UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,

JAMAICA
BEng 3EC:
EEE3002 ELECTROMAGNETICS 2
Lab # 2: Introduction to Waveguides
Using Matlab
Monique L Hepburn
1001296
Dr. Victor Watt

Table of Contents
OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................................................2
Pre Lab Research:.........................................................................................................................2
Procedure.........................................................................................................................................3
Activity 1.........................................................................................................................................3
Explain the Graph in terms of how the impedance behaves when frequency increases.............4
Modify the Matlab code by plotting uG and up versus frequency for the same guide over the same
frequency range...............................................................................................................................5
Activity 2.........................................................................................................................................6
Draw the Ey field pattern for the m=0 mode of a 5 cm Thick Dielectric guide (n=2) in air using
the following Matlab code, the dielectric extends from x=-0.025 to x=+0.025..........................6
Explain the Graph in terms of how the dielectric field behaves..................................................8
Modify the Matlab code above to find the odd TE mode field pattern.......................................8
Graph X vs Ey...........................................................................................................................10
What can you say about the pattern observed in the new dielectric mode?..............................10
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10

OBJECTIVE
To investigate, calculate and analyze the Waveguides propagation modes using Matlab
programming.

Pre Lab Research:

Explain the term waveguide.
A waveguide is a special type of transmission line consisting of a hollow, metal tube. The tube
wall provides a distributive inductance, while the empty space between the tube walls provide
distributive capacitance.
Mention and explain one commonly used application of waveguides.
Radio Wave Transceivers
Radio Wave Transceivers are manufactured in light materials such as aluminum. The substrate of
the aluminum is protected with electro less nickel and subsequently coated with copper and or
silver. They provide good conductivity of the microwave radio signals.
Waveguide Magic-T Coupler
The magic-t is a waveguide 180 degrees hybrid junction. Like all coupler and splitter structures,
the magic-T can be used as a power combiner or divider. A magic-T can be simulated in a
program called FEKO driving the delta or sigma port of with a waveguide excitation.

Procedure
Activity 1
Run the following Matlab code, found in page 347 in the handout provided. The code plots the
wave impedance for TE11 and TM11 Modes of WR90 wave guides versus frequency 15 to 25
GHz..:
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Variables
Zo
characterisic impedance of air
ainches,binches
guide dimensions in inches
a,b
guide dimensions in meters
fc
TE11 mode cutoff frequency (Hz)
f
frequency (Hz)
fghz frequency (GHz)
Factor the factor sqrt(1-(fc/f)^2)
Zof
array filled with Zo
ZTE,ZTM TE and TM mode impedance

clc
%clears the command window
clear %clears variables
% Initialize variables
c=2.998e8; %speed of light
Zo=120*pi;
ainches=0.900;binches=0.450;
% convert to metric
a=ainches*0.0254;b=binches*0.0254;
% calc fc11
fc=c*sqrt((1/a)^2+(1/b)^2)/2;
% Perform calculations
f=15e9:.1e9:25e9;
fghz=f/1e9;
Factor=sqrt(1-(fc./f).^2);
Zof=Zo.*f./f;
ZTE=Zo.*Factor;
ZTM=Zo./Factor;
% Display results
plot(fghz,ZTE,'-.',fghz,ZTM,'--k',fghz,Zof,'-')
legend('ZTE11','ZTM11','Zo')
xlabel('frequency, (GHz)')
ylabel('impedance (ohms)')
grid on

The obtained graph

Explain the Graph in terms of how the impedance behaves when

frequency increases.
The TE mode impedance increases exponentially from about 100 ohms to about 300 ohms.
The TM mode impedance decreases exponentially from nearby 1800 ohms to roughly 450
ohms.
The characteristic impedance does not alter but remains at approximately 3800 ohms.

Modify the Matlab code by plotting uG and up versus

frequency for the same guide over the same frequency
range.

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Variables
Zo
characterisic impedance of air
ainches,binches
guide dimensions in inches
a,b
guide dimensions in meters
fc
TE11 mode cutoff frequency (Hz)
f
frequency (Hz)
fghz
frequency (GHz)
Factor the factor sqrt(1-(fc/f)^2)
Zof
array filled with Zo
ZTE,ZTM TE and TM mode impedance

clc
%clears the command window
clear
%clears variables
%
Initialize variables
c=2.998e8; %speed of light
Zo=120*pi;
ainches=0.900;binches=0.450;
%
convert to metric
a=ainches*0.0254;b=binches*0.0254;
%
calc fc11
fc=c*sqrt((1/a)^2+(1/b)^2)/2;
% extradeclarations
m = 1;
Uu = (2*a*fc)/(m);

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Perform calculations
f=15e9:.1e9:25e9;
fghz=f/1e9;
Factor=sqrt(1-(fc./f).^2);
Up = Uu./Factor;
Ug = Uu.*Factor;
Zof=Zo.*f./f;
ZTE=Zo.*Factor;
ZTM=Zo./Factor;
%
Display results
plot(fghz,Up,'x',fghz,Ug,'o')
xlabel('frequency, (GHz)')
ylabel('impedance (ohms)')
grid on

Propagati
on and group velocity vs frequency

Activity 2
Draw the Ey field pattern for the m=0 mode of a 5 cm Thick Dielectric
guide (n=2) in air using the following Matlab code, the dielectric
extends from x=-0.025 to x=+0.025.
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Variables
a
dielectric thickness (m)
b
phase constant
thdeg angle theta in degrees
th
angle theta in radians
n1,n2 indices of refraction
n21 the ratio n2/n1
f
frequency (Hz)
c
speed of light (m/s)
w
radian frequency (rad/s)
Eo
initial amplitude (V/m)
alpha

clc %clears the command window

clear %clears variables
% initialize variables
a=50e-3;
thdeg=74.4; %corresponds to m = 0
th=pi*thdeg/180;
n2=1;
n1=2;
n21=n2/n1;
f=4.5e9; w=2*pi*f;
c=2.998e8;
Eo=1;
b=(w/c)*n1;
alpha=b*sqrt(sin(th)^2-n21^2);
%m=0
x=-a/2:a/40:a/2;
Ey=Eo*cos(b*cos(th)*x);
hold on
plot(x,Ey,'k')
grid on
xlow=-2*a/2:a/40:-a/2;
Eylow=Eo*cos(b*cos(th)*a/2)*exp(alpha*(xlow+a/2));
plot(xlow,Eylow,'k')
xhi=a/2:a/40:2*a/2;
Eyhi=Eo*cos(b*cos(th)*a/2)*exp(-alpha*(xhi-a/2));
plot(xhi,Eyhi,'k')
ylabel('Ey(V/m)')
xlabel('x(m)')

Graph Showing Ey vs x

Explain the Graph in terms of how the dielectric field behaves

The field Ey is a maximum when the dielectric field is zero.

Modify the Matlab code above to find the odd TE mode field pattern.

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This modifies ML0703 to find the odd TE mode

field patterns at z = 0.
The theta angle must be
entered for a particular mode. The
"hold on" function allows the results of
multiple runs to be placed on one plot.

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Wentworth, 2/2/03
Variables
a
dielectric thickness (m)
b
phase constant
thdeg
angle theta in degrees
th
angle theta in radians
n1,n2
indices of refraction
n21
the ratio n2/n1
f
frequency (Hz)
c
speed of light (m/s)
w
radian frequency (rad/s)
Eo
initial amplitude (V/m)
alpha

clc
clear

%clears the command window

%clears variables

%
initialize variables
a=50e-3;
thdeg=57.9;
%corresponds to m = 1
th=pi*thdeg/180;
n2=1;
n1=2;
n21=n2/n1;
f=4.5e9;
w=2*pi*f;
c=2.998e8;
Eo=1;
b=(w/c)*n1;
alpha=b*sqrt(sin(th)^2-n21^2);
%m=0
x=-a/2:a/40:a/2;
Ey=Eo*sin(b*cos(th)*x);
hold on
plot(x,Ey,'k')
grid on
xlow=-2*a/2:a/40:-a/2;
Eylow=-Eo*sin(b*cos(th)*a/2)*exp(alpha*(xlow+a/2));
plot(xlow,Eylow,'k')
xhi=a/2:a/40:2*a/2;
Eyhi=Eo*sin(b*cos(th)*a/2)*exp(-alpha*(xhi-a/2));
plot(xhi,Eyhi,'k')
xlabel('Ey(V/m)')
ylabel('x(m)')

Graph X vs Ey

What can you say about the pattern observed in the new dielectric
mode?
The behavior of Ey goes from -0.05 to -0.15. It then moves from that point to 0. At 0 the value of
the dielectric field is zero as well. The Ey field then behaves vice versa to how it did between
-0.05 to -1.15, between 0 and 0.05.

Conclusion
This experiment described adequately the principle of the analysis and calculation of waveguide
propagation.

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