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CAPACITORS

SESSION 1, 2 AND 3
AIM

To introduce the Concept of Battery.

To introduce Concept of Capacitor and term capacitance along


with properties of capacitor

To introduce finding the capacitance of all type of capacitors

THEORY:
1) BATTERY: Battery is a combination of cells (will be discussed
in current Electricity) What do you think a battery can do?
a) Is it a source of charge?
b) Is it a source of Electrical Energy?
c) Is it the source of both of them?
Out of these three questions only b is correct i.e. battery is the
source of Electrical Energy which can flow the charges across a
closed circuit because battery maintains a fixed potential
difference across its terminal (ve and +ve). The charge
always moves from higher (+ve) to lower (ve) potential.
The electrical energy actually moves the charge from lower
potential to higher potential (-ve to +ve) which is exactly
opposite to the direction of flow outside the cell, but it makes a
closed circuit.

Noteworthy point here is closed circuit. You can see the figure
above; when switch of the cell is open, the circuit cannot
produce current to glow the bulb, but current flows only when
switch is closed and the bulb starts glowing.
WORK DONE BY CELL:
Since cell supplies all the charge at constant voltage (EMF or
Electromotive force ), the net work done by the cell is
=

=
Note: Whenever cell is connected at higher potential, it can absorb
Electrical Energy. Hence in this case.
=
Charge flows from +ve to -ve in the cell, opposite to EMF,
hence -ve.
V
(0, )

Capacitor:
Do you know our body can also store charge. This is a very
common phenomenon but might have missed being observed
by you. If you work for a while sitting on a plastic chair
wearing synthetic or woolen cloths your body gets slightly
charged. Now, if you touch a conductor you get a tickling effect.
This effect is produced due to transfer of charge, between your
body and conductor.
What did you learn here. You can also store some charge. Is
there a limit of charging? With increase of charge, potential and
Electric field will also increase. When the maximum electric
field near any surface exceeds dielectric strength, break down
of dielectric starts and ionization of medium occurs which
keeps the charge at the highest possible limit, to sustain the
dielectric medium.
Relation between charge and potential: since potential is
directly proportional to charge
Potential

Charge

= is

called the capacitance of any object. We have already seen


relation for all types of Electric field (s)/ and potential. So by

finding potential due to a charge on a body we can determine


the capacitance.
Capacitance: Capacitance of any body is its ability to store the
charge. We can determine it as the ratio of charge to the
potential of the body (charge per unit voltage).
We can use this concept for a shell.
CAPACITANCE OF SHELL
Let charge Q be given to a spherical shell of radius R.
Q
R

Its potential

hence its capacitance

=4

Unit is Farad, Practical unit F, and pF.


Capacitor: Capacitors are special devices designed to store the
charge. Usually a capacitor is designed by two sheets,
separated by some (distance) dielectric medium. These devices
when are in a closed circuit or have one of their terminals at
Earth work as capacitor else treated as isolated capacitor.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS:
1.

Parallel plate capacitor (PPC): Parallel plate capacitor is


formed by using two sheets of area A separated by a
separation d with or without dielectric.

Whatever charge given to plate1 charge will be induced on


inner side of plate 2 only due to earthing of plate 2.
So charge density of plates is

and

hence field near the

surfaces
+
++ + -Q
+ Q ++
+
+
+
2
+ 1 ++
+
+
+
+
+
+ ++ +
EE+

Since both of them are in same direction hence


=

Since potential at (2) is zero due to earth so. On plate (1) let it
be

=
=

E = constant
=

.[ ]

hence

for Air

for dielectric

Note: For isolated PPC


Q1

Q2

E1

E1

E2

11

21

=
2]

E2

From figure within the plates


=

hence

=
=

=
=

Spherical capacitor: It is an assembly of two concentric shells


(radius a and b) of dissimilar radii (a<b) separated by air or
dielectric.
-Q
++

+Q

+
+
+
+
+

+ +
+

+b
+
+
+
a ++
+
++ + + +

As we have seen earlier that if we give charge +Q to the inner


shell and earthing the outer, total induction on inner surface of
outer shell is -Q.
Now field within shell can be given as per Gauss theorem as
=

Now inner shell is at higher potential due to +ve charge while


outer is at zero potential due to earthing.
hence
= .

is parallel to

hence capacitance is
Case-1:

= 4

Same as spherical shell (when isolated)


Case-2:

nearly same as parallel plate capacitor


Case-3: If earthing is done at inner surface with outer surface
having charge Q. The charge induced on inner shell is
Qa
b
a

Qa
b

=
=

as seen in charge distribution in electrostatics, So


+

Where

like spherical capacitor

=4

like

isolated sphere hence =


Note: Distribution of charge on outer shell leads to parallel
combination (discussed in Electrostatics)
Cylindrical Capacitors: It is assembly of linear conductor
surrounded by cylindrical shell, having dielectric separating
the two. Example Dish TV cable.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

q
+

Radius of inner conductor is a, outer shell radius is b. If


charge Q is distributed over inner conductor (length l) and
outer is earthed, charge on outer shell will be -Q (same concept
as spherical shells)
Using Gauss law again we can write the field within the shells
as
+ ++
+
+b
+
+
+
+ a ++
+ +

Again potential on inner shell is V and outer is zero due to


earthing
=

ln( / )
hence
4.

( / )

( / )

Two linear conductor separated by a fixed distance:


It is an assembly of two thin conductors separated by a fixed
distance by some means (like dielectric). Example T-V Antenna
wire.
In this example we consider two wires of infinite length and
radius a separated by a distance d (d>>>a).
Using application of Gauss theorem. Electric field at a distance
from charged wire
1
+Q

1
a
-Q
+
+
+
+ E+
+
+x
Ed
+
+
+
+
+
+
d

Now +ve charge wire is at potential V and -ve charge wire is at


potential zero due to earthing.
hence

=+

[ln ln( )

=
=

]=

ln

ln

SESSION 4, 5, 6 AND 7
AIM

To introduce kirchoffs Law for capacitors

To introduce concept of series and parallel combination

To introduce concept of filling of dielectrics

Examples of special combination of capacitors

THEORY: Kirchoffs Law:


1]

Kirchoffs Junction Rule: The first law is based on the


principle of conservation of charge. The net incoming charge
(current) at a junction must always equal to net outgoing
charge (current) at the junction.
Q2

Q1
Q3

Q4

Q 1+ Q 2 = Q 3 + Q 4
[Independent of other part of circuit]
2]

Kirchoffs Loop Law: The second law is based on conservation


of Energy

. The sum of potential

differences along a loop is always zero.


To consider the potential difference following rules are to the
followed
a)

If we pass from -ve to +ve terminal of a cell, potential


difference is + (

) and vice verse.

b)

Through a capacitor, charge passes from +ve to -ve terminal.


So in directions of charge the potential difference is -ve and
vice verse.
-Q/C
+
Q

+Q/C

c)

Similarly for a resistance, current passes from +ve to -ve


direction. So potential difference in direction of current is -ve
and vice verse.
-IR
R

+
+IR

for capacitor only circuit, use the following example


+ C1 -

A
Q1
+
+

1
-

B
+

C4

Q4
+

Q3

C2
+Q2

Consider the above shown loop. Take charge through all the
capacitors. Define polarity of capacitors (charge flows from
+ve to -ve). Now use the law starting from A.

=0

Note: Once you assign polarity of capacitors (Polarity of


cell(battery) is fixed; bigger arm +ve smaller arm -ve), you
can see that the potential difference takes the sign of the cells
terminal through which we come out; same for capacitor (or
resistance).
Using these two rules we can discuss combinations of
capacitors.
2]

Combination of Capacitors:
a) Series Combination: Let three capacitors be connected
through a cell of EMF and same charge passes through all the
capacitors. So for the complete loop: =
+

+
C1

=0

C2

C3

but net capacitance is or


but
So

=
for two capacitors

combination
Note: Series means same charge through single path.

for series

b) Parallel Combination: Let three capacitors be connected in


parallel combination through a cell. You can notice that all the
three capacitors here are connected across AB i.e. same
potential difference .
A
D
F
H

+
Q 1+ C 1

Q 2+ C 2

Q 3+ C 3

for loop ABCD

=0

for loop ABEF

=0

for loop ABGH

=0

But you can also notice the charge Q is being divided in


and

hence
so

=
=

Note: Parallel combination means same potential difference across


all capacitors.
3] Filling the dielectrics: - As discussed in electrostatics,
dielectrics tend to reduce the electric field. Dielectric reduces
the electric field due to polarisation, which causes induction of
charge. Since induced charge is opposite in nature, electric field
within dielectric is lower than that in air.

+Q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ E

-Q
- QP +
-

+
Ed

In the above figure you can see that electric field in air (E0) is
higher than that in dielectric (

) due to polarisation of charge

. Following the derivation of capacitance Electric field in


air

Electric field in dielectric


edges

(charge on the dielectric

But field in dielectric


So

=
=

=
=

= 1

is the charge induced due to

polarisation.
Note: For all type of dielectrics, the method of polarisation is same.
The difference in method of polarisation of polar and non polar
dielectrics do not change the above concept.
Case- 1: a) Parallel to plates filling of dielectrics
As you can see in the figure, all the dielectrics have same
charge passing through them due to single path, hence we have
capacitors in series. If plate area is A.

Case 1 b) A dielectric of thickness t(<d) is placed within


plates of capacitor.
This can be considered as a combination of air capacitor of
thickness (d - t); and dielectric capacitor of thickness t and
dielectric constant k.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

t
d

So =

Case 1 (c) If we replace dielectric with conductor.


Case 1 (d) If t = d

Case 1 (e) If plates are connected by a conductor

Case 2: Filling of dielectrics parallel to separation.


+
K
1
+
+
K2
+
+
K3
+
d
As you can see in figure the dielectrics will behave as
combination in parallel. If area associated with the dielectrics
is

+
+

4]

respectively.
+

Some special combinations:-

Combination 1.
Q1

Q2

1
S1

S2
d1

Case A: If
and

Q3

d2

is earthed all charges will get induced towards plate 1


will go to earth.

So

=0
=
=

=
(

) (

Case B: Similarly closing

will go to earth and net charge will

induce towards plates 3.

Sol:
Again

=0

=
=

=
+

Case - C: If both the a switches


earth and

are closed,

will be divided
-q

Q-q
2
2

3
S2

S1
d1

-(Q-q)
2
d2

and

will go to

Sol:
= 0,
(
=

= 0 and
+

)=

with plate 1 and

Case: D If Plate 2 is earthed,

with plate 3

will go to earth and induction will

be towards plate 2
= 0;

Q1

Q1

d1

Q3 Q3

d2

Note: In all the cases net charge transferred to earth is


( +
+ ).
Combination 2: This is a very interesting case. If you have four
plates (or more), you can have four types of different
combinations

(A)

A]
It is the simplest of its kind. Consecutive plates are connected
to different terminals. Try to rearrange them after numbering
You see three capacitance in parallel. Hence
so for C = 3.

= ( 1)

plates, (n1) capacitors in parallel


B]
Here you see 2 capacitors in series hence
2

=
4

C]
Here you see division of charge at plate 2 and 3 with charge at
plate-1 is pushed to plate -4.

Rearranging will make idea more clear.


Now two capacitors in series
=

with one in parallel hence

= .
D) Here you can see again charge dividing at plate-2 and 3 but
transferred from 1 to 3.
Rearrangement will make it clear.
2

3
3

Now you have two capacitors parallel


series,

and one in

Note: Here K is assumed as dielectric constant of the medium filled


between the plates.

Combination - 3: Combinations of spherical capacitors (concentric


shells)
CaseA: Charge is given to inner most shell and outer most shell is
earthed.

K2

q K1
+ + +

+
+
a +
+
+
+ + b+
C

+
+
+
+
+

If you follow lines of electric field, you will see induction is


outwards along the direction of electric field. Charge q is
going to be induced on each surface as -q and +q in turn, but
on outer most surface net charge is zero due to earthing.
Due to same charge, both the capacitors formed here are in
series.
q + + + ++
+
q K1 + +
+
+
A
q K1 +
+ +
+ q+
+
C
+ +
K2 +
+ + b a + +
+ +
+
+ ++ +
+
++
+
+ + +

Case: B
Now with charge q at inner most shell, middle shell will not
have any charge on its outer surface or you can say induction
will stop at middle shell only. So outermost shell becomes
useless. Hence

=
K2

q
K1
q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+++

Note: Even if outer most is connected to earth, no charge will take


place.
Case C:
Now, let charge q be given to the middle shell and outermost
shell be earthed. In this case induction will come to inner
surface of outermost shell only
hence

=
+

+ + +q + +
+

+
+
+
+

+q

+
+
K1 K2
+
++
+
+ + +
b

Case D: The charge q be again given to middle shell but inner most
shell be earthed. For this case, division of charge will take
place. Inner surface of middle shell will take q =
induce

. which will

on inner most shell at its outer surface. Remaining

will lie on outer surface of middle shell causing induction


to outer most shell.
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ a + q b-a
+ ++ + + + + qb- b
+qa
+ b
+
+ K +
b+ +
++K
++ +
C
b
+ +
++
+
a
+ ++
+ + +
qa
+
+
b+
+ + + ++b-a+q+ + + +
b
+
+
+
+

Now outermost shell will also behave as isolated sphere,


having

its

capacitance = 4

. This will remain in series with outer

spherical capacitor of capacitance

. Combination of

these two is in parallel with inner spherical capacitor of


capacitance
40C

4 0 bck 2
cb

4 0 k1ab
ba

Now you can easily combine these three capacitors


Case E: Again same charge q is given to middle shell and both
inner most and outermost shells are earthed. Like case - D
induction will take place but on outermost surface charge will
be zero. Hence
=

Because charge distributes at middle shell and remaining both


the shells are at (zero) same potential.
q b-a

+ + +b
+ ++ + +q b-a+ + q b-a
+
b + b
+
+
++
++
+
+
b C K+ K
+
+
a
+
+
+
q
a +
+ +
+ + +b + +
+ + +
1

Case E: Isolated Parallel Plate Capacitor


Electric field between the plates
E1 A

E2

E1

A
E2

E2
FluxQ2

have

>

=
=

E1
Q1

SESSION 8, 9 AND 10
AIM

To determine energy stored in capacitor

To determine work done by battery and difference between


charging and discharging of capacitor.

To study redistribution of charge and loss of energy.

To determine heat generated in the circuit by charging


potential difference

To determine new charges developed on capacitor when


circuits are changed.

Energy density, Electric field and force between the plates of


capacitor.

Force on dielectric slabs

1]

Energy Stored in capacitor: Since we know, (V) potential


difference across a capacitor is directly proportional to charge,
V-Q graph is linear.
V

Hence Energy stored in electric field within a capacitor is


U = Area under graph
=

= (since Q = CV)
=
=
2]

Work done by Battery: - As we discussed in session-1 of


Capacitors. Battery is a device that maintains fixed potential
difference. Hence during transfer of charge potential difference
of battery will remain constant. Therefore,
=

were C is the capacitor being charged

and Q is the charge given and V is the E.M.F of the battery.


The point to be noted here is that half of the work done by
battery is used in process of charging the capacitor and the
remaining half is lost in the form of heat. So, capacitor can
store only half of the work done by the battery.
Charging of Capacitor: When charge is given by a cell or
battery like in the above case work is done by battery, this is
called charging.
Discharging of Capacitor: Now consider a capacitor charged
to a potential higher then the cell or battery. Now if we connect
the capacitor to the battery some charge will flow from
positive to negative terminals of battery. This direction is just
opposite to working of battery. So here work is done on the

battery. If EMF of the battery is and charge flown is Q, work


done on battery is
=

(negative sign because work is done on the battery )

We will see its application in further sessions.


3]

Redistribution of charge & loss of Energy as heat.


Case - A Two capacitors only.
C1

C2
V2

V1
+

V1 C1

+
C2 V

We can join two capacitors at voltages


&

&

of capacitance

like shown here in figures. Charge will start to flow

from higher potential to lower potential till both the capacitors


attain same potential V. Therefore before the connections
being made
=

and

and

After redistribution of charge (Let the common potential


reached be V)
=
=

Since two capacitors will always make parallel combination


only.

Hence

Therefore

+
=

Loss of energy = =

+
(

)
=

Redistribution of charge on two capacitors will always cause


loss of Energy in form of heat, light and sound (sparking).
Note:
C1

C2
V2

+ V1
+

C1V1

+
C2 V2

a]

If polarity is opposite
Loss of Energy =

b.

=
[

For uncharged capacitor voltage will be zero.

Case A: Reconnecting the capacitor to a cell:


Let a capacitor of capacitance C be charged by cell of EMF
and latter connected to another cell of EMF
Hence charge on capacitor

Energy stored in electric

Now connection to second cell can be of two types.


a) Same polarity

New charge is

New Energy stored


Work done by cell

=
= Charge flown

Now Heat generated is =

b) Opposite Polarity

Charge
=

flown

to

Heat generated =

charge

polarity

hence

Case B
Inserting dielectric (By filling the total space between the
plates)
a)

Cell is connected Before inserting

=
After inserting

Heat produced =
=

Note: Potential difference across the plates remains same.


b)

Cell disconnected after charging


Before inserting
After inserting
=

=
=

heat Produced =

Note: The amount of charge before and after inserting dielectric is


same.
CaseA: Charge Q is given to one plate of Isolated capacitor (PPC)
and it is connected to another capacitor
each plate.

. Find charges on

QO
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

C1

Hence after connections are made we can apply Kirchoffs law


(

For

=0

find q by solving

2 =2

=4

Case -B:
+
+
+

C2

C1

+
+
+
+

C3

S1

S2
+

i)

If

both are open(as above)

&

are in series Apply

kirchoffs Law and find q


q 1C1 q 1
+
+
+
+
+
+

q1

q2
q2

q1+q2C2

q2
C3

+
+
+
+
+
+

-q1-q2
S2

S1

q1 +q2

+
-

ii)

If

is closed (as above),

combination in series with


iii) Similarly is if

is closed

combination is in series with

and

are in parallel and

. Apply kirchoffs law


and

are in parallel and

. Apply Kirchoffs Law.

Case C:

If any of the switch is open, no change in charge distribution


will take place.
If all the switches are closed assume a charge q flowing in
arbitrary direction and apply Kirchoffs law
Here we have assumed

is maximum.

Now apply Kirchoffs Law

=0

Now you can find charges on each capacitor and their voltages.
6]

Energy density, Electric field and force between the plates.


Consider a Parallel Plate Capacitor (PPC) of plate area A and
separation d. When the capacitor is having charge Q.

+Q

-Q

Capacitance
Energy stored

Hence energy density


=

is charge density

for capacitor

So Energy density (u) =


This we use to find Energy distribution of sphere and shell in
Electrostatics.
Note: The relation

is of course derived for uniform PPC

but it is true for all distributions.


GENERAL FORM
=
where dV is elementary volume not potential difference.
Electric field and force between the plates.

Here we have to consider electric field of one of the plate to


get force on other plate.
Field of positive plate in the vicinity of the plate is
Q

-Q

Hence force on
F = QE

charge plate due to +

charge plate is

(attraction due to unlike charges)


Note: Pulling the plates of capacitor apart with isolated capacitor
carrying charge Q
(

<

Work done by external force


=

>

= Increase in PE of capacitor
Note: Pulling the plates of capacitor apart when the capacitor is
connected

to

the

(V= EMF of battery)


=

battery

Work done by external force =


=

1
2

=
(

1
2

.
1

<

>

Decrease in P.E. of capacitor =

Work done on the battery =


) =

= (

Conservation of energy in proved


Work done by external force + decrease in PE of capacitor =
Work done on the battery
+
7]

Force on dielectric slab.

Case A: Slab being pulled in by capacitor connected to cell.


A

+++

Electric field at the ends of boundaries of parallel plate


capacitor is not uniform. We only assume is uniform within the
plates, away from boundaries. If can be understand to
following figure

+Q

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

-Q

You can see here, field at boundaries is not uniform. Hence it


induces the charge on a dielectric slab which is even not inside
the capacitor. Hence it is pulled in as shown in previous figure.
Capacitance of capacitor here is
=

[( 1) + ]

If Slab is pulled by a further distance dx, Change in Capacitance


( 1)

Now using work energy theorem =


+

work done by Battery Change in PE


Work done by force applied to hold the slab
.

=
=

- ve sign means

( 1)

is opposite to force on slab


)

independent of x hence constant

Case B: If capacitor is not connected to cell.


( 1)

Again dC =
=

[ ]

and (k-1)dx and

[( 1) + ]

=
=

[(

)
[(

(
[(

not a constant

)
)

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