INTRODUCTION

Programmed instruction is a new innovation which is the result of

experimental study of learning process in the psychological laboratory. It is a
self teaching technique for acquiring factual learning. It is an integrated in
structural system which may employ programmedbooks,teaching
machine,filims in various forms of audiovisual devices.Programmed
instruction is a self instruction where by learner proceeds through
instructional materials in short steps at his own pace receiving immediate
knowledge of correctness of his own answers.Programmed instruction is a
self instruction where by learner proceeds through instructional materials in
shortstops at his own pacerecieving immediate knowledge of correctness of
his answers. Programmed instruction or programmed learning is learning is a
learning in which the student works from known to unknown, from familiar to
unfamiliar. It is a planned to control the students responses and to provide
feedback to students in a pattern designed to accomplish maximum of
transfer of learning.

MEANING
The instruction provided by teaching machine or programmed text book is
referred to as programmed instruction of programmed learning.

DEFINITION
Programmed instruction is a planned sequence of experiences,leading to
proficiency,in terms of stimulus response relation ship that has proven to be
effectieve.(j.e espich and bill Williams)
programmed instruction is a method of designing reproducible sequence of
instructional events to produce a measurable consistent effect on behavior of
each and every acceptable student.(susane markle 1969)
Programme is a sequence of small steps of instructional material,most of
which requires a response to be made by completing a blankspace in a
sentence.To ensure that expected responses are given ,a system of cueing is
applied, and each response is verified by the provision of immediate
knowledge of results, such a sequence of is intended to be worked at the
learners own pace as individual self instruction.(leith,1966)
Programmed learning as a popularly understood is a method of giving
indiuvidualised instruction ,in which the student is actieve and proceeds at

his own and is provided with immediate knowledge of results.The teacher is

not physically present.The programme ,while developing programmed
material has to follow the laws of behavior and validate his strategy in terms
of student learning.(gulati and gulati 1976)
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
1-It is not an audiovisual device.It is a part of education technology.
2-It is not a test.it is a new strategy for teaching and learning.
3-It cannot replace the teacher from the field of teaching,but the effectieve
teacher can prepare a good programme.
4-It require more creativity and imaginatieve effort to develop highly
individualized instruction.
PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
A good programmed instruction is based on the principles of learning.The
principles on which programmed instruction is based were discovered in
psychological laboratories.There are five fundamental principles of
programmed instruction.
1-principle of small steps
The subject matter is broken down in to sequence of small steps.A
student can take one step at a time.He has to be read a small step of being
actieve.
2-principle of actieve responding
The student learns best if he is actieve and responds as he learns.The learner
has to construct the response.It is an integral part of learning.A response
must be made by learner and induces sustained activity.The learner remains
busy and actieve when he works on programme.
3-principle of immediate confirmation
The student learns best if he confirm his response immediuately.The
confirmation provides the reinforcement to the learner.
4-principle of self pacing
In programming each student can work each step as slowly or as quickly as
he can.This is known as principle of self pacing.In programmed instruction

the learner decides the rates of at which he progress through the

programme.
5-principle of student testing
The teacher can regularly assess the progress of his student.He can find out
the weakeness of his progress and modify the weak portion of his
programme.
FEATURES OF PROGRAMMED LEARNING
1-INDIVIDUALISED SYSTEM
One person learn at a time
2-AUTOINSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM
The learner learn through an auto instructional device.The device
teaches,correct and reinforces without the presence of teacher.
3-LOGICAL ORDER OF MATERIAL
The instructional material is presented in a logical sequence.Each new step
in the learning process follows naturally and logically each proceeding step
4 LEARNERS OWN PACE OF PRPGRESS
In a programmed system each learner learns at his individual pace.The
average moving slowly.The brighter student learns quickly.The rate of
accomplishment is established by each student individual performance.
5-INSTANT CHECK OF LEARNERS ANSWER
The student answer is almost instantly checked against the correct answer
which appears by the side of the next question or frame.If his answer is
correct, he receives encouragement,if it is incorrect he is helped to locate the
reason for his incorrect answer.
STEPS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Selection of topic to be programmed
Identify the objectieve
Content analysis for developing the instructional procedure
Writing the objectieve in behavioural terms

Construction of criterion test.

Deciding appropriate model and strategy of programme
Writing programme frame and individual try out
Group try out ,revising and editing the programme and preparing the final
draft
Master validation of programme in terms of internal and external criteria
Preparation of manual of programme.
Technique of programmed instruction
In programmed instruction the student is presented
The programmer further specifies the condition under which the terminal
behavior is to be manifested and state explicitly any restriction to be
imposed.
The standard of judging the acceptable performance is also mentioned in
definite terms.
2 EMPIRICAL TESTING
The programme after writing the initial draft of programmes tries out three
phases,
a) Individual try out
The first draft of the programmes is tested on individual in face to face
testing.
b small group try out
The programme is tested on 5-10 representatieve students of class for
whom it is developed
Field tryout
After modification on the observation of small group ,it is administered in
actual class necessary information brokendown into very small
steps.After understanding each step the student must take a
response,answer a question,work out a problem or make a choice,usually
by writing in space provided. The student response is immediately

checked with right answer .He then goes on to the next step,which if the
answer was correct will follow on from previous bit of information .If the
answer was incorrect,the student is now presented with material
specifically written to correct the error and then return to orginal question
for a second try before going on to the next step.
Programmed instruction is an attempt to provide effectieve instruction
without requiring the physical presence of humanteacher.The material
presented to the learner and the activities in which he is engaged are
selected,ordered,arranged on the basis of empirical test of effectieveness
procedure adopted.This method of teaching the reward of being right
encourages the students to learn.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING
Programmed material can be presented to the learner either in book form
or through teaching machine or a
Programmed material can be presented to the learner either in book form
or through teaching machine or a computer in the following popular
styles.
1-LINEAR OR EXTRENSIC STYLE PROGRAMMING
2-BRANCHING OR INTRINSIC STYLE PROGRAMMING
3-MATHETICS PROGRAMMING
4-ADJUNCTS PROGRAMMING
5-COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION
1 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Linear programming learners response are controlled externally by the
programmers sitting at a distant place.A linear programming is called a
straight line programme as the learner starts from his initial behavior
following a stragit line.The student proceeds from one frame to the next
until he complete the programme.
Characteristic
Linear exposed to small amount of information and proceeds from one
frame or one item formatiuon to the next is an orderly fashion.

Linerar responds ovetly that their correct responses can be rewarded and
their incorrect response can be corrected.
Linear are informed immediately about whether or not their response is
correct
Linear proceed at their own pace
NEED FOR LINEAR PROGRAMMING
-The individual difference is the major problem of education.Every learner
does not get the opportunity to proceed according to his own abilities and
rate of learning.
In teaching and learning main emphasis is given for presentation than
doing.The student learn better by doing.
There is no provision for diagnosing the weakeness and difficulties of
learners so that remedial instruction or teaching may be organized to
remove learner difficulties
The available textbooks donot provide any reinforcement to learners
behavior or activities
Teaching strategiestextbook ,teaching aids donot provide any opportunity
so that he is able to know how successfully he is learning.
SCOPE OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Generally there are single teaher school there a teacher is required to
teach all subjects.This strategy will help the teachers.
SECONDARY EDUCATION
In secondary education the diversity of interest and curriculum
necessitates this method.
It may be used as remedial teaching.The class room teaching may be
helpful fornonscience being compulsory subject upto highschool.
Correspondence education
For highschool students it is necessary to realize that the selfinstruction
could be made possible if the correspondence lessons are programmed.

For schoolteachers
When new course are being introduced ,programmed instruction will
equip then with content and new method of teaching.
For university education
For university education
This will help the students who are under correspondence to learn and can
be brought at the part of regular students .Thus they can maintain the
standard of higher education.
PRINCIPLES OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING
1 Principle of small steps
A student can proceed from knowing very little about the subject to mastery
of the subject by going through a programme.
2 Principle of actieve responding
3 principle of confirmation
Is a type of reinforcement towork on the programme.A student who must
wait two weeks for thetest result probably will not learn as well as student
whose test is scored immediately.
Principle of self pacing
The student can work each step as slowly or quickly as he chooses.if pace of
classroom is too fast or too slow for child probably he will not learn as well as
go with his own pace.