FERTILISATION

DAY 0: OVULATION fimbrae sweep oocyte into f allopian tube

- ampulla: oocyte (haploid) + sperm (haploid) = ovum (diploid) = zygote
-cilila sweep f urther along FT

DAY 4: MORULA stage multiple mitotic division/cleavage = ball of cells

DAY 5 CAVITATION/sequestration of cells within the ball uterine fluid enters into ball =
nourish inner cell mass

DAY 6 BLASTOCYST FORMATION fluid pushes cells apart f orming
o Inner cell mass = embryoblast = becomes the embryonic/foetal/baby tissue
o Outer cell mass = trophoblast = becomes the placenta

DAY 7 IMPLANTATION/INVASION blastocyst/trophoblast invades uterine lining = hCG
release from trophoblast formation of 2 cell types 2 events occur same time

DAY 12 BILAMINAR DISC FORMATION
o Trophoblast divides
Syncitotrophoblast = invades lining
Cytotrophoblast =
o Embryoblast differentiates = bilaminar embryo
Superior = epiblast
Inferior = hypoblast
DAY 13-20:
-
Epiblast = AMINOTIC FLUID CAVITY = forms between bilaminar disct and
cytotrophoblast
-
Hypoblast = membranes formation proliferate around the cytotrophoblast =
new cavity = primitive yolk sac/exocoelomic cavity
o
Ultimately bilaminar disc = flat shaped structure between two
cavities

Yolk sac

Aminotic cavity
-
Syncytiotrophoblast continues invading maternal capillaries rupture and fill
spaces with blood uteroplacental circulation beginning of placenta
-
Connecting stalk becomes umbilical cord

DAY 21: GASTRULATION: Bilaminar disc becomes trilaminar

From E piblast+Hypoblast
-
Ectoderm = CNS neural tissue + dermal tissue
-
Mesoderm = Connective tissue, muscles + most of body
-
Endoderm = linings of gastrointestinal, respiratory and urological
tracts

Beginning of Gastrulation
Primitive streak on surface of epiblast heaped edges either side cells
from epiblast migrate towards and into the indentation proliferate
underneath epiblast = 2 new layer formation between epiblast and hypoblast
-
MESODERM
-
ENDODERMA
















Notocord formation = comes from primitive pit fuses with ectoderm then
separates to become rod like structure Notocord will become
-
primitive axial skeleton
-
Induces ectoderm to to form neural plate which becomes CNS

BRACHIAL APPARATUS responsible for face, neck, nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx

NEURALATION

WEEK 3/DAY 21: notochord induces ectoderm proliferation

primitive neural plate

WEEK 4: neural plate forms
-
Indentation = neural groove
-
Neural folds
o
Topped by Neural crest cells

Neural folds come together in both direction cranial and caudal until
neural plate becomes a tube neural creast cells from plate
disintergrates and disperses throught EMBRYO (NOT FOETUS AT THIS
STAGE!) derivatives of neural crest cells

Spinal and autonomic ganglia

Some cranial nerve ganlgia

Nerve sheaths

Pia and arachnoid meninges

Pigment cells

Adrenal medulla

Some skeletal and muscular components of the head

Somites = mesoderm either side of Neural tube = eventually become
-
Axial skeleton
-
Skull
-
Muscle
-
Skin

-
Made up of arches, pouches, grooves, membrane

BRACHIAL ARCHES
-
6 pairs though the 5th& 6th not visible
-
Arches
o
Made up of mix ecto,meso,endo so that they all contain

Cartilage, muscle, nervous tissue, arteries cranial nerve come off neural
-
CLOSE AT 12 WEEKS???
o
Failure to close can lead to

1st = Treacher collins = zygomatic arch development

2nd = Peirre robin sequence = retrognathia, cleft palate, mandible hypolasia

3rd/4th Pouch = DiGEORGE =thymic hypoplasia

-
WEEK 5-8 = facial development form from prominences (bulges)
o
2 maxillary prominences

(1 on each side) arise from the 1st branchial arch

o
2 mandibular prominences

(1 on each side also arise from the 1st branchial arch

-
Ear = develop from 2nd arch
o
Middle ear and malleus + incus = 1st arch, Stapes = 2nd
-
Lips,
o
Upper lip = fusion of a maxillary prominence on each side with the merged medial nasal
prominences

-
Cleft palate = fusion of primary + secondary palate develops from fusion of palatal shelves with each
other, with nasal septum and with posterior margin of median palatine process
o
Problems = speech, feeding., hearing ?glue ear

HIRSCHSPRUNG = failure of nerual creast cells to

migrat to colon = PNS ganglio cells in the colon =
ganglionic megacolon since no nerve cells = no
peristalsis = constipation = NO MECONIUM
PASSED WITHIN 48HRS LIFE

WEEK 4-8: tri-laminar structure folds longitudinally + transversely =

tubule like structure = steadily assuming familiar foetal structure

Transverse folding pinches at yolk sac forms embryonic gut

Amniotic cavity expands eating into the yolk sac eventually
cutting in half to surround embryonic gut improper cutting =
outpouch of gut = MECKELS DIVERTICULM!

TONGUE DEVELOPMENT

Tongue = 1st and 2nd arch

Tongue root = 3rd arch

Epiglottis = 4th arch

Neural innervation
Since tongue from 1st and 2nd arch
Anterior tongue 2/3 = 1st and 2nd arch
-
1st arch thus CN5 (sensation)
-
2nd arch = CN7 for taste
Posterior 1/3 = 3rd arch = Glossopharyngeal = sensory and taste

THYROID DEVELOPMENT
11st recognisable gland to appear develops caudal to tongue as
tongue develops it descends connected to tongue by thyrogloassal duct
slowly duct obliterates

As decends cyst may form from this duct anywhere along it = cyst just
below hyoid

Amy get very rare ectopic thyroid gland.