o

Universidade Federal do ABC

									Q ( t )
					d y ( t ) dt		+ ay ( t ) = Q ( t ) ,
						y ( t 0 )= y 0

d y ( t )

dt

+ P ( t ) y ( t ) =

Q ( t )

1

y ( t )=

t ) µ( t ) .Q ( t ) dt + C

µ(

µ( t ) = exp P ( t ) dt

µ( t ) = exp a dt = e at .

1

y ( t )=

t ) µ( τ ) .Q ( τ ) dτ + C = 1 at e aτ .Q ( τ ) dτ + C

µ(

e

= e − at e aτ .Q ( τ ) dτ + Ce − at = e − a ( t − τ ) .Q ( τ ) dτ + Ce − at

y ( t )= y p ( t ) + Ce − at

y p ( t )= e − a ( t − τ ) .Q ( τ ) dτ

C

y ( t 0 )= y 0

C

y 0 =

y p ( t 0 ) + Ce − at 0

⇔

C = [y 0 − y p ( t 0 )] =[y 0 − y p ( t 0 )]e at 0

e

− at 0

y ( t )=

y p ( t ) + Ce − at = y p ( t )+[y 0 − y p ( t 0 )]e − a ( t − t 0 )

resposta em regime

permanente

resposta transitória

(transiente)

solução

solução

particular

homogênea

resposta livre

(só depende das cond. inic.)

resposta forçada

(só depende da excitação)

y p ( t )

y ( t ) ≈ y p ( t )

a > 0

a > 0

e − at

solução

solução

particular

homogênea

y h ( t )

d y ( t ) dt

+ ay ( t ) = 0

C

t 0

y h

y p

y p

			Q (t)

	Q (t)

y p ( t )

Q ( t ) e ^{− at} u( t )

y p ( t )= e − a ( t − τ ) u( t − τ ) .Q ( τ ) dτ Q ( t ) ∗ [e − at u( t )]

f ( t )

=

p ( t )

n

≥ 0

d y

+ ay = p ( t )

a = cte,

dt

y p ( t )

p ( t )

y p ( t )

y p ( t )

d y p ( t )

dt

y p ( t )

d

y p ( t )

dt

y p ( t )

				d y dt	+2y = t 2 +1
		y p ( t ) = At 2 + Bt				+ C f ( t ) = t 2 + 1
				2 o
				d y p ( t ) dt = 2At + B
				(2At + B ) + 2(At 2		+ Bt + C ) = t 2	+ 1
				2A t 2 + (2A + 2B ) t + (B + 2C ) = 1.t 2 + 0t + 1
				  2A =1 2A +2B =0  B +2C =1 y p ( t )= t 2 2 − 2 + t 3 4	⇒	  A =1/2  B C = − 1/2 =3/4

f ( t ) = K

y p ( t )

d y

+ ay = K

dt

y p ( t ) = C f ( t ) = K

d y p ( t )

dt

=0

0 + aC = K

⇔

C = K

a

y p ( t )= C = K

a

f ( t )

d y

+

ay = Ce kt

a, C, k = cte.

dt

y p ( t ) = Ae kt

y p ( t )

y p ( t )

A

d y p ( t )

dt

y p ( t )

d y p ( t )

dt

A

y p ( t ) = A.t.e kt

d y

+2y =2e 3t

dt

y p ( t ) = Ae 3t

y h = Ae −2t

d y p ( t ) dt

= 3Ae 3t

(3Ae 3t ) + 2( Ae 3t )=2e 3t

⇔ 3A +2A =2

⇔

A = 2

5

y p ( t )= 2 e 3t 5

f ( t )

d y

+ ay = A sin( ωt )

a, A, ω = cte.

dt

d y

+

ay = A cos( ωt )

dt

y p ( t ) = C sin( ωt ) + D cos( ωt )

y p ( t )

y p ( t )

C

D

d y p ( t )

dt

y p ( t )

d y p ( t )

dt

C

D

d y

dt

+ 2y = 4 sin(2t )

y _p ( t ) = C sin(2t ) + D cos(2t )

d y p ( t ) dt

= 2C cos(2t ) − 2D sin(2t )

(2C cos(2t) − 2D sin(2t)) + 2(C sin(2t) + D cos(2t)) = 4 sin(2t) (2C − 2D ) sin(2t) + (2C + 2D ) cos(2t) = 4 sin(2t) + 0 cos(2t)

2C − 2D =4 2C +2D =0

⇒

C

D

=1

=

− 1

y _p ( t ) = sin(2t ) − cos(2t )

f ( t )

y p ( t )

f ( t ) = t.cos (3t )

y p ( t ) = ( At + B ) sin(3t ) + ( Ct + D ) cos(3t )

f ( t )

y p ( t )

f ( t ) = t.e t + cos (2t )

y p ( t ) = ( At + B ) e t + C sin(2t ) + D cos(2t )

y p ( t )

y p ( t )

t

t 2

d y

+2y =3e −2t

dt

y h ( t ) = Ce −2t

y p ( t ) = Ate −2t

= Ae −2t − 2Ate −2t

d y p ( t )

dt

−2t

−2t

( Ae −2t − ✘ ✘ ✘✘ )+ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘✘

2Ate

2( Ate

)=3 e −2t

⇔

A = 3

y p ( t ) = 3te −2t

t = t 0 > 0

v c ( t )

v c (0) = v 0

t < t 0

v c ( t )= v 0 ,

t < t 0

antes da

comutação

t ≥ t 0

t ≥ t 0

⇔ ✟ ✟✯ + v c

v

v c + C d v c

r

i r + i c = I s

C d v c

dt

= I s

⇔

= I s

R

R

dt

d v c

dt

1

s

+

t ≥ t 0

RC v c = I

C ,

v c ( t )= v c,h ( t )+ v c,p ( t ) ,

d v c

dt

1

+ RC v c = 0

1

v c,h ( t )= V 0 exp − RC t ,

V 0

d v c

dt

1

s

+

t ≥ t 0

RC v c = I

C ,

v c,p ( t ) = K

=0

d v c,p ( t )

dt

1

0+

s ⇔

K = I s R

RC K = I

C

v c,p ( t )= K = I s R

1

v c ( t )= v c,h ( t )+ v c,p ( t )= V 0 exp − RC t + I s R

V 0

t < t 0

−

v c ( t

)= v 0

0

+

−

v c ( t )= v c ( t

)

0

0

t

0

+

v

✘ ✘ ✘✿

1

0

v ( t )= V 0 exp − RC t 0 + I s R

c

0

V 0 = ( v 0 − I s R )

1

0 =( v 0 −

I s R ) exp RC t 0

1

exp −

RC t

V 0

1

1

v c (t) = (v 0 − I s R) exp

RC t 0 exp − RC t + I s R

t ≥ t 0

1

v c ( t )=( v 0 − I s R ) exp − RC ( t − t 0 ) + I s R,

t

≥ t 0

depois da

comutação

i l (t)=

v 0

(v 0 − I s R) exp − RC (t − t 0 )

t < t 0

1

+ I s R

t ≥ t 0

ponto obtido do

balanço de energia

antes da

comuta ão

depois da

comutação

v 0

t < t 0

1

i l (t)= v (v 0 0 − I s R)

exp − RC (t − t 0 ) + I s R

t ≥ t 0

antes da

depois da

antes da

depois da

antes da

depois da

comutação

comutação

comutação

comutação

comutação

comutação

d v c dt

1

s

+ RC v c = I C ,

t ≥ t 0

dτ + V 0

µ( t ) = exp RC dt = exp RC t . 1 1

I

s

1 Q = C 1

1

y ( t ) =

µ( t ) µ( τ ) .Q( τ ) dτ + V 0 = exp − RC t exp RC τ . I C s = exp − RC t  1 1 exp  RC t  I s 1 ✁ C R ✁ C  + V 0  = I s R + V 0 exp − RC t  1

v ( t 0 )= v 0

V 0

v c ( t )= v c,h ( t )+ v c,p ( t )

t = t 0 > 0

i l ( t )

i l (0) = i A

i l (0) = i A

t

<

0

i l

t = 0

t < t 0

d i l

dt

+

R i l =0,

t < t 0

L

i l ( t ) = Ae − R t ,

L

t < t 0

i l (0) = i A

i

A

✟ ✟ ✟✯

i (0) = Ae − R 0 ,

L

⇔

A = i A

l

t < 0

i l ( t )= i A e − R t ,

L

t < t 0

antes da

comutação

	t ≥ t 0
						t ≥ t 0

i

l

d i l + R i l = E

v r + v l − E =0

⇔

R ✒ + L d dt i l = E

i

⇔

r

dt

L

L

d i l

dt

+ R i l = E ,

t ≥ t 0

L

L

i _l ( t )= i _l,h ( t )+ i _l,p ( t ) ,

d i l

dt

+ R i l = E ,

t ≥ t 0

L

L

i l,h ( t )= I 0 exp − R

t

L

I 0

d i l

dt

+ R i l =

E ,

t ≥ t 0

L

L

i l,p ( t ) = K

=0

d i l,p ( t )

dt

0+

R K = E

⇔ K =

L

L

E R

i l,p ( t )= K = E R

i l ( t )= i l,h ( t )+ i l,p ( t )= I 0 exp − R t + E

L

R

t 0

t

t 0

t 0

−

t

0

i l ( t )= i A exp

− R t ,

t < t 0

L

t 0

i 0 = i l ( t 0 )= i A exp − R

t 0

L

+

−

i l ( t )= i l ( t

)

0

0

t

0

+

i

0

✟ ✟ ✟✯

E

i ( t )= I 0 exp − R t 0 + E

⇔

I 0 = i 0 −

R exp R

t 0

l

0

L

R

L

I 0

i l (t) = i 0 − E

R exp R t 0 exp − R t + E

L

L

R

i l ( t )= i 0 − E

R exp − R ( t − t 0 ) + E

t ≥ t 0

L

R ,

i 0 = i A exp − R

t 0

L

i A

i A

t < t 0

ponto

obtido do

balanço de energia

d i l

dt

d i l

dt

+

R i l =0,

t < t 0

L

+ R i l = E

t ≥ t 0

L

L ,

antes da

depois da

comutação

comutação

i A e − R

L

t

t < t 0

i l ( t )=

( t − t 0 ) + E

i 0 − E

e − R

L

t ≥ t 0

R

R

i 0 = i A exp − R

t 0

L

i A

= i A e − R

L

t

t < t 0

i l (t)

( t − t 0 ) + E

i 0 − E

L

t ≥ t 0

R e − R

R

antes da

depois da

comutação

comutação

d y ( t )

dt

+ ay ( t ) = A sin( ωt ) + B cos( ωt ) ,

a, A, B =

y h ( t )= Y 0 e − at .

Y 0

	y p ( t )

y p ( t ) = C sin( ωt ) + D cos( ωt )

d y p ( t )

dt

= Cω cos( ωt ) − Dω sin( ωt )

( Cω cos( ωt ) − Dω sin( ωt )) + a ( C sin( ωt ) + D cos( ωt )) = A sin( ωt ) + B cos( ωt )

( aC − Dω ) sin( ωt ) + ( Cω + aD ) cos( ωt ) = A sin( ωt ) + B cos( ωt )

aC − Dω

= A

C

= ( aA + ωB ) /( a 2 − ω 2 )

⇒

Cω + aD = B

D = ( aB − ωA ) /( a 2 − ω 2

)

y ( t )= Y 0 e − at + C sin( ωt ) + D cos( ωt )

y ( t )= Y 0 e − at + C sin( ωt ) + D cos( ωt )

y ( t )

y ( t ) = C sin( ωt ) + D cos( ωt )

y ( t ) = C sin( ωt ) + D cos( ωt )

φ

y ( t ) = Y

cos( ωt + φ ) Y

Y cos( ωt + φ ) = Y [cos( ωt ) cos( φ ) − sin( ωt ) sin( φ )]

= Y cos( φ ) cos( ωt ) + [− Y sin( φ )] sin( ωt )

− C = Y sin( φ ) D = Y cos( φ )

Y

=1

² (sin ² ( φ ) + cos ² ( φ )) = ( − C ) ² + D ²

⇒

Y = C ² + D ²

✚Y sin φ

✚Y cos φ

= −

C φ = arctan( − C/D )

D ⇔

arctan( . )

y ( t ) =

C sin( ωt ) + D cos( ωt ) = Y cos( ωt + φ )

Y

=

C 2 + D 2

φ = arctan( − C/D )

d y ( t )

dt

+ ay ( t ) = b.δ ( t − t 0 ) ,

a, b =

Para

a forçante é zero

Para

a forçante é zero

Alguma coisa "estranha"

deve acontecer em

t

=

t 0

t 0

Para

a forçante é zero

Para

a forçante é zero

Alguma coisa "estranha"

deve acontecer em

t < t 0

Q ( t ) = b.δ ( t − t 0 ) = 0,

t < t 0

Para

a forçante é zero

Para

a forçante é zero

Alguma coisa "estranha"

deve acontecer em

t = t 0 Q ( t ) → ∞

t = t 0

Para

a forçante é zero

Para

a forçante é zero

Alguma coisa "estranha"

deve acontecer em

t > t 0

Q ( t )

d y ( t )

dt

+ ay ( t ) = b.δ ( t − t 0 ) ,

a, b =

Para

a forçante é zero

Para

a forçante é zero

Alguma coisa "estranha"

deve acontecer em

t

=

t 0

Q ( t ) = b.δ ( t − t 0 )

µ(t)

= exp a dt = e at

y (t) =

1 at e aτ b.δ (τ − t 0 ) dτ + Y 0 = be − at e aτ .δ (τ − t 0 ) dτ + Y 0 e − at

e

t < t 0

y ( t ) = be − at .0+ Y 0 e − at ,

t < t 0

t > t 0

y ( t ) = be − at .e at 0 + Y 0 e − at ,

t > t 0

b

f ( t ) δ ( t − t 0 ) dt = f ( t 0 ) ,

a < t 0 < b,

a

t < t 0

t > t 0

y ( t )= be − at .0+ Y 0 e − at

be − at e at 0 + Y 0 e − at

t < t 0

t > t 0

u( t )

y ( t )=

be − at .e at 0 .0+ Y 0 e − at

be − at .e at 0 .1+ Y 0 e − at

t < t 0

t > t 0

y ( t ) = be − at e at 0 u( t − t 0 )+ Y 0 e − at ,

∀ t

y ( t ) = [be at 0 u( t − t 0 )+ Y 0 ]e − at ,

∀ t

t ∗

Y 0

			y ( t ) = [be at 0 u( t − t 0 )+ Y 0 ]e − at ,						∀ t
										y ( t ∗ )= y ∗

Y 0

y

∗

_{✟ ✟} ✟✯

y ( t ) = [be ^{at 0} u( t ^∗ − t ₀ )+ Y ₀ ]e ^{− a t ∗}

∗

Y ₀ =[y ^∗ − be ^{− a ( t ∗ − t 0 )} u( t ^∗ − t ₀ )]e ^{at ∗}

t ∗ < t 0

Y ₀ =[y ^∗ − be ^{− a ( t} ∗ ^{− t 0 )} _{✘ ✘} ^{✘ ✘ ✘✿}

∗

0

0

u( t − t )]e ^{at ∗} = y ^∗ e ^{at ∗}

t ∗ > t 0

_Y 0 _=[y ∗ _{− be} − a ( t ^∗ − t ₀ ) ✘ ✘ _✘ ✘ ^✘✿

∗

0

1

u( t − t )]e ^{at ∗} = y ^∗ e ^{at ∗}

−

be ^{at 0}

t ∗

< t 0

Y 0 = y ∗ e at ∗

y ( t ) = [be at 0 u( t − t 0 )+ y ∗ e at ∗ ]e − at ,

∀ t

t < t 0

t > t 0

t = t 0

t < t ₀ u( t − t ₀ )=0

0

y ∗ e at ∗ ]e − at = y ∗ e at ∗ e − at = y ∗ e − a ( t − t ∗ )

y ( t ) = [be at 0 ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘✘✿ )+

u( t − t

0

d y

+ ay = 0

dt

y ( t ∗ )= y ∗

obs:

t > t ₀ u( t − t ₀ )=1

1

y ( t ) = [be ^{at 0} _✘ ✘ ^{✘ ✘✘✿} )+

u( t − t

0

_y ∗ _e at ^∗ _]e − at _{= ( be} at _{0 + y} ∗ _e at ^∗ _{) e} − at

= ( be ^{at 0 e}

at

^∗

e at ∗ _{+ y} ∗ _e at ^∗ _{) e} − at _{= ( be} a ( t ₀ − t ^∗ ) _{+ y} ∗ _{) e} − a ( t − t ^∗ )

∗

e − a ( t − t ∗ )

= y

mod

d y

+ ay = 0

dt

∗

= be a ( t 0 − t ∗ ) + y ∗

y ( t ∗ )= y

mod

obs:

t

= t 0

t 0

−

t

0

y ( t

− )= y ∗ e − a ( t 0 − t ∗ )

0

+

t

0

−

y ( t

)

0

+ ) = ( be a ( t 0 − t ∗ ) + y ∗ ) e − a ( t 0 − t ∗ ) = b +

0

−

y ( t

y ∗ e − a ( t 0 − t ∗ ) = b + y ( t )

0

b.δ ( t − t 0 )

t 0

b

+

−

y ( t )= b + y ( t

)

0

0

t = t 0

+

−

y ( t )= b + y ( t

)

0

0

d y ( t ) dt

+ ay ( t ) = b.δ ( t − t ₀ ) ,

a, b =

y ( t )

v c ( t )

i l ( t )

t 0

b

+

y ( t )= b + y ( t

0

−

0

)

i l ( t )

t

t 0 > 0 i l (0) = 0

Substituição da

chave pelo

delta de Dirac

Transformação

de fonte

= Eδ ( t − t 0 )

i g ( t )= e g ( t )

R

R

Associação

paralelo

Transformação

de fonte

= Eδ ( t − t 0 )

✚R

e g ( t )= i g ( t ) . R

= E δ ( t − t 0 )

2

✚R

2

2

v r + v l = E δ ( t − t 0 )

R i ✒ + L d i l ( t ) i l

E δ ( t − t 0 )

2

⇔ R 2 r E dt

=

2

d i l ( t ) dt

+ 2L i l = 2L δ ( t − t 0 )

R

exp − 2L t

t < t 0

0

i l ( t )= I

R

I

exp − 2L t

t ≥ t 0

0

I

I

0

0

R

exp − 2L t

t < t 0

0

i l ( t )= I

R

I

exp − 2L t

t ≥ t 0

0

i l (0)

= 0

t < t 0

0

✟ ✟ ✟✯

R

i (0) = I

exp − 2L 0

⇔

I

= 0

l

0

0

i l ( t ) = 0

I 0

=

0

t < t 0

i l ( t )= ✟ ✟ ✟✯ I 0 I 0 0 exp − 2L t R exp − 2L t R

t < t 0 t ≥ t 0

+ i l ( t )= b + i l ( t 0 − 0

) ,

E

b

b =

2L

−

)

i l ( t

0

= 0

i l ( t ) = 0

E

i l ( t + 0 )= ✁ ✁✕ b

2L 0 i ( t )= + ✟ ✟ ✟✯ l − 0

E 2L

E

i l ( t 0 ) =

2L

t > t 0

E

2L

✟ ✟ ✟✯

R

E

R

i ( t )= I

exp −

⇔

I

=

2L exp

l

0

0

0

2L t 0

2L t 0

t

R

i l ( t )= 0. exp − 2L t = 0

t < t 0

E

R

R

t ≥ t 0

2L exp 2L t 0 exp −

2L t

t < t 0

,

E

R

i l ( t )= 0 2L exp − 2L ( t − t 0 )

t ≥ t 0

+

i l ( t

)

0

t < t 0

i l (t) = 0

E

R

R

t

≥ t 0

2L exp 2L t 0 exp −

2L t

i _l (t) = ⁰

E

_2L exp − _2L (t − t ₀ )

R

^{t < t 0}

t

≥ t ₀

^,

t 0

I 0

V 0

+

t

0

						i l (0) = i 0

i _l ( t )= ^I

I

0

0

exp − _2L t exp − _2L t

R

R

t < t ₀ t ≥ t ₀

I 0

I 0

R

exp − 2L t

t < t 0

0

i l ( t )= I

R

I

exp − 2L t

t ≥ t 0

0

i l (0)

= i 0

t < t 0

i 0

✟ ✟ ✟✯

R

i (0) = I

exp −

⇔

I

= i 0

l

0

0

2L 0

i _l ( t )= ✟ ^{✟ ✟✯}

I

0

I

0

0

i

exp − _2L t exp − _2L t

R

R

t < t ₀ t ≥ t ₀

i l ( t

+

0

)= b + i _l ( t )

−

0

i _l ( t

−

0

)

i l ( t

t = t 0

−

0

) = 0

i _l ( t )= i ₀ exp −

−

0

2L t 0

R

E

i _l ( t

+

0

2L

)= _✁ ✁✕

E

b + i _l ( t )= _2L + i ₀ exp −

−

0

2L ^{t 0}

R

E

R

+

i l (t

)= 2L + i 0 exp −

0

2L t 0

E

R

R

i l (t 0 )= 2L + i 0 exp −

exp −

0

2L t 0 = I

2L t 0

E

R

I

=

0

2L exp 2L t 0 + i 0

t

R

i l ( t )= i 0 . exp − 2L t = 0

t < t 0

E

R

R

2L exp

t ≥ t 0

2L t 0 + i 0 exp − 2L t

_{i l ( t )=} i ₀ . exp − _2L t = 0

E

_2L exp

R

R

t < t 0

R

t ≥ t 0

_2L t ₀ + i ₀ exp − _2L t

i _l (t)

=

i _l (t) =

   i ₀ . exp − _2L t = 0

 

_2L exp

E





i ₀ . exp −



R

R 2L ^t

R

2L t 0 + i 0 exp(

R

t

)

0

2L

R

exp(

2L _{t 0 )} exp − _2L t

R

= 0

_2L + i ₀ exp − _2L t ₀ exp − _2L (t − t ₀ )

E

R

R

t < t ₀

t ≥ t ₀

	t < t 0
	t ≥ t 0