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This article is about the boiling point of liquids. For other uses, see Boiling point
(disambiguation).

The boiling point of a substance is the

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temperature at which the vapor pressure of

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the liquid equals the pressure surrounding

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the liquid[1][2] and the liquid changes into a

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vapor.

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The boiling point of a liquid varies

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depending upon the surrounding

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environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial

vacuum has a lower boiling point than when

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that liquid is at atmospheric pressure

.
A

liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling

point than when that liquid is at atmospheric

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pressure. For a given pressure, different

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liquids boil at different temperatures.

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Boiling water

The normal boiling point (also called the

atmospheric boiling point or the
atmospheric pressure boiling point)
of a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of

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the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1atmosphere .[3][4]
At that temperature,
the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow
bubbles of vapor to form inside the bulk of the liquid. The standard boiling point has been defined
by IUPAC since 1982 as the temperature at which boiling occurs under a pressure of 1 bar .[5]

Languages
Afrikaans

The heat of vaporization

is the energy required to transform a given quantity (a mol, kg, pound,
etc.) of

a substance from a liquid into a gas at a given pressure (often atmospheric pressure).

Aragons
Asturianu

Liquids may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the process of

not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side, escape into the surroundings as vapor .
On the

()

other hand, boiling is a process in which molecules anywhere in the liquid escape, resulting in the

evaporation .
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon in which molecules located near the
liquid's edge,

formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid.

Contents
[hide]

Bosanski
Catal
etina
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch

1 Saturation temperature and pressure

2 Relation between the normal boiling point and the vapor pressure of liquids
3 Properties of the elements
4 Boiling point as a reference property of a pure compound

Eesti

5 Impurities and mixtures

6 See also

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Boiling point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Espaol

7 References

Esperanto
Euskara

8 External links

Franais
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego

Hrvatski

Saturation temperature and pressure

[ edit ]

A saturated liquid contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling (or conversely a
saturated vapor contains as little thermal energy as it can without condensing ).
Saturation temperature means boiling point. The saturation temperature is the temperature for a
corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase . The liquid can be said to
be saturated with thermal energy . Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition .

Bahasa Indonesia

If the pressure in a system remains constant (

Interlingua

isobaric ), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to

condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy (heat )

is removed. Similarly, a liquid at saturation

slenska

temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied.

Italiano

The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the
surrounding environmental pressure. Thus, the boiling point is dependent on the pressure. Boiling

points may
be published with respect to the NIST, USA standard pressure

Kiswahili

or the IUPAC
standard pressure of 100.000 kPa. At higher elevations, where the atmospheric pressure

Kreyl ayisyen

is much lower, the boiling point is also lower. The

boiling point increases with increased pressure up to

Kurd
Latina

of 101.325 kPa (or 1 atm ),

the critical point ,

where the gas and liquid properties become identical. The boiling point
cannot be

Latvieu

increased beyond the critical point. Likewise, the boiling point decreases with decreasing pressure until

Lietuvi

the triple point is reached. The boiling point cannot be reduced below the triple point.

Lojban
Magyar

If the heat of vaporization and the vapor pressure of a liquid at a certain temperature is known, the

boiling point can be calculated by using the ClausiusClapeyron equation

thus:

Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands

where:

= the boiling point at the pressure of interest (in K)

Norsk bokml
Norsk nynorsk

= the ideal gas constant , 8.314 J K1 mol 1

Ozbekcha/

= is the vapour pressure of the liquid at the pressure of interest, either atm or kPa depending
on the standard pressure used

= is some pressure where the corresponding

100kPa)

Plattdtsch
Polski

= the heat of vaporization of the liquid, J

is known, (usually data available at 1atm or

mol 1 at

= the boiling temperature, in K

Portugus
Romn
Runa Simi

Simple English
Slovenina
Slovenina
/ srpski
Srpskohrvatski /

Suomi
Svenska

= the natural logarithm

Saturation pressure is the pressure for a corresponding saturation temperature at which a liquid boils
into its vapor phase. Saturation pressure and saturation temperature have a direct relationship: as
saturation pressure is increased so is saturation temperature.
If the temperature in a

system remains constant (an

isothermal system), vapor at saturation pressure

and temperature will begin to condense

into its liquid phase as the system pressure is increased.
Similarly, a
liquid at saturation pressure and temperature will tend to flash into its vapor phase as
system pressure is decreased.
There are two conventions regarding the

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standard boiling point of water: The normal boiling point is

Boiling point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

99.97C (211.9 F) at a pressure of 1 atm (i.e., 101.325 kPa). The IUPAC recommended standard
boiling point of water at a standard pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar)[6] is 99.61 C (211.3 F).[5][7] For

comparison, on top of Mount Everest , at 8,848m (29,029ft) elevation, the pressure is about 34kPa

Trke

(255 Torr)[8] and the boiling point of water is 71

defined until 1954 by two points - 0 C being defined by the water freezing point and 100 C being

defined by the water boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure.

C (160 F).
The Celsius temperature scale was

Ting Vit

Edit links

Relation between the normal boiling point and the vapor

pressure of liquids [ edit ]
The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a
given temperature, the
lower the normal
boiling point (i.e., the boiling point at
atmospheric pressure) of the liquid.
The vapor pressure chart to the right has
graphs of the vapor pressures versus
temperatures for a variety of liquids.[9] As
can be seen in the chart, the liquids with the
highest vapor pressures have the lowest
normal boiling points.
For example, at any given temperature,
methyl chloride
has the highest vapor
pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It

also has the lowest normal boiling point

(24.2 C), which is where the vapor
pressure curve of methyl chloride (the blue
line) intersects the horizontal pressure line
of one atmosphere (atm ) of absolute vapor

A typical vapor pressure chart for various liquids

pressure.

Properties of the elements

[ edit ]

Further information: List of elements by boiling point

The element with the lowest boiling point is
exceed 5000

helium . Both the boiling points of rhenium and tungsten

K at standard pressure;
because it is difficult to measure extreme temperatures precisely

without bias, both have been cited in the literature as having the higher boiling point.[10]

Boiling point as a reference property of a pure compound

[ edit ]

As can be seen from the above plot of the logarithm of the vapor pressure vs. the temperature for any
given pure chemical compound, its normal boiling point can serve as an indication of that compound's
overall volatility. A given pure compound has only one normal boiling point, if any, and a compound's
normal boiling point and melting point can serve as characteristic

physical properties
for that

compound, listed in reference books. The higher a compound's normal boiling point, the less volatile
that compound is overall, and conversely, the lower a compound's normal boiling point, the more

volatile that compound is overall. Some compounds decompose at higher temperatures before reaching
their normal boiling point, or sometimes even their melting point. For a stable compound, the boiling
point ranges from its triple point to its critical point ,
depending on the external pressure. Beyond its
triple point, a compound's normal boiling point, if any, is higher than its melting point. Beyond the

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Boiling point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

critical point, a compound's liquid and vapor phases merge into one phase, which may be called a
superheated gas. At any given temperature, if a compound's normal boiling point is lower, then that
compound will generally exist as a gas at atmospheric external pressure. If the compound's normal
boiling point is higher, then that compound can exist as a liquid or solid at that given temperature at

atmospheric external pressure, and will so exist in equilibrium with its

vapor (if volatile) if its vapors
are contained. If a compound's vapors
are not contained, then some volatile compounds can eventually

evaporate away in spite of their higher boiling points.

In general, compounds with ionic
bonds have high normal boiling
points, if they do not decompose
before reaching such high
temperatures. Many metals
have
high boiling points, but not all.
Very generallywith other factors
being equalin compounds with
covalently bonded molecules , as
the size of the molecule (or
molecular mass ) increases, the
normal boiling point increases.
When the molecular size becomes
that of a macromolecule ,
polymer ,
or otherwise very large,

Boiling points of alkanes, alkenes, ethers, halogenoalkanes,

aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and carboxylic acids as a function
of molar mass.

the compound often decomposes at

high temperature before the boiling
point is reached. Another factor that affects the normal boiling point of a compound is the polarity
of
its molecules. As the polarity of a compound's molecules increases, its normal boiling point increases,
other factors being equal. Closely related is the ability of a molecule to form hydrogen bonds
(in the
liquid state), which makes it harder for molecules to leave the
liquid state and thus increases the normal
boiling point of the compound. Simple carboxylic acids
dimerize by forming hydrogen bonds between
molecules. A minor factor affecting boiling points is the shape of a molecule. Making the shape of
a
molecule more compact tends to lower the normal boiling point slightly compared to an equivalent
molecule with more surface area.

Comparison of butane isomer boiling points

Common name

n-butane

isobutane

IUPAC name

butane

2-methylpropane

Molecular

form

Boiling

0.5

Point (C)

11.7

Comparison of pentane isomer boiling points

Common name

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n-pentane

isopentane

neopentane

Boiling point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IUPAC name

pentane

2-methylbutane

2,2-dimethylpropane

Molecular

form

Boiling

Point (C)

36.0

27.7

9.5

Most volatile compounds (anywhere

near ambient temperatures) go

through an intermediate liquid

phase while warming up from a
solid phase
to eventually transform
to a vapor phase. By comparison to
boiling, a sublimation is a physical
transformation in which a solid
turns directly into vapor, which
happens in a few select cases such
as with carbon dioxide at
atmospheric pressure. For such
compounds, a sublimation point is a
temperature at which a solid turning
directly into vapor has a vapor
pressure equal to the external
pressure.

Binary boiling point diagram of two hypothetical only

weakly interacting components without an azeotrope

Impurities and
mixtures [ edit ]
In the preceding section, boiling points of pure compounds were covered. Vapor pressures and boiling
points of substances can be affected by the presence of dissolved impurities (solutes )
or other miscible
compounds, the degree of effect depending on the concentration of the impurities or other compounds.
The presence of non-volatile impurities such as salts or compounds of a

volatility far lower than the

main component compound decreases its mole fraction and the solution's volatility, and thus raises the
normal boiling point in proportion to the concentration of the solutes. This effect is called boiling
point elevation. As a common example, salt water boils at a higher temperature than pure water.
In other mixtures of miscible compounds (components), there may be two or more components of
varying volatility, each having its own pure component boiling point at any given pressure. The
presence of other volatile components in a mixture affects the vapor pressures and thus boiling points
and dew points of all the components in the mixture. The dew point is a temperature at which a vapor
condenses
into a liquid. Furthermore, at any given temperature, the composition of the vapor is
different from the composition of the liquid in most such cases. In order to illustrate these effects
between the volatile components in a mixture, a boiling point diagram is commonly used.
Distillation
is a process of boiling and [usually] condensation which takes advantage of these
differences in composition between liquid and vapor phases.

[ edit ]

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Boiling point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also
Boiling points of the elements (data page)
Boiling-point elevation
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Ebulliometer
Joback method

(Estimation of normal boiling points from molecular structure)

Subcooling
Superheating
Trouton's constant

References

[ edit ]

1. ^ Goldberg, David E. (1988). 3,000 Solved Problems in Chemistry (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.
section 17.43, p. 321. ISBN0-07-023684-4.
2. ^ Theodore, Louis; Dupont, R. Ryan and Ganesan, Kumar, ed. (1999). Pollution Prevention:
The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century. CRC Press. section 27, p. 15.
ISBN1-56670-495-2.
3. ^ General Chemistry Glossary

Purdue University website page

4. ^ Reel, Kevin R.; Fikar, R. M.; Dumas, P. E.; Templin, Jay M. and Van Arnum, Patricia (2006).
AP Chemistry (REA) The Best Test Prep for the Advanced Placement Exam (9th ed.).
Research & Education Association. section 71, p. 224. ISBN0-7386-0221-3.
5. ^ a b Cox,
J. D. (1982). "Notation for states and processes, significance of the word standard in
chemical thermodynamics, and remarks on commonly tabulated forms of thermodynamic
functions". Pure and Applied Chemistry 54 (6). doi:10.1351/pac198254061239
6. ^ Standard Pressure

IUPAC defines the "standard pressure" as being

105

Pa (which

amounts to 1 bar).
7. ^ Appendix 1: Property Tables and Charts (SI Units)

,
Scroll down to Table A-5 and read the

temperature value of 99.61 C

at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). Obtained from McGraw-Hill's
Higher Education website.
8. ^ West, J. B. (1999). "Barometric pressures on Mt. Everest: New data and physiological
significance". Journal of Applied Physiology 86 (3): 10626. PMID10066724

9. ^ Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (Editors) (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (7th
ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN0-07-049841-5.
10. ^ DeVoe, Howard (2000). Thermodynamics and Chemistry (1st ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN0-02328741-1.

External links

[ edit ]

"Boiling-Point". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.

States of matter

v t e
State

Solid Liquid Gas / Vapor Plasma

BoseEinstein condensate

Fermionic condensate

Low energy

High energy

Other states

Degenerate matter Quantum Hall

Rydberg matter Strange matter

Superfluid Supersolid Photonic matter

QCD matter Lattice QCD

Quarkgluon plasma Supercritical fluid

Colloid Glass Liquid crystal

Quantum spin liquid Magnetically

ordered
(Antiferromagnet Ferrimagnet

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Boiling point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ferromagnet) String-net liquid

Superglass
Boiling Boiling point Condensation

Critical line Critical point

Crystallization Deposition Evaporation

Flash evaporation Freezing
Transitions

Chemical ionization Ionization

Lambda point Melting Melting point

Recombination Regelation

Saturated fluid Sublimation

Supercooling Triple point Vaporization

Vitrification
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List of states of matter

Categories : Temperature

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