Chapter 1 - Formation Evaluation - Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation
[PEP 437]
Dr. Adel Salem
Asst. Prof. of Petroleum Engineering
Faculty of Petroleum and Min. Eng.
Suez Canal University
Spring Semester 2010-2011
Course Outlines
Chapter one:
Chapter Two:
Chapter Three:
Chapter Four:
Chapter Five:
Chapter six:
Chapter Seven:
Chapter Eight:
Chapter Nine:
March 27, 2011
Methods of Gathering Formation

Evaluation Data
Mud Logging
Measurements While Drilling
Coring
Wireline Logging Operations
Open-Hole Logging Measurements
Analysis of Logs and Cores
Formation Testing (DST)
Integrated Formation Evaluation
Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem
Chapter 1: 2
Chapter Outlines
Introduction
FE Definition
The Scope of Formation
Evaluation
Formation Evaluation Methods
1. MUD LOGGING
Mud Logging
Two Events
2. CORING
3. MEASUREMENTS WHILE
DRILLING
4. TESTING
5. OPEN-HOLE LOGGING
Basic Well Logging Tools
Introduction - What Is Logging?
6. MODERN LOGGING TOOLS

Open Hole logging Tools
Well Log Interpretation
Properties Logs Actually Measure
Coring Conventional Cores

Information from Cores
Sidewall Sampling
Sidewall Coring Tool
Coring Sidewall
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Chapter 1: 3
Introduction
In petroleum exploration and development, formation evaluation
is used to determine the ability of a borehole to produce
petroleum. Essentially, it is the process of "recognizing a
commercial well when you drill one".
formation evaluation The detailed analysis and interpretation of
borehole data, drilling results, geophysical downhole logs, etc.,
to determine the physical characteristics of the rock formation
through which the drill has penetrated. This is done mainly to
ascertain whether or not economic reserves of hydrocarbons are
present and, if they are, to determine the most economical and
efficient way to extract them. Formation evaluation is an
important component of reservoir engineering design.
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Chapter 1: 4
FE Definition: Schlumberger Dict.

The measurement and analysis of formation and fluid
properties through examination of formation cuttings or
through the use of tools integrated into the bottomhole
assembly while drilling, or conveyed on wireline or drillpipe
after a borehole has been drilled.
Formation evaluation is performed to assess the quantity and
producibility of fluids from a reservoir. Formation evaluation
guides wellsite decisions, such as placement of perforations
and hydraulic fracture stages, and reservoir development and
production planning.
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Chapter 1: 5
The Scope Of Formation Evaluation

Formation evaluation covers a very large range of
measurement and analytic techniques.
Although the emphasis will be on well logging
techniques and log analysis methods, these are not
the only tools available to the formation evaluator.
Well logs are central only in the sense that they are
universally recorded in practically all well bores and
are directly relatable to all the other parameters
available from the associated sciences.
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Chapter 1: 6
The initial discovery of a reservoir lies squarely in the hands
of the explorationist using seismic records, gravity, and
magnetics.
Formation evaluation presupposes that a reservoir has been
located and is to be defined by drilling as few wells as
possible.
In those wells, enough data should be gathered to extrapolate
reservoir parameters fieldwide to arrive at realistic figures for
both the economic evaluation of the reservoir and the
planning of the optimum recovery method.
Formation evaluation offers a way of gathering the data
needed for both economic analysis and production planning.
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Chapter 1: 7
What then are the parameters the manager, the
geologist, the geophysicist, and the reservoir and
production engineers need? \
Which of them can be provided by seismic records, by
coring, by mud logging, by testing, or by conventional
logging?
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Chapter 1: 8
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Chapter 1: 9
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Chapter 1: 10
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Chapter 1: 11
Formation Evaluation,
The geophysicist needs to know the time-depth relationship
in order to calibrate conventional seismic and
vertical seismic profile (VSP) surveys.
The geologist needs to know the stratigraphy of the
formations, the structural and sedimentary
features, and the mineralogy of the
formations through which the well was
drilled.
The reservoir engineer needs to know the vertical and lateral
extent of the reservoir and its porosity (type
of porosity) and permeability, fluid content,
and recoverability.
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Chapter 1: 12
The production engineer needs to know the rock properties; be
aware of overpressure if it exists; and be able to
assess sanding and associated problems and the
need for secondary recovery efforts or pressure
maintenance.
Once the well is on production, the production

engineer will also need to know the dynamic
behavior of the well under production conditions
and need to diagnose problems as the well ages.
The engineer may also need to know formation
injectivity and residual water saturations to plan
water flooding and be able to monitor the
progress of the waterflood when it is operational.
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Chapter 1: 13
The manager needs to know the vital inputs to an economic study, namely,
the original hydrocarbon in place; recoverability; cost of
development; and, based on those factors, the profitability of
producing the reservoir.
Log measurements, when properly calibrated, can give the majority of the
parameters required. Specifically, logs can provide either a direct
measurement or a good indication of:
Porosity, both primary and secondary (fractures and vugs)

Permeability
Water saturation and hydrocarbon movability
Hydrocarbon type (oil, gas, or condensate)
Lithology
Formation dip and structure
Sedimentary environment
Travel times of elastic waves in a formation
From these data, good estimates may be made of the reservoir size
and the hydrocarbons in place.
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Chapter 1: 14
Logging techniques in cased holes can provide much of the data
needed to monitor primary production and also to gauge the
applicability of water flooding and monitor its progress when
installed. In producing wells, logging can provide measurements
of:
Flow rates
Fluid type
Pressure
Residual oil saturations
From these measurements, dynamic well behavior can be

understood better, remedial work planned, and secondary or
tertiary recovery proposals evaluated and monitored.
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Chapter 1: 15

In practice the order in which formation evaluation methods are
used tends to follow the orders-of-magnitude table, that is, from
the macroscopic to the microscopic.
Thus, a prospective structure will first be defined by seismic
records, gravity, and/or magnetics. A wellbore drilled through
such a structure may employ mud logging and/or measurements
while drilling (MWD); and, in that wellbore, cores may be cut or
sidewall samples taken.
Once the well has reached some prescribed depth, logs will be
run. An initial analysis of mud log shows, together with initial log
analysis, may indicate zones that merit testing either by wire line
formation testing or by drillstem testing. Should such tests prove
the formation to be productive, more exhaustive analysis is made
of all available data including core analysis. The whole process
can be summarized by table .3.
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Chapter 1: 16
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Chapter 1: 17
1. MUD LOGGING
Mud logging, more elegantly referred to as hydrocarbon mud
logging, is a process whereby the circulating mud and cuttings in a
well being drilled are continuously monitored by a variety of sensors.
The combined analysis of all the measurements provides indications
of the rock type and its fluid content. The sundry measurements are
displayed on a log as curves or notations as a function of depth.
Not all wells are logged in this manner. Development wells, for
example, are usually drilled and logged by wireline logging tools only.
Wildcat wells, however, are nearly always monitored by the mudlogging process. The great merits of mud logging include the
availability on a semicontinuous basis of actual formation cuttings
analysis and the ability to predict drilling problems (such as
overpressure) before they become unmanageable.
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Chapter 1: 18
Mud Logging
First information during drilling
Mud weight
Rotary speed
Weight on bit
Cuttings analysis
Gas content
pH
Mud salinity
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Chapter 1: 19
Two Events
Real-time events
Fluid volumes, ROP, WOB, RPM, SPM, FFR
Time-lapsed events:
Rock chips, gas/oil shows, fluids & chemical,
temperature
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Chapter 1: 20
2. CORING
A number of methods are in use to cut cores in a well bore. Conventional
cores are cut using a special core bit whereby a long core barrel is retrieved
and brought back to surface. The sample of the formation so recovered may
undergo physical changes on its journey from the bottom of the well, where
it is cut, to the surface, where it can be analyzed. More sophisticated coring
mechanisms are now in use that conserve either the orientation, the pressure,
or the original fluid saturations of the rock sample gathered. An awareness of
these methods is essential to an understanding of core analysis results.
Other coring methods are available for cases where additional rock samples
are required after the well has been drilled and before it has been cased.
These methods require wire line tools that cut core plugs from the side of the
well.
Many of the parameters needed to interpret open-hole wireline logs correctly
can only be determined from accurate core analysis. This presupposes that
cores have been cut. Thus, in the initial stages of a field development, coring
plays an essential part.
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Chapter 1: 21
Coring - Conventional
Taking a core requires that the regular
drill bit be removed from the hole. It is
replaced with a "core bit", which is capable
of grinding out and retrieving the heavy
cylinder of rock.
The core bit is usually coated with small,
sharp diamonds that can grind through
the hardest rock. A core bit cuts very
slowly.
A core is a solid cylinder of rock about 45 inches in diameter, and a single core will
usually be about 30 feet long.
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Chapter 1: 22
Cores
Allow direct measurement of reservoir
properties
Used to correlate indirect measurements,
such as wireline/LWD logs
Used to test compatibility of injection fluids
Used to predict borehole stability
Used to estimate probability of formation
failure and sand production
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Chapter 1: 23
Information from Cores

Standard Analysis
Porosity
Horizontal
permeability to air
Grain density
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Special Core Analysis

Vertical permeability to air
Relative permeability
Capillary pressure
Cementation exponent (m)
and saturation exponent (n)
Formation EvaluationPEP437 Dr. Adel Salem
24
Coring Assembly and Core Bit

Drill collar
connection
PDC Cutters
Thrust bearing
Outer barrel
Inner barrel
Core retaining
ring
Fluid
vent
Core bit
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Chapter 1: 25
Coring - Conventional
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Slab
Core
Whole
Core Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel
Formation
Salem
Chapter 1: 26
Whole Core
(Whole Core Photograph, Misoa

Sandstone, Venezuela)
Chapter 1: 27
Sidewall Sampling Gun

Core bullets
Formation rock
Core sample
Chapter 1: 28
Sidewall Coring Tool
Coring bit
Samples
Chapter 1: 29
Coring - Sidewall
This method is cheaper than the
conventional coring.
Cores can be taken in hours, instead
of days.
In sidewall coring, a slim wireline
coring tool is run into the hole. The
tool may be of two general types;
either "rotary sidewall" or
"percussion".
Typically, cores about 1" in diameter
and 1" to 2" long can be retrieved with
this method.
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Chapter 1: 30
Coring - Sidewall
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Chapter 1: 31
Coring - Sidewall
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Chapter 1: 32
3. MEASUREMENTS WHILE DRILLING

Increasingly today, formation properties are being measured
at the time the formation is drilled by use of special drill
collars that house measuring devices.
These measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools are
particularly valuable in deviated offshore wells where well
bore path control is critical and where an immediate
knowledge of the formation properties is vital for decision
making on such matters as the choice of logging and casing
points.
Although not as complete as open-hole logs, the
measurements obtained by MWD are rapidly becoming just
as accurate and usable in log analysis procedures.
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Chapter 1: 33
Logging While Drilling
Azimuthal resistivity
(depth of investigation
12 in. or less)
Measurement
antenna
Gamma ray
detector
Transmitter for
wireless telemetry
and measurement
of current
Surface-adjustable
3/4 fixed
bent housing
Stabilizer bent housing
and bearings
Inclination RPM
gravity toolface
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Motor
Chapter 1: 34
Logging While Drilling (LWD)

Provides:
Real time correlation for picking coring and
casing points
Real time overpressure detection in exploration
wells
Real time logging to minimize out of target
sections (geosteering)
Real time formation evaluation to facilitate stop
drilling decisions
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Chapter 1: 35
4. TESTING
Formation testing is the proof of the pudding. If the well flows
hydrocarbons on a drill stem test, no amount of logging data or
core analysis can deny that a productive zone has been found.
However, a drillstem test (DST) not only provides proof that
hydrocarbons exist in the formation and will flow but also supplies
vital data regarding both the capacity of the reservoir and its
ability to produce in the long term.
Correct interpretation of pressure records from drillstem tests adds
immensely to the overall formation evaluation task.
Wireline formation testers complement drillstem tests by their
ability to sample many different horizons in the well and produce
not only fluid samples but also detailed formation pressure data
that are almost impossible to obtain from a DST alone.
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Chapter 1: 36
5. OPEN-HOLE LOGGING
Open-hole logging provides the great meeting place of all of the
other formation evaluation methods. Only through open-hole logging
can a continuous record of measurement versus depth be made of so
many formation properties. In particular, wireline logs can record
formation electrical resistivity, bulk density, natural and induced
radioactivity, hydrogen content, and elastic modulae. These raw
measurements can then be interpreted to give a continuous
measurement-versus-depth record of formation properties such as
porosity, water saturation, and rock type.
Almost without exception, every well drilled for hydrocarbons is
logged with wireline instruments. Unfortunately, the logs so acquired
are not always analyzed in detail or are incorrectly analyzed because
of a lack of training on the part of the analyst or a lack of
understanding of where wireline logs fit with relation to the other
methods of formation evaluation.
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Chapter 1: 37
Basic Well Logging Tools

Lithology Tools
Spontaneous Potential
Gamma Ray
Fluids Identification Tools
Resistivity
Petrophysical Tools
Porosity
Neutron
Density
Sonic
Auxiliary Tools
Caliper
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Chapter 1: 38
Introduction - What Is Logging?

In situ meas. (vs. depth) of
Rock properties
Fluid properties
When
Openhole (before casing)
While drilling (LWD / MWD)
After drilling (wireline)
Cased hole
Interpretation for
Geological properties
Petrophysical properties
Production properties
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Casing
Open hole
Chapter 1: 39
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Chapter 1: 40
6. MODERN LOGGING TOOLS

The actual running of
a log involves as much
the tool on the end of
the logging cable as
the cable itself and the
surface controlling and
recording apparatus.
The component of
logging tool is
illustrated.
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Chapter 1: 41
WIRELINE
LOGGING
EQUIPMENT
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Chapter 1: 42
Open Hole logging Tools

The open-hole logging tools in use today are:
1. Formation Fluid Content Indicators
Induction
Laterolog
Micro focused (microresistivity)
Dielectric
Pulsed neutron
Inelastic gamma
2. Porosity-Lithology Indicators
Sonic (acoustic)
Density and lithologic density
Neutron
Natural gamma ray
Spectral gamma ray
NMR (CMR and MRIL)
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Chapter 1: 43
3. Reservoir Geometry Indicators

Dipmeter
Borehole gravimeter
Ultra long spacing electric
4. Formation Productivity Indicators
Formation tester
These basic devices will answer 90% of the questions about the
formation. Omitted from the list are various types of old logs (such as
electric logs) and some standard auxiliary devices which, while
important, do not rate as separate tools since they always piggy back
along with one or another of the basic tools. Among those auxiliary
tools are:
Spontaneous potential (SP) log
Caliper log
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Chapter 1: 44
Openhole Well Logs

Passive measurements
Gamma ray: Indicates lithology
Spontaneous potential: Indicates
lithology
Caliper: Hole condition
Cap rock
Oil
Active measurements
Resistivity: Fluid saturation, fluid
type
Porosity: Rock properties, quantity
of hydrocarbon
Density: Rock properties, seismic
response
Sonic log: Rock properties,
seismic response
Reservoir rock Source rock

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Chapter 1: 45
Well Log Interpretation

Logs provide detailed essential
information on wells and reservoirs
Well
Sandstone
Depth
Claystone
Limestone
Shale
Rock type
Porosity
Fluid type
Fluid volume
Height
Fissures
Permeability
Granite
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Chapter 1: 46
Properties Logs Actually Measure
Natural radioactivity: Gamma
Electrical potential: SP
Electron density: Density
Acoustic travel time: Sonic
Hydrocarbon index: Neutron
Photoelectric absorption: Density
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Chapter 1: 47
Your Curriculum
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Chapter 1: 48
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Chapter 1: 49
References
1. Richard M. Bateman : Open-hole Log Analysis and Formation
Evaluation, International Human Resources Development
Corporation, Boston, ISBN 0-88746-060-7 (U.S.), 1985.
2. Halliburton : Formation Evaluation Manual, HLS
3. D. G. Bowen : Formation Evaluation and Petrophysics, Core
Laboratories, Jakarta, Indonesia, March 2003.
4. Heriot-Watt University Formation Evaluation, Institute of
Petroleum Engineering,
5. Toby Darling : Well Logging and Formation Evaluation, Gulf
Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Science,
Elsevier, 2005.
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Chapter 1: 50
g{t~ l Y l
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Chapter 1: 51

Chapter 1 - Formation Evaluation - Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation

March 27, 2011

Methods of Gathering Formation

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

6. MODERN LOGGING TOOLS

Coring Conventional Cores

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

March 27, 2011

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

FE Definition: Schlumberger Dict.

March 27, 2011

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

The Scope Of Formation Evaluation

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Once the well is on production, the production

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Porosity, both primary and secondary (fractures and vugs)

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

From these measurements, dynamic well behavior can be

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation Methods

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Information from Cores

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Special Core Analysis

Formation EvaluationPEP437 Dr. Adel Salem

Coring Assembly and Core Bit

March 27, 2011 Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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(Whole Core Photograph, Misoa

Sidewall Sampling Gun

March 27, 2011 Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Sidewall Coring Tool

March 27, 2011 Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

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Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

3. MEASUREMENTS WHILE DRILLING

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem