ONLINE

ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY
AHALYA MENON G
NATURAL SCIENCE
REG NO: 14367001

BLOOD

INTRODUCTION
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers
necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen in the cell and transports
metabolic waste products away from those same cells. When it reaches the
lungs, gas exchange occurs when carbon dioxide is diffused out of the blood
into the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium from here, it passes through
the mitral valve through the ventricle and taken all around the body by the aorta.
Blood contains antibodies, nutrients, oxygen and much more to help the body
work.
In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood
plasma. Plasma, which constitute 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water, and
contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide and blood
cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in Plasma, and it functions to
regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly red
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The most abundant cells in
vertebrate blood cells are red blood cells.
Blood circulated around the body through blood vessels by the
pumping action of heart. In animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen

from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, the venous blood carries carbon
dioxide, a waste product of metabolism produced by cells, from the tissues to
the lungs to be exhales.

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Blood performs many important functions within the body
including:

Supply of oxygen to tissues

Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids

Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, Urea and Lactic Acid

Immunological functions including circulation of white blood cells and

detection of foreign materials by anti bodies.

Coagulation, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of

blood from a liquid to a semi solid gel to stop bleeding

Messenger functions including transport of hormones and the signaling of

tissue damage.

Regulation of body pH

Regulation of core body temperature hydraulic functions

CONSTITUENTS

Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight. The average

adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 litres, which is composed of plasma and
several kinds of cells.

BLOOD CELLS
There are 3 types of blood cells.

Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

Platelets

RED BLOOD CELLS

Red Blood Cells, also called erythrocytes, are the most common
type of blood cells and the vertebrate organisms principal means of delivering
oxygen.
In humans, mature RBCs are flexible and biconcave discs. They
lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum
space for hemoglobin.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

White blood cells also called leukocytes are the cells of the immune system that
are involved in protecting the body against both infectious deceases and foreign
invaders. Five different types of RBC exist. They are neutrophil, easinophil,
monocyte,

basophil, lymphocytes where monocytes and neutrophils are

phagocytic.

PLATELETS

Platelets also called thrombocytes, are a component of blood whose

function is to stop bleeding by clumping and clogging blood vessels injuries.
Platelets have no cell nucleus.

BLOOD PLASMA

Blood Plasma is the pale yellow liquid component of blood that normally
holds the bloods cells in whole blood in suspension. This makes the plasma the
extra cellular metrics of blood cells. It makes up 55% of the bodys total blood
volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extra cellular fluid. It is mostly water
(up to 95% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins (6-8%) ie, serum
albumins, globulins and fibrinogen), glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes,
hormones and Carbon dioxide. Plasma also serves as the protein reserve of the
protein reserve of the human body.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYTEM

Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessel by the

plumbing action of the heart. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left
ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the
right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is
pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium
though the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated
again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all the cells of the body,
and venous blood carries Carbon dioxide a waste product of metabolism by
cells, to the lungs to be exhaled. However one exception includes pulmonary
arteries which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while
pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.
Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of the color of the blood in
vertebrates.

BLOOD GROUPS
Blood groups are a classification of blood based on the presence or
absence of inherited antigenic substances on RBCs. These antigens may be
proteins, carbohydrates, glycoprotein, or glycolipids, depending on blood group
system.
A total of 35 human blood group system was recognized by international
society of blood transfusion. The two most important ones are ABO and the
RhD antigen; they determined someones blood type (A,B,AB abd O, with +,or Null denoting RhD status).

CONCLUSION
Blood is the red fluid that circulates in our body through blood vessels ie,
veins and arteries. The main function of blood is to act as the bodys transport
system, but it also has a major role I the bodys defense against infection. There
is no substitute for blood. It cannot be made or manufactures. Donors are the
only source of blood for patients who need it.

REFERENCE
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/blood &ei
Biology textbook of standard IX