RESEARCCH METHODOLOGY

This seminar deals with the theft of power from a DC source. There are
total four poles used by us, these are four wises which are connected from each of
the four slots.
The seminar presented here is very useful in detection of electric theft. If any
unauthorized person try access the electrical line he must be detected and call must
be done to the control room within 20 second of time .That why the detection of
theft must be done at remote area also. The project required microcontroller and
electrical interface circuit module which easily available in market.

BLOCKDIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

There are different methods to sense current shunt and current transformers. Shunt
is a very small value of resistor with wattage. It is connected in series of
transmission line. Voltage drop across this shunt is measure which is proportional
to current. Second is current transformer it is having two coils one is connected in
series of transmission wire. It is also low value high current handling winding.
Generation of electromagnetic flux is directly proportional to current and hence
generation of voltage in secondary is also proportional to this current. Shunt is
suitable for DC current, but current transformers are suitable for AC current
measurement only. In both cases we have to insert sensor in series of cable by
cutting it.We can measure DC current without cutting cable with the help of meter
tester. Which is having circular metallic core which can be open with the help of
level and the wire of which we want measure the current is taken inside so the
magnetic flux develop by the wire is measure.. We are comparing current of cable
at two different location as there is now tapping between these two test point both
currents are same. But due to the tolerance of component there will be difference in
micro volt. This will get detected by comparator. In this case if next pole voltage is
greater then supply side pole voltage is greater then supply side pole then there
will be no change in o/p of comparator even after there is power theft. So we are
using adder to next pole signal. So in normal condition output will remain low.

THEORY OF COMPONENTS:

ADC CONVERTER: ADC 0808 is used to perform the operation this will convert
the analog signal in to digital signal
The ADC designing is very important in our project. Because without this we can.t
measure the pollution. For designing the ADC card we have to find the resolution
of ADC. Without knowing the resolution of ADC we can.t design temperature
measurement circuit. Resolution means minimum change that Can be detected by
the ADC .In our project we are using ADC 0808.
Number of output bits of ADC 0808 is 8 and the reference voltage is + 5 Vdc.

MICRO CONTROLLER

The analog quantity is then converted into digital equivalent value, so that the
micro controller can read the values of the input quantity. The micro-controller
then directs the input value from the analog to digital converter to the appropriate
channels i.e. The output device as the choice of the user.

The main function of the micro controller is to vary the output of the system as the
input conditions change; this is necessary as the system designed is a real time
system. The

microcontroller is programmed such that it will vary the output of the system if
there is any change in the input quantity. The main function of the micro controller
is to vary the output of the system as the input conditions change; this is necessary
as the system designed is a real time system. The micro controller is programmed
such that it will vary the output of the system if there is any change in the input
quantity.
The at89s52 is a low power, high performance cmos 8-bit microcomputer with 8k
bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory The device is
manufactured using a high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard mcs-51 instruction set and pin out. The onchip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit
cpu with flash on a monolithic chip, the at89c51 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.

BUZZER

Buzzer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in

automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows .
It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a
control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has
lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel,
and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or

beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system

which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong
(which makes the ringing noise).

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or
active electronic

components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more DC

voltages. With the exception of shunt regulators, all voltage regulators operate by
comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any
difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element. This forms a
negative feedback servo control loop. If the output voltage is too low, the
regulation element is commanded to produce a higher voltage. If the output voltage
is too high, the regulation element is commanded to produce a lower voltage. In
this way, the output voltage is held roughly constant.
LCD
LCD creates images on a flat surface by shining light through a combination of
liquid crystals and polarized glass. The technology differs from CRT because a
CRT uses a beam of electrons projected through a large glass tube to create images.
The electronics industry has used liquid crystal display (LCD) technology for
years, in many products ranging from calculators to laptop screens. Now, LCD

monitors or flat-panel displays, are quickly replacing traditional cathode ray tube
(CRT) computer monitors.

POWER SUPPLY
The performance of the circuit depends on the proper functioning of the power
supply unit.The power supply converts not only A.C. to D.C., but also provides
output voltage of 5volts, 1ampere. The essential components of the power supply
are:
TRANSFORMER
As the name suggests it transforms the voltage level from one level to another.
Transformer used is the step down center tap transformer to step from 230V to
+9V It also provides isolation from the mains.

RECTIFIER
The rectifier is used to convert A.C. to D.C. voltage. The design that we have used
is full wave rectifier, using IN4007 diodes.

FILTER
A filter is a circuit, which removes A.C. components of the rectified output but
allows D.C. components to reach the load. The filter used is a simple capacitor of
100.f / 25V.

REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of the

changes in the load current The voltage regulator used in our project is IC 7805,
which is a three terminal IC. A heat sink is used, so that the heat produced by the
regulator dissipating power has a larger area from which it radiates the heat into the
air by holding the case temperature to a much lower value than would result
without the heat sink.IC 7805 has an internal thermal overload protection and has
internal short circuit current limiting circuit.

USED ICS

IC 555: The IC consists of three 5K resistors which act as a voltage divider, 2

comparators, RS F/F, 1PNP and 1NPN transistors . Functions of pins are as
follows:
Pin no. 1 (Ground): Pin no. 1 is generally ground with respect to Vcc.

Pin no. 2 (Trigger): The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the
external trigger pulse which is always negative.
Pin no. 3 (Output): There are two ways of connecting the load to the output
terminals i.e. between Pin no. 3 and ground or Pin no. 3 and supply voltage.
Pin no. 4 (Reset): Timer can be reset the negative pulse to the terminal. When the
reset function is not in use the reset terminal should be connected to the Vcc to
avoid any possibility of false trigger.
Pin no. 5 (Control voltage): By applying the voltage at this pin or by connecting
the pot between the pin and the ground the pulse width of the output can be varied.
When not in the use the pin is bypassed to the ground with 0.01uF to prevent any
noise problem.

Pin no. 6(Threshold): when the voltage across this terminal is more than 2/3 Vcc
the output of the timer goes high
Pin no. 7(Discharge): This pin is connected to the collector of the transistor Q1.
When the output of the timer is high Q1 is OFF and acts as an open circuit to the
external capacitor connected across it. On the other hand when output is low Q1 is
short circuited and external capacitor is ground.

Pin no. 8(Vcc): The supply voltage of +5 V to +18V is applied to the pin.

CRYSTAL

IC 5089 is DTMF encoders which require crystal of 3.579 MHz frequency, row
and column is having some standard frequency they are having relationship with
this crystal frequency. The function of the crystal is to generate frequency of 3.579.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION
This work electricity theft

detector is a system used to

determine illegal electricity usage has been thoroughly researched

upon and various test carried out in the laboratory.,. Once this
proposed detection systems are tried in electrical lines, the various
losses in electricity distribution can be reduced effectively.
4.1

RECOMMENDATION

Going by the study conducted thus so far in this seminar work, we

recommend that using of electricity theft detector is set in a power
delivery system, a detection system for illegal electricity usage is
possible.
This device when properly installed will give clue whether the
electric cable is tapped or not and where to investigate further.
We also recommend that the consumer end should be an automatic
meter reading detector, while that between supply and consumer
can be an electronic detecting device without a meter to save cost.

REFERENCE
Gupta, B.R. (2008). Power system analysis and design. (5th Edition). India:
Rajendra, R.
Mehta, V.k, Rohit, M. (2000). Principle of power system. New Delhi:
Chand, S.
Ekedo, J.O. (2002).Integrated components for robotics automation and
hobbies. Boston: Smith J. Books.
Morris, J.C. (2004). Electronics.( 3rd Edition). UK: Edward Arnold
Publishers.
Gupta, J.B. (2009). Electrical power system. Ansari: Kataria S.K and sons.

Donald, N. (2001). Electronics circuit analysis design. (7th Edition).

New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gupta, J.B. (2008). Theory and performance of electrical machines. (14th
Edition). Delhi-110006: Kataria, S.K and sons.
Ekedo, J.O. (2002). Induction to Semiconductor Electronic. Boston:
Muffi Books.
Gupta, B.R. (2005). Power system analysis and design. (4th Edition). New
Delhi: Chand, S. and Company limited.