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COLD-FORMED

FORMED STEEL DESIGN:


2007 EDITION S100
by
Roger LaBoube
Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed
Cold
Steel Structures
Missouri University of Science and Technology

SE University, February 2012

What are the changes in 2007?


Why is cold-formed
formed steel
so much more
complex than hot-roll
hot
design?
Or
Is it really that much different?

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SOME TYPICAL COLD-FORMED


COLD
SHAPE
CROSS SECTIONS
Studs or Joists

Other Shapes

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Think about the behavior

SOME TYPICAL COLD-FORMED


COLD
PANEL
CROSS SECTIONS
Roof Decks

Long-Span Decks

Floor Decks
Curtain Wall Panels
Ribbed Panels
Corrugated Sheets

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KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD-FORMED


COLD
STEEL STRUCTURES

Shapes are cold-formed


formed from flat sheets or plates

Standardized and customized shapes are available

Original mechanical properties of steel are changed due


to the cold forming process

Thin material (in most cases less than 0.10 inch)


Predominant cross-section
section failure mode is influenced by
local buckling, followed by postbuckling strength increase

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Specification Applicable in North America

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Canada
Mexico
United States

Design Methods
United States: Allowable Strength Design and Load and
Resistance Factor Design
Canada: Limit States Design
Mexico: Allowable Strength Design and Load and
Resistance Factor Design

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ASD STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS


(Section A4.1.1)

R Rn/
R = Required strength
Rn = Nominal strength
= Safety Factor
Rn/ = Design strength (allowable strength)

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LRFD STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS


(Section A5.1.1)

Ru Rn
Ru = Required strength
Rn = Nominal strength
= Resistance factor
Rn = Design strength (factored resistance)

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ORGANIZATION OF THE 2007 SPECIFICATION


(AISI S100-07)
S100
A. General Provisions
B. Elements
C. Members
D. Structural Assemblies and Systems
E. Connections and Joints
F. Tests for Special Cases
G. Fatigue
Appendices for each country
Appendix 1 for Direct Strength Method
Appendix 2 for Second-Order
Order Analysis

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Limits of Applicability
(Section A1.2)

Nominal strength and stiffness shall be determined by


Chapters A through G and Appendices A and B.

As an alternate:
Determine design strength or stiffness by tests
and Chapter F
Determine design strength or stiffness by
rational analysis Section A1.1
Direct Strength Method (Appendix 1)
Second Order Analysis (Appendix 2)

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STEEL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS


(Section A1.1)

The Specification Covers

Steel:

Carbon and low alloy

Steel Products:

Sheet, strip, plate, bar

Members:

Cold formed to shape

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TYPICAL APPROVED STEELS


(Section A2.1)

16 Approved Steels in Section A2.1.


ASTM A653 Steel Sheet, Zinc Coated (Galvanized) or
Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated
Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip
Hot
Process
Fy = 33 to 50 ksi
Fu = 45 to 70 ksi
Fy = 80 ksi
Fu = 82 ksi
ASTM A792 Steel Sheet, 55% Aluminum-Zinc
Aluminum
AlloyCoated by the Hot-Dip
Dip Process
Fy = 33 to 50 ksi
Fu = 45 to 70 ksi
Fy = 80 ksi
Fu = 82 ksi

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TYPICAL APPROVED STEELS


(Section A2.1)

ASTM A1011 Steel Sheet, Hot-Rolled,


Hot
Carbon,
Structural, High Strength Low-Alloy
Low
with improved
Formability

ASTM A1003 Steel Sheet, Carbon, MetallicMetallic and


Nonmetallic-Coated
Coated for Cold Formed Framing
Members
(Replaced A653 for framing members)

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TYPICAL APPROVED STEELS


(Section A2.1) (New in 2007)

ASTM A1039 Steel Sheet, Hot-Rolled,


Hot
Carbon,
Commercial and Structural, Produced by Twin-Roll
Twin
Casting Process.
Grades: 40, 50, 55, 60, 70, and 80.
Steel thicknesses less than 0.064, Fy > 55 ksi do not
meet ductility requirements of 10% Section A2.3.1.
Thus Section A2.3.2 applies.

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OTHER STRUCTURAL QUALITY STEELS


(Section A2.2)

Maximum Thickness 1 inch

Published Material Specification with Specified


Mechanical and Chemical Properties

Minimum Ductility Requirements of Section A2.3

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REQUIRED DUCTILITY
(Section A2.3.1)

Fu/Fy 1.08
Elongation 10% (two-inch
(two
gage length)
7% (eight-inch
(eight
gage length)

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LOW DUCTILITY STEELS


(Section A2.3.2)

ASTM A653, A792, A875 and A1008, Grade 80 material


May be used for deck and panel profiles
Limits on Fy and Fu
Alternatively, suitability shall be determined by tests.
Exceptions: Multi-web
web configurations (flexural strength)

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Closed box sections (compression strength)


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BUCKLING MODES
(Overall & Cross Section)

Cold-formed vs.
Hot-rolled behavior,
any different?

Challenge of
cold-formed
steel design is to
cope with
local and
distortional buckling
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DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH


Section C3.1.4 (New in 2007)

d 0.673

For
Mn

(Eq. C3.1.4-1)

= My

For d > 0.673

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M crd
Mn = 1 0.22
My

d = M y M crd

0.5

M
crd
M y

0.5

My

(Eq. C3.1.4-2)

(Eq. C3.1.4-3)

My

= SfyFy

Sfy

= Elastic section modulus of full unreduced section

Mcrd

= SfFd

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DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH


Section C3.1.4
Distortional buckling stress:

E t
Fd = k d

2
12(1 ) b o
2

bo Dsin
k d = 0.5 0.6

h
t
o

0.7

8.0

This is the simplified equation


for the buckling stress
and removed in 2010 Supplement.

accounts for the moment gradient.

= 1.0 1 + 0.4 ( L/L m )

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0.7

(1 M1

M2 )

0.7

1.3
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DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH


Section C3.1.4
General distortional buckling stress equation:

SE University, February 2012

k fe + k we + k
Fd =
k% + k%
fg

wg

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DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH


Section C4.2 (New in 2007)
For d > 0.561
Pn = Py

(Eq. C4.2-1)

For d > 0.561

Pn =

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(Eq. C4.2-2)

d = Py Pcrd
Py

= AgFy

Pcrd

= AgFd

(Eq. C3.1.4-3)

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DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH


Section C4.2
Distortional buckling stress:

E t
Fd = k d

2
12(1 ) b o
2

bo Dsin
k d = 0.5 0.6

h
t
o

0.7

8.0

This is the simplified equation


for the buckling stress
and removed in 2010 Supplement.

accounts for the benefit of the unbraced length.

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DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH


Section C4.2
General distortional buckling stress equation:

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k fe + k we + k
Fd =
k% + k%
fg

wg

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MAJOR COLD-FORMED
FORMED STEEL DESIGN CONCEPT

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Effective Design Width

Stiffened Elements
Partially Stiffened Element
Unstiffened Elements

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STIFFENED AND UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS:


EXAMPLES

Stiffened

Unstiffened

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POST-BUCKLING
BUCKLING STRESS DISTRIBUTION

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EFFECTIVE WIDTH CONCEPT

fdx = bf
o

max
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CLASSIC EFFECTIVE WIDTH EXPRESSION

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4 2E
f cr = F y =
2
2
)

12(1- )(b/t
b = 1.9t

also, b = 1.9t

b = 0.95t

E/F y

E/ f max

kE
t
1 - 0.208 ( )
w
f max

kE

f max

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BASIC EFFECTIVE WIDTH EXPRESSION


(Section B2.1)
b = w when
hen 0.673

Eq.B2.1-1

b = w when > 0.673

Eq.B2.1-2

0.22
= (1 )/

Eq.B2.1-3

f/Fcr

Eq.B2.1-4

Fcr = k
2
2
12(1 - )(w/t )

Eq.B2.1-5

Used in all cases of effective width considerations

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EFFECT OF LOCAL BUCKLING ON


COLUMN SECTION
ult

Ineffecitve
Areas

f = Fy

Aeff

Effective Section
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NOMINAL AXIAL STRENGTH, Pn


a) For locally stable compression members
Pn = AgFn
No local buckling will occur before the nominal compressive
stress reaches the column buckling stress or the yield stress.
Hence, the gross area of the section is used.
b) For locally unstable compression members
Pn = AeFn
Eq.C4-1
Local buckling will occur and the effective cross sectional area
is used and is calculated at the nominal compressive buckling
stress.

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NOMINAL AXIAL BUCKLING STRESS, Fn


(Section C4(a))
The nominal axial buckling stress is calculated as follows.

c2

)F

For c 1.5 :

Fn = 0.658

For c > 1.5 :

0.877
Fn =
F
2 y
c

Where

Fy

c =

(inelastic buckling)

Eq.C4-2

(elastic buckling)

Eq.C4-3

Eq.C4-4

Fe

flexural torsional and torsionaland Fe is the least of the elastic flexural,


flexural buckling stresses.

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OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS


(Section C3.1.2.1)

Laterally Unsupported Members

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OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS


(Section C3.1.2.1)
Lateral Buckling Strength
Elastic Lateral-Torsional
Torsional Buckling
2

E
E Iy GJ + ( ) Cw Iy
Fe =
LS f
L

or

r
o A
Fe =
Sf

ey t

where

1
2E
ey =
2 ; t =
Ar 2o
(KL/ r y )

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2ECw
GJ +
2
(KL)t

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OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS


(Section C3.1.2.1)

Inelastic Lateral-Torsional
Torsional Buckling
Not subject to L-T
T buckling when Fe 2.78Fy,
use Section C3.1.1(a)
When 2.78Fy > Fe > 0.56Fy
10
Fy
Fc =
9

10Fy

1 36 F
e

Eq.C3.1.2.1-2

For Fe 0.56Fy
Fc = Fe

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Eq.C3.1.2.1-3

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OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS

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(Section C3.1.2.1)

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EFFECT OF LOCAL BUCKLING ON


BENDING STIFFNESS
b=w

b/2

b/2

b/2
C

b/2
f = Fy

C
N.A.

N.A.

ycg

ycg

ycg
T

N.A.
T

Ineffective
Areas
ycg

M1

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M2

M3

B.M.

M1

M2

M3

M2

M1

EI
M
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OPEN CROSS SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS


(Section C3.1.2.1)

Mn = ScFc

b = 1.67 b = 0.90

Eq.C3.1.2.1-1

(a) For Singly-, Doubly-,, and Point-Symmetric


Point
Sections
Where for (A) & (B)
Cbro A
=
ey t
Fe
Sf
Eq.C3.1.2.1-4

and for (C)


Cb r o A
=
Fe
2S f

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ey t
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SHEAR STRENGTH
(Section C3.2.1)

Nominal Shear Strength, Vn


Vn = AwFv

Eq.C3.2.1-1

(a) For h / t Ek v / Fy
Fv = 0.60Fy
(b) For

Fv =

Ek v / Fy < h / t 1.51 Ek v / Fy
0.60 Ek vFy

Eq.C3.2.1-2

Eq.C3.2.1-3

(h / t )
(c) For h / t > 1.51 Ek v / Fy

2Ek v
0.904Ek v
Fv =
=
(h / t )2
12(1 2 )(h / t )2

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Eq.C3.2.1-4

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WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.4)
Basic Web Crippling Equation

h
R
N

1 Ch
Pn = Ct Fy sin 1 CR
1 + CN

t
t
t

Eq.C3.4.1-1

Web crippling coefficients C, CR, CN, and Ch are given in the


appropriate tables for fastened or unfastened to the support.
R/t = inside bend radius ratio
N/t = bearing length ratio
h/t = web slenderness ratio

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WEB CRIPPLING
(Section C3.4) (New in 2007)

flange loading condition on a CC or Z-section,


Alternatively, for end-one-flange
Pnc = Pn

Eq. C3.4.1-2

is a function of the overhang length, purlin depth, and purlin thickness.

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COMBINED BENDING AND TORSIONAL LOADING


(Section C3.6) (New in 2007)

For laterally unrestrained flexural members


subject to both bending and torsional loading,
Mn computed in accordance with Section
C3.1.1(a) shall be reduced by a reduction
factor.

R=

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fbending
f bending + ftorsion

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MEMBER BRACING
(Section D3.3) (New in 2007)

BRACING OF AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

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Design considerations:
Strength,

Pbr ,1 = 0.01Pn

Stiffness, = 2[4 (2 / n)]Pn


br ,1

Lb

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COLD-FORMED
FORMED STEEL LIGHT-FRAME
LIGHT
CONSTRUCTION
(Section D4) (New in 2007)

Standards for Cold-Formed


Cold
Steel
Light-Frame
Frame Construction

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AISI COFS Mission

To eliminate regulatory barriers and increase the reliability and


cost competitiveness of cold-formed
formed steel framing in residential
and light commercial building construction through improved
design and installation standards.

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AISI Framing Standards


Referenced by S100

General Information:
AISI S200-07:: General Provisions
AISI S201-07:
07: Product Standard
Code of Standard Practice

Design Standards:
AISI S210-07:: Floor and Roof System Design
AISI S211-07:: Wall Stud Design
AISI S212-07:: Header Design
AISI S213-07:: Lateral Design
AISI S214-07:: Truss Design

Prescriptive Methods:
07: Prescriptive Method for One and Two
AISI S230-07:
Family Dwellings

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48

SYSTEM BRACING AND ANCHORAGE


(Section D6.3.1) (New in 2007)
Anchorage Device Equation:
Np

K eff i , j
PL j = Pi
i =1 K total
i

Each anchorage device must resist PL

Anchorage force at each purlin


when every purlin is anchored
by a rigid anchor
Effective lateral stiffness of all elements resisting Pi

C 2 I xy L

(m + 0.25b)t
cos C 4 sin

+ C3
Pi = C1 Wp i

d2

1000 I xd

Na

K total

K sys =

K eff i, j

= K eff i , j + K sys
j=1

ELt 2
C5
Np 2
1000
d

dpi , j
1
=
+

K a C 6 LA p E

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Lateral stiffness of roof system, neglecting anchorage


device (purlin to rafter & panel to purlin connections)
1

Effective lateral stiffness of anchorage device


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DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH OF ARC SPOT WELDS


(Section E2.2.1.3) (New in 2007)

Shear Strength - Sheet-to-Sheet


Sheet Connections:

Pn = 1.65 tdaFu

= 2.20

= 0.70

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COMBINED SHEAR AND PULL-OVER


PULL
(Section E4.3.2) (New in 2007)
ASD Method:
Q/Pns+ 0.71 T/Pnov 1.10/

Eq.E4.5.1-1

LRFD Method:
QU/Pns+ 0.71 Tu/Pnov 1.10
Pns = 2.7 t1dFu1
Pnov = 1.5 t1dwFu1

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Eq.E4.5.2-1

Note the limitations on the equations


51

Cold-Formed
Formed Steel Design, 4th Edition

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The
he book has been thoroughly updated and
expanded on to reflect:
2007 North American Specification
2007 North American Framing Standards
and other newly published standards
and documents.
Ordering information:
www.ccfssonline.org
Price: $110 plus shipping
52

Wei-Wen
Wen Yu
Center for Cold-Formed
Formed Steel Structure
laboube@mst.edu, 573-341-4481
573

SE University, February 2012

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SE University, February 2012

QUESTIONS?

54

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