Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
NINETEENTH CENTURY
Convenor: Dr. Sujit Sivasundaram, Gonville and Caius College, sps20@cam.ac.uk
Sailing Chart of the Marshall Islands, donated to the Royal Colonial Institute, 1875, now in the Royal Commonwealth Society Collection
at Cambridge University Library.
Oceania is vast. Oceania is expanding. Oceania is hospitable and generous. Oceania is humanity rising
from the depths of brine and regions of fire deeper still. Oceania is us. We are the sea, we are the oceans,
we must wake up to this ancient truth and together use it to overturn all hegemonic views that aim
ultimately to confine us again, physically and psychologically, in the tiny spaces which we have resisted
accepting as our sole appointed place, and from which we have recently liberated ourselves. We must not
allow anyone to belittle us again, and take away our freedom.
From Our Sea of Islands in Contemporary Pacific, 1994, by Epeli Hauofa (1939-2009), Tongan writer and
anthropologist.
Islands were critical in birthing our modern world, and yet they have often been
forgotten in our accounts of world history. Because of their rigid boundaries and small
territories, islands were subject to intensive processes of cultural encounter, political
annexation and settlement, making them particularly revealing and tragic places to
observe the impact of colonialism and globalisation. This paper returns to the history of
the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the long nineteenth century, by viewing these large
expanses of water as constellations of islands. In these seas, islands served amongst
other things as garrison states, laboratories of science, sites for the exclusion of the
diseased and penal colonies. They were violent spaces: connected to regimes of labour
servitude and with narratives of depopulation and extinction.
The teaching for this paper starts with the age of exploration at the end of the
eighteenth century, which was characterised by an obsession with island cultures and
peoples, because of prevalent notions of romanticism, noble savagery, utopianism and
scientific inquiry. It picks up on the impact of the global age of revolutions on these
islands and seas, where islands were staging points for discourses of rights and
freedom, and republican protest as much as imperial rivalry. At the mid-point of its
chronology, the paper will construct a connected history of anti-colonial rebellions at
the mid nineteenth-century between far flung islands. Along the way, students will
study the impact of the law, war, religion, and trade in zoning these oceans and defining
island spaces. They will also turn to literary accounts and consider why islands were
peculiarly interesting to novelists and artists. The paper will study how islands were
important as environmental laboratories and for the origins of ideas of nature
consciousness. The narrative of labour, indenture and slavery is critical here, as new
systems of plantation labour emerged in these spaces after the abolition of Atlantic
slavery. From the perspective of a maritime and technological history, islands were
critical nodes in a world of increasing globalisation; these were the points of access to
landmasses, via ships and telegraphs, which allowed global forces to do their work,
while erasing the islands place in the map as the century proceeded. The paper will end
with the years before the first World War, when new notions of cosmopolitan
nationalism, heritage and attachment emerged on these islands. This marked the
demise of the age of the island colony, as Europeans took over the interior of continents,
for instance in the Scramble, and as geo-political power was theorised as linked to land
routes, rather than sea-lanes. The analytical arc of the paper therefore marks the rise
and fall of islands as colonies in world history.
Why look at islands to study world history? In historiographical terms, world history is
now awash with a rich literature on oceanic histories which maps connections across
water and traces transnational and transregional relations. At the same time, world
history is characterised by a highly distinguished tradition of work in area studies,
evident in other offerings in the Specified Papers at the Faculty in Indian history, Middle
Eastern history, African history and Latin American history. The current paper is an
attempt to find a middle plane of analysis, between the globe and the region. It takes the
importance of locality firmly into view whilst avoiding the grand generalisations that
sometimes characterise world history. It also begins with a commitment to the fact that
tiny places have had significant impacts on the broader contours of world history. For
students, it provides an innovative method of understanding how extra-European
peoples were caught in the middle of global forces, whilst making them their own.
Focusing on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans also offers a way of thinking in
comparative terms about empires. Yet it is important to underscore that the island
histories considered here will open up broader themes, rather than allowing students
to island their own knowledge. In other words and in summary, this is an attempt to
see the world in an island, to see seas as islands, and to see islands as worlds in worlds.
The teaching of this paper will be structured into two parts. In Part A, which will involve
a course of 10 core lectures, students will be introduced to themes in nineteenthcentury oceanic history which touch on islands. In Part B students will attend 10 1.5
hour Faculty classes devoted to particular islands, and some of these classes will be held
alongside primary materials in the Archaeology and Anthropology Museum (on Fiji), in
the Royal Commonwealth Society Collections (on Sri Lanka) and the Darwin
Correspondence Project (on Tierra del Fuego). The examination paper will have c. 24
questions which take on board broader themes as well as individual case studies. A
model exam is attached at the end of this reading list. Supervisions for this paper will be
arranged by Sujit Sivasundaram. Students will be advised to divide up their supervision
topics across Part A and Part B, ensuring coverage and an integrated understanding of
the whole paper.
There will be a total of five or six supervisions for this Paper, and students will be asked
to choose their supervision topics in advance, so that the right arrangements for
teaching can be put in place. A students supervision pattern for this paper will include
single, paired and grouped supervision, and students will be able to chose from within
the wide menu of topics on offer below.
Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean
Colony (2013).
Pier Larson, Ocean of Letters: Language and Creolization in the Indian Ocean Diaspora
(2009).
Thomas Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920
(2008).
Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean (2003).
Marshall Sahlins, Islands of history (1995).
Anne Salmond, Aphrodites Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti (2010).
Bernard Smith, Imagining the Pacific: In the Wake of the Cook Voyages (1992).
Vanessa Smith and Rod Edmond eds. Islands in history and representation (2003).
Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2010).
Engseng Ho, The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean
(2006).
E. Alpers, The Indian Ocean in World History (2014).
Reference
Students will find the seventeen-volume series edited by Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo
Giraldez, The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900 (Ashgate
Press) of use. They may also wish to consult the Oxford History of the British Empire and
its Companion Series. The following journals will be directly relevant to this course, and
students are encouraged to keep an eye on recent articles: The Journal of Pacific History;
The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History; Itinerario; Journal of Global History;
Comparative Studies in Society and History; Comparative Studies of South Asia, the Middle
East and Africa; Modern Asian Studies; Modern Intellectual History; South Asia; Journal for
Maritime Research.
Novels and travel literature:
Lady Isabelle Burton, Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel (1879)
J L Buckhardt Travels in Arabia, (1829)
Joseph Conrad, Typhoon and other Tales (1902).
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1714).
George Windsor Earl, The Eastern Seas, or Voyages and Adventures in the Indian
Archipelago in 1832-4 (1837)
Frederick Marryat, The Naval Officer (1829).
Alfred Russel Wallace, The Malay Archipelago (1869).
Robert Fitzroy, The Narrative of the Beagle Voyage, 1831-6 edited by Katharine
Anderson (2011).
Mark Twain, The Great Revolution in Pitcairn (1879) or Following the Equator: A Journey
Around the World (1897).
Mizar Abu Taleb Khan, Travels in Asia, Africa and Europe during the years 1799 to 1803
(first published 1814, republished 1972).
Herman Melville, Typee: A Peek at Polynesian Life (1846); Moby Dick (1851).
Jehangeer Nowrojee and Hirjeebhoy Merwanjee, Journal of a residence of two years and
a half in Great Britain (1841), authors are Parsi naval engineers.
Fanny Parks, Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque (1850)
Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island (1887).
G. L. Sullivan, Dhow chasing in Zanzibar waters and on the Eastern coast of Africa:
narrative of five years suppression of the slave trade (1873).
H. G. Wells, The island of Doctor Moreau (1924).
Amitav Gosh, The Hungry Tide (2005); Glass Palace (2000).
PART A
THEMES, linked to core lectures
1. THEORETICAL VIEWS ON OCEANIC HISTORIES
a. What is attractive about the ocean as a framework for historical study?
b. What differences have appeared thus far in the writing of the histories of the
Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans?
c. Why have imperial historians turned to the study of the oceans?
d. Why has oceanic historiography thus far been concerned primarily with the period
before 1750?
*The American Historical Review 111.3 (2006). Forum on Oceans of History,
Introduction by Karen Wigen and essays by Alison Games and Matt K Matsuda.
Indian Ocean general reading:
*Markus P.M. Vink, Indian Ocean Studies and the new thalassology in Journal of
Global History (2007) 2, pp. 4162
Sugata Bose, Space and Time on the Indian Ocean Rim: Theory and History, in
Leila Tarazi Fawaz & C. A. Bayly (eds.), Modernity & Culture: From the
Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (2002),365-388
K. N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from
the Rise of Islam to 1750 (1990).
J.de V. Allen, A Proposal for Indian Ocean Studies in Historical Relations across the
Indian Ocean (Paris, 1980), pp.137-151.
*Michael Pearson, Littoral Society: The Concept and the Problems Journal of World
History, Volume 17, no. 4 (December 2006).
Special issue, Journal of Social History (2011), Marginal Centres: Writing Life histories
in the Indian Ocean World, especially introduction.
Special issue, History Compass (2013), Tracks and Trails: Indian Ocean Worlds as
Method.
Isabel Hofmeyr, The Complicating Sea: The Indian Ocean as Method in Comparative
Studies of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa (2012).
Nile Green, Maritime Worlds and Global History: Comparing the Mediterranean and
Indian Ocean through Barcelona and Bombay, History Compass (2013).
Anne Bang, Reflections on the history of the Indian ocean, Transforming Cultures
eJournal (2009).
Pacific ocean general reading:
*Greg Dening, Islands and beaches: Discourses on a silent land, Marquesas 17741880 (University of Hawaii Press, 1990)
*Epeli Hauofa, Our Sea of Islands in Contemporary Pacific, 1994
Alison Bashford and David Armitage eds. Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2013).
Nicholas Thomas, Islanders: The Pacific in an Age of Empire (2010).
Matt K Matsuda, Pacific Worlds (2012)
Brij Lal ed. Pacific islands history: journeys and transformations (1992).
Doug Munro, ed., Reflections on Pacific Island Historiography, Special Issue, Journal
of Pacific Studies 20 (1996).
*Damon Salesa, The Pacific in Indigenous Time, in Armitage and Bashford, (eds.) Pacific
Histories: Ocean, Land, People (2014); also introduction by Armitage and Bashford.
3. THE TRADING WORLD OF THE INDIAN OCEAN BEFORE AND AFTER 1800
Which groups dominated the trade of the Indian Ocean world until 1800 and how far
was this domination changed by 1850?
General overviews:
K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the
Rise of Islam to 1750 (1985) and Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the
Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (1990).
*Prasannan Parthasarathi, Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia did not: Global economic
divergence 1600-1850 (2011); read with Prasannan Parthasarathi and Giorgio Riello
The Indian Ocean in the Long Eighteenth Century in Eighteenth Century Studies (2014).
*Tom Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920
*Sugata Bose, A hundred horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire
(2006).
MN Pearson, The Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (2003).
*Pedro Machado, Ocean of Trade: South Asian Merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean
(2014).
A. Das Gupta, The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 15001800: Collected Essays of
Ashin Das Gupta (2001).
A Das Gupta and M.N. Pearson eds. India and the Indian Ocean (1987), in particular
essay by Das Gupta on maritime trade of Indonesia.
Claude Markovits, The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947, Traders from Sind
from Bukhara to Panama (2000).
*E. Tagliocozzo, Trade, Production, and Incorporation: The Indian Ocean in Flux, 16001900 in Itinerario (2002).
Mark Frost, Emporium in imperio: Nanyang networks and the Straits Chinese in
Singapore, 1819-1914 in Journal of South East Asian Studies (2005).
Raja Kanta Ray, Asian capital in the age of European expansion: The rise of the bazaar,
1800-1914, Modern Asian Studies, 29, 3 (1995): 449-554.
Om Prakash and D. Lombard eds. Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal 1500-1800
(1999).
Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in pre-colonial India (1998).
Jos Gommans, Trade and Civilisation around the Bay of Bengal, 1650-1800 in Itinerario
(1995).
*Special issue of South Asia (1996), Asia and Europe: Commerce, Colonialism and
Culture: essays in honour of Sinnapah Arasaratnam. In particular essay by Anthony Reid
and Radin Fernando.
Janet J Ewald, Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen and other migrants in the northwest Indian ocean, c.1750-1914 in American Historical Review 2000.
Sanjay Subrahmanyam ed. Merchant networks in the early modern world (1996).
John Middleton, A History of Swahili, an African mercantile civilisation (1992).
Niels Steensgaard, The Indian Ocean network and the emerging world economy c.15001750 in Satish Chandra eds. The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and
Politics (1987).
E. A. Alpers and H P Ray eds. Cross-Currents and Community Networks: The
History of the Indian Ocean World (2007)
Ashin Dasgupta, Malabar in Asian Trade, 1750-1800 (1967).
Christine Dobbin, Asian entrepreneurial minorities: Conjoint communities in the making
of the World-Economy, 1570-1940 (1996).
4. THE UTOPIAN ISLAND
a. Why was the island a ground of intensive cultural encounter in c.1760-1840?
b. How was the island mythologised and imagined, and did this representation change
after 1840?
c. How was the Pacific imagined in the Cook voyages?
Theoretical work on tropicality and utopianism:
Srinivas Aravamudan, Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688-1804 Ch2 esp
Michael D. Gordin, Hellen Tilley and Gyan Prakash, Utopia/Dystopia: Conditions of
Historical Possibility (2010).
Traditions of travel c.1760-1840: the picturesque, romanticism, utopianism
Tim Fulford et al eds. Literature, Science and Exploration in the Romantic Era (2004)
Felix Driver and Luciana Martins eds. Tropical Visions in an Age of Empire (2005) esp.
Ch5 by Peter Hulme and also chapter by Leonard Bell, Eyeing Samoa.
Elizabeth Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (1992).
Nigel Leask, Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Travel Writing, 1770-1840 (2002).
David Arnold, The Tropics and the Traveling Gaze: India, Landscape and Science, 18001856 (2006).
Islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and Britain as an island
Anne Salmond, Aphrodites Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti (2010).
Harry Liebersohn, The Travelers World: Europe to the Pacific (2006).
Rod Edmond, Abject Bodies/abject sites: Leper islands in the high imperial era, in Rod
Edmond and Vanessa Smith, eds. Islands in History and Representation (New York:
Routledge, 2006), 133-145. See other chapters in this book.
Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the
Origins of Environmentalism (1995).
Pamila Gupta, Islandedness in the Indian Ocean in Michael Pearson, Isobel Hofmeyr
and Pamila Gupta eds. Eyes across the Water (2010).
Roxani Margariti, An Ocean of Islands, Insularity and Historiography of the Indian
Ocean in Miller ed. The Sea: Thalassography and Historiography (2013).
Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean
Colony (2013).
Sujit Sivasundaram, Science in Armitage and Bashford eds. Pacific Histories (2014).
Lauren Benton, A Search for Sovereignty (2010), sections on islands.
Captain Cook in the Pacific:
Captain James Cook The Journals of Captain Cook, abridged edition, Penguin Classics
(2003).
Johann Reinhold Forster (1778 / 1996) Observations made during a voyage round the
world. Ed. N. Thomas, H.Guest, M. Dettelbach (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press).
Nicholas Thomas Discoveries: the voyages of Captain Cook (London: Penguin)
Gananath Obeyesekere, British Cannibals: Contemplation of an Event in the Death and
Resurrection of James Cook, Explorer in Critical Inquiry 1992
B. Douglas, Voyages, Encounters and Agency: Captain Cook in Oceania in History
Compass 2008.
Vanessa Smith, Intimate Strangers: Friendship, Exchange and Pacific Encounters (2010).
Anne Salmond, Two Worlds: First Meetings between Maori and Europeans. Auckland:
Viking (1991) and also her Trial of the Cannibal Dog: The remarkable story of Captain
Cooks encounters in the South Seas (2008).
Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific. London: Yale UP (1985).
Glyndwr Williams eds. Captain Cook; Exploration and Reassessments (2004).
Kate Fullagar, The Atlantic World in the Antipodes: Effects and Transformations since the
Eighteenth Century (2012).
A Singh, Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Conditions of a Dutch Community in
an Indian Mileu (2010).
R Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, A Tragedy of Manners (1999).
U Bosma and R. Raben, Being Dutch in the Indies: A history of creolisation and empire
(2008).
J G Taylor, The Social World of Batavia
L. Blusse and W. Remmelink, I Smits, eds. Bridging the Divide: 400 years of NetherlandsJapan (2000).
N Tarling, Anglo-Dutch rivalry in the Malay World 1780-1824 (1962).
J van Lohuizen, The Dutch East India Company and Mysore 1762-1790 (1961).
9. SLAVERY IN THE INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS
a.
How far did unfree labour continue -- and even come to a new peak -- in the
nineteenth-century Indian and Pacific oceans?
b.
What were the main types of slavery practiced in the Indian and Pacific Oceans
in this era?
Pacific islanders as indentured labourers
Tracey Banivanua-Mar, Violence and Colonial Dialogue: The Australian-Pacific
Indentured Labour Trade. (2007).
H. E. Maude, Slavers in Paradise: The Peruvian Labor Trade in Polynesia 1862-1864
(1981).
Peter Corris, Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration
1870-1914 (1973).
D. Munro, The Labor Trade in Melanesians to Queensland Journal of Social History,
(1995).
A. Curthoys, Working for the white people: An historiographical essay on aboriginal and
Torres Strait islander labor Labour History, (1995).
O W. Parnaby, Britain and the Labour Trade in the Southwest Pacific, (1964).
J. Siegel, Origins of Pacific Islands Labourers in Fiji, Journal of Pacific History (1985).
J. Harris and W. Harris, The struggle against Pacific island labour Labour History,
(1968).
L. Russell, Procuring passage: Southern Australian aboriginal women and the early
maritime industry of sealing, in Carol Williams ed. Indigenous Women and Work: From
Labor to Activism (2012), pp. 60-72.
Indian Ocean slavery
Gwyn Campbell, Introduction: Slavery and other forms of unfree labour in the Indian
Ocean World in Slavery and Abolition 24, 2, 2003, pp.ix-xxxii
Marina Carter, Slavery and unfree labor in the Indian Ocean History Compass 2006.
Patrick Manning, The Slave Trade: A Formal Demography of a Global System Social
Science History, 1990.
Megan Vaughan, Slavery and Colonial Identity in Eighteenth-century Mauritius in
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1998.
Patrick Harries, Slavery, indenture and Migrant labour: Maritime immigration from
Mozambique to the Cape, c.1780-1880 in African Studies (2014).
Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island (2005).
Janet J. Ewald, Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen and other migrants in the
northwestern Indian Ocean in American Historical Review, 2000.
J. Watson, ed. Asian and African Systems of Slavery (1980).
Richard B. Allen, Slaves, Freedmen and Indentured Labourers in Colonial Mauritius
(1999).
Edward A. Alpers, Flight to Freedom: Escape from Slavery among bonded Africans in
the Indian Ocean World c.1750-1962 in Slavery and Abolition 24,2,2003.
Edward Alpers and H.P. Ray, Cross currents and community networks: The history of the
Indian Ocean World (2007).
Pedro Machado, A Forgotten Corner of the Western Indian Ocean: Gujarati Merchants,
Portuguese India and the Mozambique Slave Trade, c.1730-1830, in Gwyn Campbell
(ed.), The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (London: Routledge)
Richard B. Allen, The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean
during the 18th and 19thC Slavery and Abolition 24,2 2003.
Richard B. Allen, Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings: The illegal slave trade to
Mauritius and the Seychells during the nineteenth century Journal of African History,
2001.
William Gervase Clarence-Smith, The Economics of the Indian Ocean slave trade in the
nineteenth-century
Indentured labour in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and beyond
Brij Lal, Kuntis Cry: Indentured women on Fijis plantations Indian Economic and
Social History Review 1985.
John D. Kelly, Coolie as a Labour Commodity: race, Sex and European dignity in colonial
Fiji in Journal of Peasant Studies, 19.3
Carol A. Trocki, Opium and Empire: Chinese society in colonial Singapore 1800-1910
(1992).
James Warren, Ricksham Coolie: A peoples history of Singapore (1986)
Marina Carter, The transition from slave to indentured labour in Mauritius in Slavery
and Abolition 1993.
Marina Carter, Voices from Indenture (1996).
D. Northrup, Indentured labour in the age of imperialism 1834-1922
Hugh Tinker, A new system of slavery: The export of Indian labor overseas 1830-1920
(1974).
Madhavi Kale, Fragments of empire: Capital, Slavery and Indian indentured labor
migration to the British Caribbean (1998).
Clare Anderson, Convicts and Coolies: Rethinking Indentured Labour in the Nineteenth
Century in Slavery and Abolition 2009.
Brij Lal, Approaches to the study of Indian indentured labour with special reference to
Fiji in The Journal of Pacific History, Volume 15, Issue 1, 1980.
Brij Lal, Understanding the Indian indenture experience in South Asia: Journal of South
Asian Studies, Volume 21, Issue 1, Supplement 1, 1998, Pages 215 237
M. Carter, Indian Indentured Migration and the Forced Labour Debate, Itinerario 21,
1997.
Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change 1900-1936
Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal (2013).
10. CONNECTIVITY IN MID-NINEENTEENTH CENTURY REBELLIONS AND WARS AT
THE OCEAN RIM
An opening for the extension of colonialism and the colonial state in particular.
a.
Discuss this view of mid-nineteenth rebellions and wars at the rim of the Indian and
Pacific oceans.
b.
What was the connection if any between rebellions and wars at the edge of
the Pacific and Indian oceans?
C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World Chapter 4.
J. Glassman, Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili
Coast 1856-1888 (1995).
The Java War, 1825-30
Peter Carey, Waiting for the ratu adil: the Javanese community on the eve of the Java
War in Modern Asian Studies 1986.
Peter Carey, Changing Javanese perceptions of the Chinese communities in Central Java,
1755-1825 in Indonesia 1984.
Peter Carey, Peter Carey, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the end of an
Old Order in Java, 1785-1830 (1989).
C. A. Bayly, Two colonial revolts: The Java War and the Indian Revolt of 1857 in C Bayly
& DHA Kolff (eds), Two Colonial Empires
The New Zealand Wars, 1845-72
*James Belich, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
(1990).
Judith Binney, Stories without end (2010).
*Tony Ballantyne, Webs of Empire: Locating New Zealands Colonial Past (2012), chapter
on War, knowledge and the crisis of empire.
P.M Smith, A concise history of New Zealand (2005) Ch5
T. Ryan, The colonial New Zealand Wars (2002).
J. Cowan, The New Zealand Wars (2 vols, 1922).
The Ceylon Rebellion of 1848 and other uprisings in 1848
Miles Taylor, The 1848 rebellions in the British Empire Past and Present 2000.
Sujit Sivasundaram, Islanded: Britain, Sri Lanka and the Bounds of an Indian Ocean
Colony (2013).
K. M. De Silva, ed. Letters on Ceylon, 1846-50: The Administration of Viscount Torrington
and the rebellion of 1848 (1965).
Taiping Rebellion
J. Spence Search for Modern China
Philip Kuhn and Susan Mann-Jones, 'Dynastic decline and the roots of rebellion,' in
Fairbank (ed.), Cambridge History of China, vol. 10, pp. 107-62
R. Wagner, Reenacting the heavenly vision: The role of religion in the Taiping Rebellion
(1982).
R. Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever Victorious Army of Nineteenth-century
China (1978).
Jen Yu-wen The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (1973).
Franz Michael and Chang Chung-li, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents
(Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1966 1971, 3 vols).
The global/regional history of the Indian rebellion of 1857-8
C. A. Bayly, Empire and Information : Intelligence gathering and social communication in
India
Marina Carter and Crispin Bates, Empire and locality: A Global Dimension of the 1857
Indian Uprising in Journal of Global History, (2010).
Marina Carter and Crispin Bates eds. Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the
Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume 3, Global Perspectives (2013).
Eric Stokes The Peasant and the Raj
Thomas Metcalf Aftermath of the Revolt.
Clare Anderson, Subaltern Lives (2012).
P.F. Rehbock and R. Macleod eds. Darwins laboratory: Evolutionary theory and natural
history in the Pacific
Ron Numbers and John Stenhouse eds. Disseminating Darwinism (2001), chapter by
Stenhouse on New Zealand.
B. Dougalas, Foreign Bodies in Oceania (2008).
Roy Macleod eds. Nature and Empire : Science and the Colonial Enterprise in Osiris
(2000).
Rochelle Pinto, A Travelling Science: Anthropometry and Colonialism in the Indian
Ocean in S. Moorthy and A. Jamal eds. Indian Ocean Studies (2010).
Neil Chambers ed. The Indian and Pacific correspondence of Joseph Banks, 1768-1820
(4vols).
13. MARINE TECHNOLOGIES AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE GREAT SEAS
a. How far did new technologies make the seas disappear in the long nineteenth
century?
b. With what consequences did Indian ocean peoples continue to work on the ships in
their seas through the course of the nineteenth century?
Read across on Science
P. F. Rehbock, Nature in its greatest extent: Western science in the Pacific (1998)
Helen Rozwadowski, "Technology and Ocean-scape: Defining the deep sea in the mid
nineteenth century," History and Technology 17(2001): 217-247 and her book,
Fathoming the Ocean (Cambridge, 2008)
Frances Steel, Oceania under Steam: Sea Transport and the Cultures of Colonialism,
c.1870-1914 (2011).
David Arnold, Europe, Technology and Colonialism in the 20th Century, History and
Technology, 21, 1 (Mar. 2005): 85-106 and David Arnold, Everyday Technology:
Machines and the Making of Indias Modernity (2013).
D G Burnett, 'Hydrographic discipline', in J Ackerman (ed.) The imperial map (Chicago,
2009)
Margaret Lincoln eds. Science and Exploration in the Pacific (2001).
R. Sorrenson, The ship as scientific instrument in Osiris (1996).
Roland Wenzlhuemer and Michael Offermann, Ship Newspapers and Passenger Life
Aboard Transoceanic Steamships in the Late Ninteenth Century in Transcultural Studies
(2012).
Jane Samson, An empire of science in Samson and Frost eds. Pacific empires: essays in
honour of Glyn Williams (1999).
D. Parkin and R. Barnes, eds Ships and the Development of Marine Technology in the
Indian Ocean (2002).
MN Pearson, The Indian Ocean, Chapter 7
Eric Tagliocozzo, Hydrography, Technology, Coercion: Mapping the Sea in Southeast
Asian Imperialism, 1850-1900 in Rigby, Lincoln, Killingray eds. Maritime empires
F. Harcourt, Flagships of imperialism: The P&O Company and the politics of empire
R. Mzarek, Engineers of Happy Land: technology and nationalism in a colony (2002).
PM Kennedy, 'Imperial cable communications and strategy, 1870-1914' in English
Historical Review, 1971, pp. 728-752.
Daniel Headrick, Tentacles of Progress: Technology transfer in the age of
imperialism, 1850-1940 (1988);
Daniel Headrick, Tools of empire: Technology and European imperialism in the
nineteenth century (1981).
Michael Miller, Pilgrims Progress: The Business of the Hajj in Past and Present
May 2006.
Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration,
and the Religious Imagination (Berkeley: 1990)
F.E. Peters, The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places
(Princeton: 1994) Ch4 onwards.
Barbara Metcalf, What happened in Mecca? Mumtaz Muftis Labbaik in Robert
Folkenflik, ed. The Culture of Autobiography (Stanford, 1993)
M N Pearson, Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience (Princeton, 1996),
Chapters after 1750
D. Parkin and S. Headley eds. Islamic prayer across the Indian ocean (2000).
Tim Youngs ed. Travel Writing in the Nineteenth Century: Filling the Blank Spaces,
Chapter 7 on Nawab Sikander Begams haj pilgrimage.
Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in the age of global empire
(Cambridge, Mass., 2006), Chapter Six, Pilgrims Progress under Colonial Rules,
pp.193-233
Saurabh Mishra, Beyond the bounds of time? The Haj pilgrimage from the Indian
subcontinent, 1865-1920, pp.31-44, in Harrison and Pati (eds.), The Social History of
Health and Medicine in Colonial India (London, 2009)
M.C. Low, Empire and the Hajj: pilgrims, plagues and Pan-Islam 1865-1908,
International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 40, 2008, 269-290
William Roff, Sanitation and Security: the imperial powers and the nineteenth century
Hajj, Arabian Studies VI, 1982, 143-61
William Ochsenwald, Religion, society, and the state in Arabia : the Hijaz under Ottoman
control, 1840-1908 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984). (ch 2: religion, ch.
3: pilgrimage)
The Theravada Buddhist world of South and South-east Asia
Victor Lieberman, Reinterpreting Burmese history in Comparative Studies in History
and Society, 1987.
T Myint-U, The making of modern Burma (Cambridge, 2001).
James C. Scott, The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland South-east
Asia (2009) Chapter 8, Prophets of rebellion
Sujit Sivasundaram, Buddhist kingship, British archaeology and Historical Narratives in
Sri Lanka in Past and Present 2007 and Ethnicity, Indigeneity and Migration in the
Advent of British rule to Sri Lanka in American Historical Review, 2010
Eric Tagliacozzo, Ambiguous commodities, unstable frontiers: the case of Burma, Siam
and imperial Britain 1800-1900 Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2004
David K Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History (Yale, reprinted 2002), Ch 5,6,7
S. J. Tambiah, World conqueror and world renouncer: a study of Buddhism and polity in
Thailand (1976)
Anne Blackburn, Locations of Buddhism: Colonialism and Modernity in Sri Lanka (2010)
and also Buddhist Learning and Textual Practice in 18th Lankan Monastic Culture
Mark Frost, Wider opportunities: Revival, Nationalist Awakening and the Global
Dimension in Colombo Modern Asian Studies, 2002.
K Malalgoda, Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750-1900 (1976)
A. Hansen, How to Behave: Buddhism and Modernity in Colonial Cambodia, 1860-1930.
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007).
C. Hallisley, Roads not taken in the study of Theravada Buddhism in D. Lopez, ed.
Curators of the Buddha.
Alan Strathern, Sri Lanka in the long early modern period Modern Asian Studies 2009.
Robert Louis Stevenson, In the South Seas (1889, republished 1998) ed. by Neil Rennie
Herman Melville, Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847, republished
2007)
Herman Melville, Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846, republished 2001)
Paul Gauguin, Noa Noa: The Tahiti Journal of Paul Gauguin (1985)
Vanessa Smith, J. Lamb and Nicholas Thomas ed. Exploration and Exchange; A South sea
Anthology (2000).
Jack London, The Cruise of the Snark: Jack London's South Sea Adventure (1911,
republished 2001)
Vanessa Smith, Literary culture and the South Pacific: nineteenth-century textual
encounters (1989).
Rod Edmond, Representing the South Pacific: Colonial Discourse from Cook to Gauguin
(Cambridge, 1997).
Tim Fulford et al eds. Literature, Science and Exploration in the Romantic Era (2004)
Steven Hooper, Pacific Encounters: Art and Divinity in Polynesia 1760-1860 (2006)
Neil Rennie, Far-Fetched Facts: the Literature of Travel and the Idea of the South Seas
(1995)
Bill Pearson, Rifled Sanctuaries: Some Views of the Pacific Islands in Western Literature to
1900 (1984)
A. Grove Day, Mad About Islands: Novelists of a Vanquished Pacific (1987)
Nigel Krauth, New Guinea Images in Australian Literature (1982)
Kerry Howe, Nature, Culture and History: The ''Knowing' of Oceania (2000)
Roslyn Jolly, Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific: Travel, Empire, and the Author's
Profession (2009)
Ann C. Colley, Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination (2004)
Barry Menikoff, Robert Louis Stevenson and 'the Beach of Falesa': A Study in Victorian
Publishing with the Original Text (1984)
Stephen F. Eisenman, Gauguin's Skirt (1999)
Roslyn Jolly, South Sea Gothic: Pierre Loti and Robert Louis Stevenson in English
Literature in Transition 1880-1920 Vol.47, 2004.
Contemporary/Asian Pacific literature
Michell Keown, Pacific Islands Writing: The Postcolonial Literatures of Aotearoa/New
Zealand and Oceania (2007).
S. Naoto, Nayno-Orientalism: Japanese Representations of the Pacific (2007).
18. COSMOPOLITANISM AND NATIONALISM IN THE INDIAN OCEAN WORLD
a. What was the link between cosmopolitanism and nationalism in the Indian Ocean
World before 1914?
b. What imagined political topographies were open to the peoples of the Indian Ocean
world by 1914?
Edward Simpson and Kai Kresse, eds. Struggling with history: Islam and cosmopolitanism
in the western Indian Ocean (2008).
TN Harper, Empire, Diaspora and the Languages of Globalism, 1850-1914 in AG
Hopkins (ed). Globalization in World History. London: Pimlico, 2002.
Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire
L .T. Fawaz and C. A. Bayly, Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian
Ocean (2002).
Mark Frost, Wider Opportunities: Religious Revival, Nationalist Awakening and the
Global Dimension in Colombo, 1870-1920 in Modern Asian Studies 36 (4) 2002, 937-67.
Mark Frost, To Durban via Singapore and other colonial port-cities: an historical
journey across the Indian Ocean in search of cosmopolitanism, 1869-1919, in Pamila
Gupta et. al. eds. Eyes across the water: Navigating the Indian Ocean, (2009).
Sugata Bose and K. Manjapra, eds. Cosmopolitan Thought Zones: South Asia and the
Global Circulation of Ideas (2010), esp. essay by Hofmeyr
Sunil Amrith, Indians Overseas: Governing Tamil Migration to Malaya, 1870-1941 in
Past and Present 2010.
F. Broeze (ed.), Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th to 20th Centuries
(Kensington, N.S.W.: New South Wales University Press, 1989).
Sulin Lewis, Echoes of Cosmopolitanism: Colonial Penang's 'Indigenous' English Press
in Chandrika Kaul ed. Media and the British Empire (Basingstoke and New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
Articles in Vol.57, 2007 of South African Historical Journal on South Africa/India
and in particular:
Isabel Hofmeyr, The Idea of Africain Indian Nationalism: Reporting the Diaspora
in The Modern Review 19071929 in South. African Historical Journal, 57, 2007,
pp.60-81.
P.K. Datta, The interlocking worlds of the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa/India in
South African Historical Journal 2007.
V, Padayachee, Struggle, Collaboration and Democracy: The 'Indian Community' in
South Africa, 1860-1999; in Economic and Political Weekly, 1999,
Goolam Vahed, Constructions of community and identity among Indians in colonial
Natal, 1860-1910: the role of the Muharram festival in Journal of African History,
2002, pp. 77-93.
19. THE TURN AWAY FROM THE OCEANS?
a. How had European empire moved inland by the First World War?
b. How did the sea lose its significance in political terms?
Halford Mackinder, The Geographical Pivot of History in The Geographical Journal,
1904.
John Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World System 18301970 (2009)
John Darwin, 'Imperialism and the Victorians: The Dynamics of Territorial Expansion',
English Historical Review 112 (447), 1997: 614-642.
M. Kent (ed) The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. (1996).
A. L. Macfie , The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923. (1998).
G. N. Sanderson and R. Oliver (eds.) Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 6, (1985) esp. chp. 2
and pp. 692-722.
C. Newbury, and A. Kanya-Forstner 'French Policy and the origins of the Scramble for
Africa, in Journal of African History 10 (2), 1969: 253-276.
Robert Holland, The British Empire and the Great War in Oxford History of the British
Empire, Vol IV.
James Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition
have failed (1998).
Daniel Headrick, Power over peoples: Technology, Environments and Western Imperialism
(2009).
Dominic Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and its Rivals
P. Satia. Air Control and the British Idea of Arabia in Penultimate Adventures with
Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain, ed. Wm. Roger Louis (London,
New York, Austin: I. B. Tauris, 2007).
P. Satia, The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control in Iraq and the British Idea of Arabia,
in American Historical Review 111 (February 2006).
Robert Holland, The British Empire and the Great War in Oxford History of the British
Empire, Vol IV.;
Robert McCormack, Airlines and Empires: Great Britain and the Scramble for
Africa,1919-1939, Canadian Journal of African Studies 10 no. 1 (1976),
James Ryan, Visualising Imperial Geography: Halford Mackinder and the Colonial Office
Visual Instruction Committee in Cultural Geographies, 1994.
Tahiti
How did Tahiti become the paradise island of the late eighteenth century?
R. Joppien and B. Smith eds. The art of Captain Cooks Voyages 3vols.
Anne Salmond, Aphrodites Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti (2009).
Roy Porter, The erotic as exotic: Captain Cook in Tahiti in Rousseau and Porter eds.
Exoticism in the Enlightenment
Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific
Vanessa Smith, Intimate Strangers: Friendship, Exchange and Pacific Encounters (2010).
P. OBrien, Think of me as a woman: Queen Pomare of Tahiti and Anglo-French
Imperial Contest in the 1840s Pacific in Gender and History, 2006.
Bronwen Douglas, Voyages, Encounters, and Agency in Oceania: Captain Cook and
Indigenous People in History Compass, Vol.6, June 2008.
Madagascar
Why was the history of Christianity on Madagascar so contested?
Rev. William Ellis, History of Madagascar 2vols, (1838) and also his The Martyr Church:
A Narrative of the Introduction, Progress and Triumph of Christianity in Madagascar
(1870).
Solofo Randrianja and Stephen Ellis, Madagascar: A Short History (2009).
Pier Larson, Capacities and Modes of Thinking: Intellectual Engagements and Subaltern
Hegemony in the Early History of Malagasy Christianity in American Historical Review,
1997 and his book, Ocean of Letters (2009)
Anna Johnston, The strange career of William Ellis in Victorian Studies, 2007.
B. Gow, Madagascar and the Protestant Impact: The Work of British Missions, 1818-95
(1979)
Sri Lanka (At the Royal Commonwealth Society Collections in the University
Library)
How and with what costs was Sri Lanka transformed into a plantation colony?
Nira Wickramasinghe, Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities
(2008)
Zanzibar
How did Zanzibar serve as an island node in the Western Indian Ocean?
G. L. Sullivan, Dhow chasing in Zanzibar waters and on the Eastern coast of Africa:
narrative of five years suppression of the slave trade (1873).
Gudrun Miehe, Katrin Bromber, Said Khamis, Ralf Grosserhode eds. Kala Shairi: German
East Africa in Swahili Poems (2002)
A. Sheriff, Slaves, spices and ivory in Zanzibar (1987)
A Sheriff, Zanzibar under colonial Rule (1991)
S. Bose, A Hundred Horizons (2006)
E. Gilbert, Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar (2004).
J. Glassman, War of Words, War of Stones: Radical Thought and Violence in Colonial
Zanzibar (2011).
Java
How much was transformed in the repeated regime changes of Java?
P. Carey, Revolutionary Europe and the Destruction of Javas Old Order, 1808-1830, in
D. Armitage and S. Subrahmanyam (eds.), The Age of Revolutions in Global Context,
c.1760-1840 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp.167-88.
U. Bosma, The Cultivation System (1830-1870) and its Private Entrepreneurs on
Colonial Java, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 38 (2007), pp.275-91.
P. Carey, Waiting for the Just King: The Agrarian World of South-Central Java from
Giyanti (1755) to the Java War (1825-30), Modern Asian Studies 20 (1986), pp.59-137.
K. Ward, Blood Ties: Exile, Family, and Inheritance across the Indian Ocean in the Early
Nineteenth Century, Journal of Social History 45 (2011), pp.436-52.
U. Bosma and R. Raben, Being Dutch in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire,
1500-1920 (Singapore, 2008), chapter 1 (on the Indies world) and chapter 3 (on the
shrinkage of that world).
P. Carey, The British in Java, 1811-1816: A Javanese Account (Oxford, 1992).
W. Thorn, Memoir of the Conquest of Java with the Subsequent Operations of the British
Forces in the Oriental Archipelago (London, 1815). Preface, Part 2 Section 1, Part 3
Section 1.
J.J. Stockdale, Sketches, Civil and Military, of the Island of Java and Its Immediate
Dependencies (London, 1812). Preface, Book 3 Chapter 4, Book 3 Chapter 5.
Tasmania/New Zealand
A dying race, or an Aryan race? How were such divergent representations and realities
possible for neighbouring islanders?
Edward Tregear, The Aryan Maori (1885).
EB Tylor, On the Tasmanians as representatives of Palaeolithic Man in Journal of the
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1894).
HL Roth, The Aborigines of Tasmania (1899).
Damon Salesa, The Power of the Physician: Doctors and the Dying Maori in early
colonial New Zealand in Australia and New Zealand Society for the History of Medicine
(2001).
Damon Salesa, Racial Crossings: Race, Intermarriage and the Victorian British Empire
(2011).
Tony Ballantyne, Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire (2002).
Lyndall Ryan, The Aboriginal Tasmanians (1982).
Anna Johnston and Martin Rolls eds. Reading Robinson: Companion Essays to George
Augustus Robinsons Friendly Mission (2012).
Tony Ballantyne, Webs of Empire: Locating New Zealands Colonial Past (2012).
Judith Binney, Stories without end (2010).
J. Boyce, Van Diemens Land (2008).
Tierra del Fuego (At the Darwin Correspondence Project in the University
Library)
How did the islanders of Tierra del Fuego impact on scientific thought?
Charles Darwin, 'Tierra Del Fuego', in Journal of Researches (1845 ed.), available in C.
Darwin, Evolutionary Writings (OUP 2008), pp. 15-38.
Robert Fitzroy, Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and
Beagle Betweem the Yars 1826 and 1836, 3 vols (1839), vol. 2, ch. 9 and 10.
W. P. Snow, 'A Few Remarks on the Wild Tribes of Tierra del Fuego from Personal
Observation', Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London (1861),
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/3014199>
F. Burkhardt et al, The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 1 (1986), pp. 302-308.
Gillian Beer, 'Travelling the Other Way', in N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. Spary (eds),
Cultures of Natural History (1996), pp. 322-337.
Michael Bravo, 'Ethnological Encounters', in N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. Spary (eds),
Cultures of Natural History (1996), pp. 338-357.
Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging (1995), pp. 234-253.
Anne Chapman, European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and
After Darwin (2010).
Mauritius
What changed in Mauritius between slavery, apprenticeship and indenture?
Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-century Mauritius
(2005).
Richard Allen, Slaves, Freedmen and indentured labourers in colonial Mauritius (1999)
Anthony Barker, Slavery and anti-slavery in Mauritius 1810-1833 (1996)
Vijaya Teelock Bitter sugar: Sugar and slavery in 19thC Mauritius (1998)
Marina Carter, Servants, sirdars and settlers: Indians in Mauritius, 1834-1874 (1995) and
The family under indenture: A Mauritian case study in Journal of Mauritian Studies
1992.
Report of the Truth and Justice Commission, Volume 1 (2011) http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/pmo/file/TJC_Vol1.pdf
Andaman islands
Why were the Andaman islands seen to be suited as a site for prisoners?
E. H. Man, On the Andaman islands and their inhabitants in Journal of the
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain 1885, jstor
S. Sen, Disciplining Punishment: Colonial and convict society in the Andaman islands
(2000).
S Sen, Savage Bodies: MV Portman and the Adamanese in American Ethnologist 2009
A. Vaidik, Imperial Andamans: Colonial Encounter and Island History (2010).
C. Anderson, Image, Object, Text: Representing the Andaman islands in History
Workshop Journal, 2009.
C Anderson, Subaltern Lives: Biographies of Colonialism in the Indian Ocean (2012).
C. Anderson, Colonisation, kidnap and confinement in the Andaman islands penal
colony, 1771-1864 in Journal of Historical Geography 2010.
V. Pandya, In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History(2009).
Clare Anderson, Writing Indigenous Womens Lives in the Bay of Bengal: Cultures of
Empire in the Andaman Islands, 1789-1906, Journal of Social History, 42, 2, (2011).
Singapore
How did Singapore became a maritime cross-road and with what effect?
Mark Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, Singapore: A Biography (Singapore, 2009),
pp.132-175.
R. F. Warren, Rikshaw Coolie: A Peoples History of Singapore, 1880-1940 (Singapore,
2003).
Brenda Yeoh, Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore: Power Relations and the Urban
Built Environment (2003)
Sunil Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of
Migrants (Cambridge, MA., 2013), Chapter 4.
C. M. Turnbull, A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005 (Singapore, 2009), Chapter 3.
2.
Europeans never achieved complete hegemony over the Indian Ocean trading
system prior to 1914. Discuss.
3.
EITHER
(a) How did islands become discrete units of the colonial
imagination prior to 1840?
OR
(b) It was Cook who heralded the obsession with islands. Discuss
3.
How far did the age of revolutions follow divergent patterns in the various
regions of the Indian and Pacific Ocean worlds?
4.
How did Europeans utilise the discourse of piracy between 1750 and 1850?
5.
EITHER (a) The racialisation of the Tasmanian and the Maori should be
interpreted as resulting from divergent attempts on the part of Europeans to annex
territory. Discuss.
OR
6.
Was the ship an in-between space, between Europe and the island societies of
the Pacific and Indian Oceans?
7.
How pluralised was the colonial project enacted on the Andaman islands?
8.
Was there a Scramble for colonies in the Pacific AND/OR Indian Oceans at any
point of the nineteenth century?
9.
EITHER (a) How far was Christianity vernacularised in the Indian and Pacific
Oceans?
OR
(b) Why were there so many Christianities in Madagascar in the
nineteenth century?
10.
OR
(b) How multiple were the regimes of labour in the nineteenth century
Indian Ocean world?
11.
12.
The British attempt to protect Fijian culture did more harm than good to the
Fijians. Discuss.
13.
How far did Realism overtake the literature of the Pacific after 1850?
14.
How did the Indian Ocean allow the circulation of Islamic ideas in the nineteenth
century?
15.
EITHER (a) Why was voyaging in the Pacific and Indian Oceans critical to the
modernisation of science?
OR
16.
(b) What role did the Tierra del Fuegians play in the history of science?
17. Was there a cosmopolitan public sphere in the Indian and Pacific Oceans after
1870?
18. The Oceans have never receded from view and have sustained their place as
terrains of globalisation. Discuss.