Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
CHAPTER 4.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Operational quantities for radiation monitoring
4.3 Area survey meters
4.4 Individual monitoring
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.Slide 1 (2/107)
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Internal exposure
External exposure
This chapter deals only with monitoring of external exposures.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.1 Slide 1 (3/107)
4.1 INTRODUCTION
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.1 Slide 2 (4/107)
4.1 INTRODUCTION
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.1 Slide 3 (5/107)
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Radiation monitoring instruments are classified as:
Area survey meters
(or area monitors)
IAEA
Personal dosimeters
(or individual dosimeters)
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.1 Slide 4 (6/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2 Slide 1 (7/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 1 (8/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 2 (9/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 3 (10/107)
DT =
1
mT
D dm
T
,
mT
T
where
mT is the mass of the organ or tissue under consideration.
T is the total energy imparted by radiation to that tissue or
organ.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 4 (11/107)
HT = wR DT,R
where DT,R is the absorbed dose delivered by radiation type R
averaged over a tissue or organ T.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 5 (12/107)
wR = 1
for protons:
wR = 5
for particles:
wR = 20
wR = from 5 to 20
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 6 (13/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 7 (14/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 8 (15/107)
IAEA
76.2%
11.1%
10.1%
2.6%
30 cm
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.2 Slide 1 (16/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.2 Slide 2 (17/107)
30 cm
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.2 Slide 3 (18/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.3 Slide 1 (19/107)
Expanded field:
The fluence and its
directional and energy
distribution have the same
values throughout the
volume of interest as in the
actual field at the point of
interest.
radiation aligned
point of
interest
radiation
expanded
Aligned field:
The fluence and its energy
distribution are the same as
in the expanded field, but the
fluence is unidirectional.
IAEA
aligned
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.3 Slide 2 (20/107)
10
d = 0.07 mm
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.3 Slide 3 (21/107)
radiation aligned
ICRU sphere
radiation
expanded
10 mm
aligned
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 4 (22/107)
11
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.4 Slide 1 (23/107)
The ambient
dose equivalent
H'(0.07mm,)
unidirectional
radiation
expanded
IAEA
ICRU sphere
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.4 Slide 2 (24/107)
12
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.5 Slide 1 (25/107)
Area
monitoring
Individual
monitoring
IAEA
H * (0.07), H * (3)
Strongly
penetrating
radiation
H * (10)
H '(0.07,), H '(3,)
H '(10,)
Hp (0.07), Hp (3)
Hp (10)
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.6 Slide 1 (26/107)
13
Area
monitoring
Individual
monitoring
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.6 Slide 2 (27/107)
Ionization chambers
Proportional counters
Geiger-Mueller (GM)
counters
Scintillator
Semiconductor detectors).
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 1 (28/107)
14
Survey meters
come in different
shapes and sizes
depending upon
the specific
application.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 2 (29/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 3 (30/107)
15
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 4 (31/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 5 (32/107)
16
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 6 (33/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.1 Slide 1 (34/107)
17
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.1 Slide 2 (35/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 1 (36/107)
18
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 2 (37/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 1 (38/107)
19
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 2 (39/107)
thermal
neutron
B-10
Li-7
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 3 (40/107)
20
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 4 (41/107)
Filter compensation is
required to reduce the
over-response to thermal
neutrons so that the
response follows the
weighting factors wR.
(broken line, solid line is
a useful approximation)
weighting factors
neutron energy
/MeV
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 5 (42/107)
21
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.4 Slide 1 (43/107)
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.4 Slide 2 (44/107)
22
Disadvantage of GM counters:
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.4 Slide 3 (45/107)
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.5 Slide 1 (46/107)
23
Emitted
electron
Dynodes
(secondary e- emission)
+200V
Anode
+600V
+50V
Coaxial out
Scintillation photon
+400V
+800V
Photocathode
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.5 Slide 2 (47/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.6 Slide 1 (48/107)
24
Example:
A commercial electronic pocket dosimeter based on a
semiconductor detector
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.6 Slide 2 (49/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.7 Slide 1 (50/107)
25
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.7 Slide 2 (51/107)
IAEA
(1)
(2)
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 1 (52/107)
26
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 2 (53/107)
(K )
air air
= MR NR ,
where
(Kair)air
MR
NR
is the chamber calibration coefficient (e.g., in terms of airkerma in air or air-kerma rate in air) of the reference
chamber under the reference conditions
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 3 (54/107)
27
( )
H = h K air
air
(K )
air air
IAEA
= MR NR
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 4 (55/107)
hH*(10) =
H * (10)
(K air )air
( )
IAEA
air
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 5 (56/107)
28
S=
1
N
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 1 (57/107)
A commercial
contamination monitor
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 2 (58/107)
29
IAEA
1 Sv/h
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 3 (59/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 4 (60/107)
30
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 5 (61/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 6 (62/107)
31
NH*(10) =
( )
( )
air
Conclusion:
H*(10)/(Kair)air as well as (Kair)air /M should have a flat
energy dependence.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 7 (63/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 8 (64/107)
32
1 nSv/h
1 Sv/h
1 Sv/h
IAEA
1 Sv/h
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 9 (65/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 10 (66/107)
33
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 11 (67/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 12 (68/107)
34
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 13 (69/107)
gamma radiation
beta radiation
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 14 (70/107)
35
Type A uncertainty:
Subsequent measurements at the users facility provide a type A
uncertainty.
Type B uncertainty:
The uncertainties because of the energy dependence and angular
dependence of the detector, the variation in the users field
conditions compared to calibration conditions, etc., contribute to
type B uncertainties.
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 15 (71/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 16 (72/107)
36
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 1 (73/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 2 (74/107)
37
IAEA
Film dosimetry
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 3 (75/107)
Radiophotoluminesce (RPL)
Optically simulated luminescence (OSL)
In case of fast neutron doses:
IAEA
Albedo dosimeter
Nuclear track emulsion
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 4 (76/107)
38
B: mikroscope
I: ionisization
chamber
F: quartz
filament
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 5 (77/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.1 Slide 1 (78/107)
39
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.1 Slide 2 (79/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.1 Slide 3 (80/107)
40
Thermal neutrons:
A cadmium window absorbs thermal neutrons and the resulting
gamma radiation blackens the film below this window as an
indication of the neutron dose.
Fast neutrons:
Nuclear track emulsions are used. The neutrons interact with
hydrogen nuclei in the emulsion and surrounding materials,
producing recoil protons by elastic collisions. These particles create
a latent image, which leads to darkening of the film along their
tracks after processing.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.1 Slide 4 (81/107)
Filters
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.2 Slide 1 (82/107)
41
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.2 Slide 2 (83/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.2 Slide 3 (84/107)
42
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.2 Slide 4 (85/107)
IAEA
A personal RPL
dosimeter
(1950s-1960s)
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.3 Slide 1 (86/107)
43
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.3 Slide 2 (87/107)
RPL signal exhibits very low fading and is not sensitive to the
environmental temperature making it convenient in individual
monitoring.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.3 Slide 3 (88/107)
44
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.4 Slide 1 (89/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.4 Slide 2 (90/107)
45
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.4 Slide 3 (91/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.4 Slide 4 (92/107)
46
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 1 (93/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 2 (94/107)
47
IAEA
B: mikroscope
I: ionisation chamber
F: quartz filament
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 3 (95/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 4 (96/107)
48
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 5 (97/107)
The International Standards Organization (ISO) recommends special water phantoms (referred to as ISO slab
phantoms), although in practice PMMA phantoms are
used with the appropriate corrections.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.6 Slide 1 (98/107)
49
Hp ( d )
(Kair )
air
slab
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.6 Slide 2 (99/107)
Calibration of personal
dosimeters on a PMMA slab
phantom using a standard
cesium-137 gamma ray beam.
(3) The dosimeter badge is then placed
at the calibration point on a phantom
and its reading M is determined.
NHp
IAEA
Hp (d) M
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.6 Slide 3 (100/107)
50
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 1 (101/107)
Commercially available RPL dosimeters (e.g., AsahiPTW) have flat energy response from 12 keV to 8 MeV.
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 2 (102/107)
51
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 3 (103/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 4 (104/107)
52
10 Sv
10 Sv
0.2 Sv
IAEA
10 Sv
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 5 (105/107)
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 6 (106/107)
53
IAEA
Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 7 (107/107)
54