., hard-disk,

Early UbiCom Research Projects

Smart Environments: CPI and CCI

Smart Devices: CPI

Smart Devices: iHCI

Other UbiCom Projects

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Active Badge, Bat and Floor

iHCI: Calm Computing

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

MetaDesk: tangible map

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Allows users to manipulate data in form of tangible tiles

WearComp and WearCam

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Analysis of Early Projects: Distributed

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Analysis of Early Projects: contextawareness

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Analysis of Early Projects: iHCI

Wearable smart devices

Today: Living in an Increasingly

More everyday human activities heavily reliant on computers

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Everyware UbiCom Applications

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 1019

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 1002-2009

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 1002-2009

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

UbiCom: Weisers 3 Internal System

In1991, little wireless computing, Internet far less pervasive

2. Computer Interaction with Humans needs to be more

Because much HCI is overly intrusive

In order to optimise their operation in their physical & human environment.

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Internal System Properties: iHCI

Implicit (iHCI) versus Explicit HCI

Much HCI is explicit, low-level, more devices -> human overload

Embodied Reality as opposite of VR (people in virtual world)

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Internal System Properties: contextaware

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

Devices: Weisers 3 Internal System

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 1002-2009

Devices: Extended set of Internal

Because much HCI is overly intrusive

3. Computers need to be aware of environment context

In order to optimise their operation in their physical & human environment.

To which two additional properties are added:

Ubiquitous computing:beyond Weiser: University Cambridge Talk 10-02-2009

UbiCom: Different Combinations of Core

Buxton (1995): ubiquity and transparency