Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SESSION 1, 2 AND 3
AIM
THEORY:
1) BATTERY: Battery is a combination of cells (will be discussed
in current Electricity) What do you think a battery can do?
a) Is it a source of charge?
b) Is it a source of Electrical Energy?
c) Is it the source of both of them?
Out of these three questions only b is correct i.e. battery is the
source of Electrical Energy which can flow the charges across a
closed circuit because battery maintains a fixed potential
difference across its terminal (ve and +ve). The charge
always moves from higher (+ve) to lower (ve) potential.
The electrical energy actually moves the charge from lower
potential to higher potential (-ve to +ve) which is exactly
opposite to the direction of flow outside the cell, but it makes a
closed circuit.
Noteworthy point here is closed circuit. You can see the figure
above; when switch of the cell is open, the circuit cannot
produce current to glow the bulb, but current flows only when
switch is closed and the bulb starts glowing.
WORK DONE BY CELL:
Since cell supplies all the charge at constant voltage (EMF or
Electromotive force ), the net work done by the cell is
=
=
Note: Whenever cell is connected at higher potential, it can absorb
Electrical Energy. Hence in this case.
=
Charge flows from +ve to -ve in the cell, opposite to EMF,
hence -ve.
V
(0, )
Capacitor:
Do you know our body can also store charge. This is a very
common phenomenon but might have missed being observed
by you. If you work for a while sitting on a plastic chair
wearing synthetic or woolen cloths your body gets slightly
charged. Now, if you touch a conductor you get a tickling effect.
This effect is produced due to transfer of charge, between your
body and conductor.
What did you learn here. You can also store some charge. Is
there a limit of charging? With increase of charge, potential and
Electric field will also increase. When the maximum electric
field near any surface exceeds dielectric strength, break down
of dielectric starts and ionization of medium occurs which
keeps the charge at the highest possible limit, to sustain the
dielectric medium.
Relation between charge and potential: since potential is
directly proportional to charge
Potential
Charge
= is
Its potential
=4
and
surfaces
+
++ + -Q
+ Q ++
+
+
+
2
+ 1 ++
+
+
+
+
+
+ ++ +
EE+
Since potential at (2) is zero due to earth so. On plate (1) let it
be
=
=
E = constant
=
.[ ]
hence
for Air
for dielectric
Q2
E1
E1
E2
11
21
=
2]
E2
hence
=
=
=
=
+Q
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+b
+
+
+
a ++
+
++ + + +
is parallel to
hence capacitance is
Case-1:
= 4
Qa
b
=
=
Where
=4
like
q
+
ln( / )
hence
4.
( / )
( / )
1
a
-Q
+
+
+
+ E+
+
+x
Ed
+
+
+
+
+
+
d
=+
[ln ln( )
=
=
]=
ln
ln
SESSION 4, 5, 6 AND 7
AIM
Q1
Q3
Q4
Q 1+ Q 2 = Q 3 + Q 4
[Independent of other part of circuit]
2]
b)
+Q/C
c)
+
+IR
A
Q1
+
+
1
-
B
+
C4
Q4
+
Q3
C2
+Q2
Consider the above shown loop. Take charge through all the
capacitors. Define polarity of capacitors (charge flows from
+ve to -ve). Now use the law starting from A.
=0
Combination of Capacitors:
a) Series Combination: Let three capacitors be connected
through a cell of EMF and same charge passes through all the
capacitors. So for the complete loop: =
+
+
C1
=0
C2
C3
=
for two capacitors
combination
Note: Series means same charge through single path.
for series
+
Q 1+ C 1
Q 2+ C 2
Q 3+ C 3
=0
=0
=0
hence
so
=
=
+Q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ E
-Q
- QP +
-
+
Ed
In the above figure you can see that electric field in air (E0) is
higher than that in dielectric (
=
=
=
=
= 1
polarisation.
Note: For all type of dielectrics, the method of polarisation is same.
The difference in method of polarisation of polar and non polar
dielectrics do not change the above concept.
Case- 1: a) Parallel to plates filling of dielectrics
As you can see in the figure, all the dielectrics have same
charge passing through them due to single path, hence we have
capacitors in series. If plate area is A.
t
d
So =
+
+
4]
respectively.
+
Combination 1.
Q1
Q2
1
S1
S2
d1
Case A: If
and
Q3
d2
So
=0
=
=
=
(
) (
Sol:
Again
=0
=
=
=
+
are closed,
will be divided
-q
Q-q
2
2
3
S2
S1
d1
-(Q-q)
2
d2
and
will go to
Sol:
= 0,
(
=
= 0 and
+
)=
with plate 3
be towards plate 2
= 0;
Q1
Q1
d1
Q3 Q3
d2
(A)
A]
It is the simplest of its kind. Consecutive plates are connected
to different terminals. Try to rearrange them after numbering
You see three capacitance in parallel. Hence
so for C = 3.
= ( 1)
B]
Here you see 2 capacitors in series hence
2
=
4
C]
Here you see division of charge at plate 2 and 3 with charge at
plate-1 is pushed to plate -4.
= .
D) Here you can see again charge dividing at plate-2 and 3 but
transferred from 1 to 3.
Rearrangement will make it clear.
2
3
3
and one in
K2
q K1
+ + +
+
+
a +
+
+
+ + b+
C
+
+
+
+
+
Case: B
Now with charge q at inner most shell, middle shell will not
have any charge on its outer surface or you can say induction
will stop at middle shell only. So outermost shell becomes
useless. Hence
=
K2
q
K1
q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+++
=
+
+ + +q + +
+
+
+
+
+
+q
+
+
K1 K2
+
++
+
+ + +
b
Case D: The charge q be again given to middle shell but inner most
shell be earthed. For this case, division of charge will take
place. Inner surface of middle shell will take q =
induce
. which will
its
capacitance = 4
. Combination of
4 0 bck 2
cb
4 0 k1ab
ba
+ + +b
+ ++ + +q b-a+ + q b-a
+
b + b
+
+
++
++
+
+
b C K+ K
+
+
a
+
+
+
q
a +
+ +
+ + +b + +
+ + +
1
E2
E1
A
E2
E2
FluxQ2
have
>
=
=
E1
Q1
SESSION 8, 9 AND 10
AIM
1]
= (since Q = CV)
=
=
2]
C2
V2
V1
+
V1 C1
+
C2 V
&
of capacitance
and
and
Hence
Therefore
+
=
Loss of energy = =
+
(
)
=
C2
V2
+ V1
+
C1V1
+
C2 V2
a]
If polarity is opposite
Loss of Energy =
b.
=
[
New charge is
=
= Charge flown
b) Opposite Polarity
Charge
=
flown
to
Heat generated =
charge
polarity
hence
Case B
Inserting dielectric (By filling the total space between the
plates)
a)
=
After inserting
Heat produced =
=
=
=
heat Produced =
. Find charges on
QO
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C1
For
=0
find q by solving
2 =2
=4
Case -B:
+
+
+
C2
C1
+
+
+
+
C3
S1
S2
+
i)
If
&
q1
q2
q2
q1+q2C2
q2
C3
+
+
+
+
+
+
-q1-q2
S2
S1
q1 +q2
+
-
ii)
If
is closed
and
Case C:
is maximum.
=0
Now you can find charges on each capacitor and their voltages.
6]
+Q
-Q
Capacitance
Energy stored
is charge density
for capacitor
-Q
Hence force on
F = QE
charge plate is
<
>
= Increase in PE of capacitor
Note: Pulling the plates of capacitor apart when the capacitor is
connected
to
the
battery
1
2
=
(
1
2
.
1
<
>
= (
+++
+Q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-Q
[( 1) + ]
=
=
- ve sign means
( 1)
Again dC =
=
[ ]
[( 1) + ]
=
=
[(
)
[(
(
[(
not a constant
)
)