What is New

3G & 4G
3G (or 3-G ) is short for third-generation technology . It is used in the context of mobile
phone standards. The services associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer simultaneously both
voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information ,
exchanging email , and instant messaging ).
For more details : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G
4G (or 4-G ) is short for fourth-generation , the successor wireless access technology to 3G . It is
not used consistently, but generally describes several different, but overlapping ideas.
4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices. The Japanese company NTT
DoCoMo and Samsung are testing 4G communication at 100 Mbit /s while moving, and 1 Gbit /s
while stationary.

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RFID

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For more details : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

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Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) is an automatic

identification method, relying on storing and remotely
retrieving data using devices called RFID tags
or transponders . An RFID tag is an object that can be
attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person
for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chipbased RFID tags contain silicon chips andantennas .
Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas
active tags require a power source.
For more details
: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Frequency_Identification

Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO)

MVNO services in India
It involves a marketing and branding outfit which buys
airtime from an existing mobile service provider that owns
equipment and licence rights for these services.
For details click here

Thin Client / Net Computer

An RFID tag used for

electronic toll collection

A thin client is a computer (client) in clientserver architecture with as little hardware and software as
possible. The thin client devices do not include hard
disk drives, & will use read-only storage such as a CDROM , Network Virtual Drive.
A thin client does most of its processing on a
central server located nearby in a LAN or at a distance on
a WAN or MAN.
For More Information :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_client
http://www.vecmar.com/thin_client/thin-client-explained.htm

Near Field Communication

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Works by magnetic field induction It also uses operates within the globally available and
unregulated 13.56 MHz frequency band.
Maximum working distance: 1.5 - 2 meters
Speed: 106 kbit/s, 212 kbit/s or 424 kbit/s
Passive Communication Mode: The Initiator device provides a carrier field and the target
device answers by modulating existing field. In this mode, the Target device may draw its
operating power from the Initator-provided electro-magnetic field.
Active Communication Mode: Both, Initiator and Target device communicate by generating
their own field. In this mode, both devices typically need to have a power supply.
NFC can be used to configure and initiate other wireless network connections such
as Bluetooth or WiFi

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Near Field Communication Technology holds the promise of bringing true mobility to consumer
electronics in an intuitive and psychologically comfortable way since the devices can hand-shake
only when brought literally into touching distance

For More Information :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communication
http://www.ecma-international.org/activities/Communications/2002tg19-010.pdf
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci967849,00.html

Blue Tooth
Bluetooth technology that enables short-range wireless
connections between desktop and notebook computers,
handhelds, personal digital assistants, mobile phones,
camera phones, printers, digital cameras, headsets,
keyboards and even a computer mouse. Bluetooth wireless
technology uses a globally available frequency band
(2.4GHz) for worldwide compatibility within the 10 metres
range.
For More Information :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

Bluetooth USB
Adapter

http://www.apple.com/bluetooth/

Wi-max
WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for
wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access up to 30
miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations.
For More Information :
http://www.wimax.com/education
http://www.ti.com/asia/docs/india/tiidevconf2004/technology/shyamshetty.pdf

Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)

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GPRS

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For More Information :

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFi

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WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100
metres). A user with a "Wi-Fi" product can use any brand of access point with any other brand of
client hardware that is also Wi-Fi. Any Wi-Fi product using the same radio frequency (for example,
2.4GHz for 802.11b or 11g, 5GHz for 802.11a) will work with any other, even if not "Wi-Fi".

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile
phones.
GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel,
only transmitting when they have data to send. This means that the total available bandwidth can be
immediately dedicated to those users who are actually sending at any given moment, providing
higher utilisation where users only send or receive data intermittently. Web browsing, receiving emails as they arrive and instant messaging are examples of uses that require intermittent data
transfers, which benefit from sharing the available bandwidth.
Usually, GPRS data are billed per kilobytes of information transceived while circuit-switched data
connections are billed per second. The latter is to reflect the fact that even during times when no
data are being transferred, the bandwidth is unavailable to other potential users.
For More Information :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/G/GPRS.html

GSM

The Global System for Mobile Communications ( GSM )

is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world.
The GSM standard makes international roaming very
common between mobile phone operators , enabling
subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world.
GSM was first introduced in 1991. As of the end of 1997,
GSM service was available in more than 100 countries.
In GSM both signaling and speech channels are digital ,
GSM uses narrowband TDMA , which allows eight
simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency. The key
advantage of GSM systems has been higher digital voice
quality and low cost to making calls such as text messaging.
GSM Base Station
For More Information :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/G/GSM.html

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CDMA

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a "spread spectrum" technology, allowing many users to
occupy the same time and frequency allocations in a given band/space. As its name implies, CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access) assigns unique codes to each communication to differentiate it from
others in the same spectrum. In a world of finite spectrum resources, CDMA enables many more
people to share the airwaves at the same time than do alternative technologies. CDMA
communication consists of a Radio Carrier Station (RCS) and a Subscriber Unit.

TFT Screen

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For More Information :

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CDMA.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA

Short for Thin Film Transistor , a type of LCD flatpanel display screen , in which each pixel is controlled by
from one to four transistors . The TFT technology provides
the best resolutionof all the flat-panel techniques, but it is
also the most expensive. TFT screens are sometimes
called active-matrix LCDs.
For more information
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TFT.html

Lithium Ion Battery

Lithium ion batteries (sometimes abbreviated Li-Ion ) are

a type of rechargeable battery commonly used in consumer
electronics. They are currently one of the most popular
types of battery, with one of the best energy-to-weight
ratios, no memory effect and a slow loss of charge when not
in use. They can be dangerous if mistreated, however, and
unless care is taken they may have a shorter lifespan
compared to other battery types. A more advanced lithiumion battery design is the lithium polymer cell .
For more information:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_battery

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A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device

similar to a battery, differing in that it is designed for
continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i.e. it
produces electricity from an external supply of fuel and
oxygen as opposed to the limited internal energy storage
capacity of a battery. Additionally, the electrodes within a
battery react and change as a battery is charged, or
discharged, whereas a fuel cell's electrodes are catalytic
and relatively stable.

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Fuel cell

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Typical reactants used in a fuel cell are hydrogen on

the anode side and oxygen on the cathode side (a hydrogen
cell). Usually, reactants flow in and reaction products flow
out. Virtually continuous long-term operation is feasible as
long as these flows are maintained.

For more information:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell