Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Tribology International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/triboint
State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shanghai 201210, China
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 28 January 2014
Received in revised form
3 April 2014
Accepted 12 April 2014
Available online 23 April 2014
Laser peen texturing (LPT), which is a new surface texturing technology, was proposed to fabricate
micro-dimple arrays on copper surface. Pin-on-disk experiments were conducted under different normal
loads and sliding speeds to investigate friction and wear behaviors of untextured and textured samples
in starved lubrication. It was found that friction performance of the surface is improved signicantly
after LPT. Microscope observation and EDS analysis showed that textured surface could reduce both
abrasive and adhesive wear as compared to untextured surface. Results also indicated that an optimum
texture density might exist at which surface shows the best friction and wear behavior.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Surface texturing
Laser processing
Friction test
Starved lubrication
1. Introduction
Surface texturing as an approach for controlling the friction and
wear behavior of tribological components is well known for many
years. As early as 1966, the effect of surface texturing on lubrication was studied by Hamilton et al. [1]. Now surface texturing has
been widely recognized as a viable means to reduce friction
coefcient, improve load carrying capacity and wear resistance
of tribological systems. Micro-dimple array is a typical kind of
texture and plays an important part in improving tribological
performance. In starved lubrication, dimples act as reservoirs of
lubricant, which supply back-up lubricant when lubricant lm is
broken down [2]. In hydrodynamic lubrication, dimples are
utilized as micro-hydrodynamic bearings to help improve load
carrying capacity of the lubricant lm [3]. Dimples could also serve
as traps for wear debris in both lubricated and dry sliding [4].
Many studies on various forms, sizes and shapes of microdimples on sliding surfaces for tribological applications have been
reported over the last two decades [2,511]. Ryk et al. [2] studied
the effect of surface texturing under starved lubrication conditions, and found that with optimum dimple depth and low
lubricant viscosity the texturing was benecial over the entire
range of tested ow rates. However, with the deepest dimples or
n
Correspondence to: Room 726, Building A, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang
District, Shanghai 200240, China. Tel./fax: 86 21 34206315.
E-mail addresses: lkm718@gmail.com (K. Li), zqyaosjtu@gmail.com (Z. Yao),
huyx@sjtu.edu.cn (Y. Hu), guweibin@comac.cc (W. Gu).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.04.017
0301-679X/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
with high lubricant viscosity the surface texturing may be detrimental under certain operating conditions. Galda et al. [8] studied
the effect of surface texturing on lubrication regime transitions
from mixed to hydrodynamic and found that the shape and
distribution of oil pockets are the main factors affecting the
lubrication kinds. Higuera Garrido [10] studied tribological behavior of laser-textured NiCrBSi coatings. Results demonstrated the
strong correlation among texture density, dimple diameter and
contact area for reduction of the friction coefcient. Tang et al. [11]
fabricated multi-dimples using a miniature engraving and studied
the effect of surface texturing on friction and wear under hydrodynamic lubrication, they concluded that a 5% optimal dimple area
98
Table 1
Texture parameters used in this study.
Specimen no.
5
10
1100
13
10
1100
35
10
1100
fraction can generate the greatest hydrodynamic pressure compared with other fractions and can reduce friction and wear up to
38% and 72%, respectively.
Nowadays, methods to fabricate surface textures could be
generally classied into mechanical [1216], ion beam texturing
[17,18], etching [1922] and energy beam techniques [2329].
Among these methods, laser surface texturing (LST) is considered
as the most promising texturing technology. The main reason is
that textures fabricated by LST could be precisely controlled and
this process is friendly to the environment [7]. In last few years,
many studies have focused on LST, and it has been successfully
applied on piston rings [24,25], mechanical seals [26,27], hydrostatic gas seals [28], journal bearings [29], thrust bearings [30],
and soft elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication [23,31,32]. However,
laser peen texturing (LPT), which is another energy beam technology for surface texturing, has been given little attention.
Compared with LST, besides the merits of LST mentioned
above, LPT has more advantages: Firstly, LPT utilizes laser-shockinduced mechanical effect rather than thermal effect, so it could
effectively avoid the negative inuence of ablation in material
surface integrity. However, during LST, micro-dimples are fabricated by a laser ablation mechanism. Tensile residual stress may
occur in material due to the high temperature during ablation [33].
This change in surface integrity will shorten the fatigue life of the
material [34]; Secondly, after LPT, there is no apparent pile-up
around the micro-dimple which is generally detrimental to the
tribological performance, thus post-texturing lapping process for
the purpose of removing pile-up could be omitted. Nevertheless,
the lapping process is usually needed for LST according to the
studies of Etsion [8], Yu et al. [27] and Kovalchenko et al. [35].
Thirdly, the great shock pressure of LPT can induce deep compressive residual stress and hardened layer in material surface and
subsurface, which can improve fatigue life of the material dramatically [36,37]. The disadvantage of LPT compared with LST may be
that the equipments and the process procedures of LPT are more
complex.
2. Experimental details
2.1. Specimen preparation
All textured specimens in this study were processed by LPT.
The schematic of LPT is shown in Fig. 1. The surface to be textured
is rst coated with an opaque coating (such as black insulation
tape) and then covered by a transparent overlay (such as owing
water). When the laser with high power density (typically GW/
cm2) irradiates on the specimen surface, opaque coating melts and
vaporizes, and then forms the steam particles. Steam particles
continue absorbing the laser energy, and then ionize to hightemperature and high-density plasma. Plasma expands rapidly in
the direction away from the specimen and is trapped between the
sample and the transparent overlay, creating an extremely high
pressure which propagates into the material as a shockwave [38].
When the pressure of the shockwave which is on the order of GPa
exceeds the dynamic yield strength of the material, a micro-
99
Sd
d
100% 2 100%
St
4l
2
Parameters
Units
Values
1C
1C
mm2/s
mm2/s
kg/m3
32
208
27
32
5.3
873
Fig. 5. Setup used for friction and wear tests. (a) UMT-3 tribometer and (b) schematic diagram of contact conguration.
100
Table 3
Parameters of friction and wear tests.
Parameters
Rotational speed
Sliding speed
Normal load
Contact pressure
Loading rate
Temperature
Units
rpm
m/s
N
MPa
N/s
1C
Values
Friction test 1
Friction test 2
Wear test
150
0.08
20400 (linearly increased)
0.265.10
1.27, 2.54
207 2
207 2
150
0.08
20280 (linearly increased)
0.263.64
1.3
207 2
Fig. 6. Typical friction coefcient curve under linearly increased normal load.
Fig. 8. Effect of normal load on friction coefcient with loading rate of 2.54 N/s.
Fig. 7. Effect of normal load on friction coefcient with loading rate of 1.27 N/s.
time). The stationary pin was pressed at the required load and slided
against the rotating disk textured by LPT. The rotational radius of the
pin was set as 5 mm. Before the tribilogical test, the sliding surface of
the pin was polished to mirror smoothness with the average roughness of 0.05 m. After polishing, the pin and the disk were cleaned in
acetone solution by ultrasonic cleaning to remove the metal fragments and other attachments on metal surfaces.
Lubricant used in all tests was Mobil Vacuoline 1405 lubricant.
This lubricant is widely used on guide and chute of machine tools
because of its good performance in eliminating stick-slip and chatter
during sliding. The properties of the lubricant are listed in Table 2.
In this research, two sets of friction tests were designed. The rst
set was performed with constant rotational speed and linearly
increased normal load under two different loading rates. The second
set was carried out with constant normal load and step increased
101
transverse force for the relative sliding movement and consequently causes high friction coefcient. Moreover, too high
texture density indicates limited contact area and great contact pressure, therefore leads to large deformation and small
gap between contact surfaces, which makes the lubricant lm
thin and easy to collapse.
(1) With the linear increase of normal load, the untextured surface failed earlier than the textured ones, and the friction
coefcient of the untextured surface in stable stage is relatively high. The result demonstrates that surface texturing
helps to improve friction performance of boundary-lubricated
surface. It probably benets from the so-called secondary
lubrication effect. That is, lubricant reserved in the dimples
acts as a secondary source of lubricant and could be drawn
into the interface during the relative sliding movement.
(2) Surface with texture density of 13% (abbreviated as surface
tex13%) exhibits the best friction performance as compared to
surfaces with texture densities of 5% and 35% (abbreviated as
surface tex5% and tex35%, respectively). In other words, surface tex13% has the lowest friction coefcient and the longest
failure time. This result suggests that although the surface
with micro-dimples is helpful for the improvement of tribological performance compared to untextured, it does not mean
that larger texture density leads to the better tribological
performance. There might be an optimum texture density,
which leads to the best tribological performance under
boundary lubrication. Compared to the surface with appropriate texture density, the surface with too low or too high
texture density may lead to relatively high friction coefcient
and short failure time. Too low texture density means small
number of dimples with very limited lubricant and long
distance among dimples. Therefore, the lubricant volume
might be inadequate to cover the whole surface, leading to
high coefcient of friction and short failure time. On the other
hand, the surface with too high texture density requires great
Fig. 10. Effect of loading rate on friction coefcient, failure time and maximum
normal load. (a) Friction coefcient, (b) failure time and (c) maximum normal load.
102
Fig. 11. Typical friction coefcient curve under step increased rotational speed.
Fig. 12. Schematic of starved lubrication. (a) Under low sliding speed and (b) under
high sliding speed.
where w is the ratio of the solid contact area Am to the total real
contact area A, w Am =A. s is the shear strength of solid surface,
and L is the shear strength of uid surface. Then the friction
coefcient of starved lubrication f SL could be obtained
f SL
F Aw s 1 w L Aw s L L
N
N
N
103
Fig. 13. Effect of texture density on friction coefcient under step increased
rotational speed.
Fig. 14. Optical microscope photographs of worn surfaces with different texture densities. (a) Untextured, (b) tex5%, (c) tex13% and (d) tex35%.
104
Table 4
Composition analysis results of worn surfaces.
Element
C
O
Fe
Cu
Untextured surface
Textured surface
Weight percent
Atomic percent
Weight percent
Atomic percent
23.62
2.72
0.56
73.10
59.66
5.15
0.30
34.89
27.06
1.47
71.47
64.93
2.64
32.43
In addition, it is worth noticing that the diameters of the microdimples on three textured surfaces (see Fig. 14(b)(d)) are different which can also reect the level of wear. Since the original
diameter of the dimples before wear test are almost the same, the
larger diameter of the dimple after wear test means relatively
slighter wear. This phenomenon conrms that surface tex13% has
the best wear resistance in the present study.
In order to further investigate the difference of chemical
compositions of specimen surfaces after wear tests, the energy
dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis was performed on wear
tracks of worn surfaces by utilizing the EDS system of scanning
electron microscope (SEM). The EDS results showed that spectra of
textured surfaces with three different texture densities were
similar. Typical spectra of untextured surface and textured surfaces
are shown in Fig. 15(a) and (b), respectively. The weight percent
and atomic percent of the elements are listed in Table 4.
From Fig. 15 and Table 4, it is seen that elements of C, O and Cu are
detected on both untextured and textured surfaces. The element with
the highest weight is Cu, which comes from the substrate material of
OFHC copper. The existence of elements C and O is mainly due to the
residue of lubricant oil on worn surfaces. In addition to this, a small
amount of element Fe is also detected on the worn untextured surface
as shown in Fig. 15(a), while no other elements are found on the
textured surface as shown in Fig. 15(b). Since the hardness of the pin is
much greater than that of OFHC copper, the material transfer from the
pin to OFHC copper surface is difcult to occur. As a result, the transfer
of the Fe element indicates that wear of the untextured surface is
more severe than the textured surfaces.
4. Conclusions
Micro-dimple arrays with different texture densities were
fabricated on OFHC copper plates by laser peen texturing (LPT).
The friction and wear performances of textured surfaces and
untextured surfaces were studied in starved lubrication under
the condition of linearly increased normal load and step increased
rotational speed. The following conclusions could be drawn:
Fig. 15. EDS results of worn surfaces. (a) Untextured surface and (b) textured
surface.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant nos. 51075271 and 51375305), Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51121063) and Innovation
Fund of the National Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center (Grant no. SAMC12-JS-15-025).
References
[1] Hamilton DB, Walowit JA, Allen CM. A theory of lubrication by microirregularities. J Basic Eng 1966;88:17784.
[2] Ryk G, Kligerman Y, Etsion I. Experimental investigation of laser surface texturing
for reciprocating automotive components. Tribol Trans 2002;45:4449.
[3] Etsion I, Kligerman Y, Halperin G. Analytical and experimental investigation of
laser-textured mechanical seal faces. Tribol Trans 1999;42:5116.
[4] Etsion I. State of the art in laser surface texturing. Tribol-T ASME 2005;125:24853.
[5] Wakuda M, Yamauchi Y, Kanzaki S, Yasuda Y. Effect of surface texturing on
friction reduction between ceramic and steel materials under lubricated
sliding contact. Wear 2003;254:35663.
[6] Andersson P, Koskinen J, Varjus S, Gerbig Y, Haefke H, Georgiou S, et al.
Microlubrication effect by laser-textured steel surfaces. Wear 2007;262:36979.
[7] Etsion I. Improving tribological performance of mechanical components by
laser surface texturing. Tribol Lett 2004;17:7337.
[8] Galda L, Pawlus P, Sep J. Dimples shape and distribution effect on characteristics of Stribeck curve. Tribol Int 2009;42:150512.
[9] Vrbka M, amnek O, perka P, Nvrat T, Kupka I, Hartl M. Effect of surface
texturing on rolling contact fatigue within mixed lubricated non-conformal
rolling/sliding contacts. Tribol Int 2010;43:145765.
[10] Garrido AH, Gonzlez R, Cadenas M, Battez AH. Tribological behavior of lasertextured NiCrBSi coatings. Wear 2011;271:92533.
[11] Tang W, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Yang H. The effect of surface texturing on reducing the
friction and wear of steel under lubricated sliding contact. Appl Surf Sci
2013;273:199204.
[12] Nakatsuji T, Mori A. The tribological effect of mechanically produced microdents by a microdiamond pyramid on medium carbon steel surfaces in rolling
sliding contact. Mechanica 2002;66:66374.
[13] Pettersson U, Jacobson S. Friction and wear properties of microtextured DLC
coated surfaces in boundary lubricated sliding. Tribol Lett 2004;17:5539.
[14] Bulatov VP, Krasny VA, Schneider YG. Basics of machining methods to yield
wear- and fretting-resistive surfaces, having regular roughness patterns. Wear
1997;208:1327.
[15] Zhang YD, Lin JQ, Fu QL, Hu HY. Measuring and controlling of arbor
displacement in low frequency vibration machining surface for micropits.
JZUS-A 2008;42:14104.
105