Proposal Title: Reengineering Waste

To: Miss Fazleen Binti Badrul Zaman

From: Mohamad Heidi Nazrin Bin Azmi Shah
ID No: IPM 147272

INTRODUCTION
Wastes are substances or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to
be disposed of by the provisions of national law. Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is
products produced for the market) for which the initial user has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes
of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be
generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final
products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the
place of generation are excluded. There are many waste types defined by modern systems of waste
management, notably including:

Municipal waste includes Household waste, Commercial waste, and Demolition waste

Hazardous waste includes Industrial waste

Biomedical waste includes clinical waste

Special Hazardous waste includes Radioactive waste, explosives waste, and Electronic waste (ewaste)
There are many issues that surround reporting waste. It is most commonly measured by size or weight,
and there is a stark difference between the two. For example, organic waste is much heavier when it is
wet, and plastic or glass bottles can have different weights but be the same size. On a global scale it is
difficult to report waste because countries have different definitions of waste and what falls into waste
categories, as well as different ways of reporting. Based on incomplete reports from its parties, the Basel
Convention estimated 338 million tonnes of waste was generated in 2001. For the same year, OECD

estimated 4 billion tonnes from its member countries. Despite these inconsistencies, waste reporting is still
useful on a small and large scale to determine key causes and locations, and to find ways of preventing,
minimizing, recovering, treating, and disposing waste.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Since we do not have enough space to store wastes, people dispose the garbage wherever possible
mostly in the drainages or the river bank. This had led to huge environmental pollution deteriorating the
health of mankind and the other living beings. Due to the lack of knowledge of disposing the wasteages,
people trash the garbage in a way they want. We can see garbage all around our places including on the
roads, play grounds, parks and even in a hospitals. People throw the garbage without realizing that it is
affecting their own health and will deteriorate the future generation's living standard.

OBJECTIVES
Reengineering waste is the best alternative to overcome this worrying issue. This alternative is not merely
recycling and reusing only re-useable wastes, it is coming up with a new innovated use of these wastes.
This alternative also can reduce the garbage that been disposed by people by making a product or project
by using waste product. Furthermore, it is time for new generation to improve their skills and ideas to
make a useful product that can reduce wastes. We also can make a money with it, by the way we produce
a product that is made from waste.

HOW DOES IT FUNCTION

My proposal are about make an electric kettles that also known as a heater by using waste product. As we
know, an electric kettles are very useful for people nowadays to heat the water without using a stove and
others. Kettles are among the simplest of household appliances. Lift the lid and peer inside and you will
see, at the very bottom of the water container, a coil of thick metal called the heating element. When you
plug the kettle into an electrical outlet, a large electric current flows into the heating element. The
element's resistance (the tendency any material has to stop electricity flowing through it) turns the electrical
energy into heat. In other words, the element gets hot. Since it is in direct contact with cold water, the heat

passes to the water by conduction and rapidly warms it up too. The heating element is controlled by the
thermostat. The thermostat has a variable resistor inside. The higher you set the temperature, the lower
the resistance is. A small current runs through the thermostat, usually controlling an electronic switch called
a transistor. The transistor, in turn, controls the heating element. When the resistance goes up in the
thermostat, less current flows through, which causes less current to flow through the heating element. This
keeps the heating element and the water cooler. When the resistance is reduced, the current through the
thermostat increases, which causes the transistor to increase the current through the heating element. This
raises the temperature of the water.

ADVANTAGES
If you need the kettle only occasionally for tasks such as making tea for guests, then you can use my
product that small, plain electric kettle and also you can conveniently store it in a closet when not in use.
On the other hand, if you are going to use an electric kettle very frequently and the kettle becomes an
integral part of your kitchen table, then its wise to go for a device that have advanced features and
capabilities. My models of electric kettles have a handle and exterior metallic color options, neutral and
bold colors and so on. While we spoke about advantages of the kettles, lets discuss about few precautions
that you need to take while using these kind of electrically operated devices. Dont leave the kitchen when
you are using the electric kettle to boil water because it can overboil the water and dry out itself resulting in
a dangerous situation. Fortunately, recent advancements in technology have made this danger,
an absolute thing. My kettles are integrated with automatic switch off feature. This kind of kettle will allow
the water to boil for a certain period of time and as a security measure , it will turn off automatically after
that. In case if the kettle does not have this automatic shutdown feature and it is left turned-on for too long
time, then the boiling water eventually evaporates and makes the kettle empty. Without any water in it while
it is powered on, it can cause fire. Electric kettle that i want to make have a comfortable grip when holding
in hand. To ensure this, you need to make sure that it has enough space between the handle and body.
The fingers and the palm of your hand should be gripping the handle with ease. Usually there is a paddlelike grip to help prevent of slippage and provide extra comfort for people with conditions such as arthritis.