CHAPTER

17
KEYS, PINS, COTTERS, AND JOINTS
SYMBOLS

d
dl

't2
't3
't4
C~mZ(Ordpm)
dnom
D

F t, F tt

F~,F~
F~
F~
h

L
lo, So
rn

Mb
M,

4,5,6
addendum for a flat root involute spline profile, m (in)
area, m 2 (in 2)
breadth of key, m (in)
effective length of knuckle pin, m (in)
dedendum for a flat root involute spline profile, m (in)
diameter, m (in)
major diameter of internal spline, m (in)
minor diameter of internal spline, m (in)
major diameter of external spline, m (in)
minor diameter of external spline, m (in)
core diameter of threaded portion of the taper rod, m (in)
large diameter of taper pin, m (in)
mean diameter of taper pin, m (in)
nominal diameter of thread portion, m (in)
diameter of shaft, m (in)
pitch diameter, m (in)
force, kN (lbf)
force on the cotter joint, kN (lbf)
pressure between hub and key, kN (lbf)
force applied in the center of plane of a feather keyed shaft
which do not change the existing equilibrium but give a
couple, kN (lbf)
two opposite forces applied on the center plane of a double
feather keyed shaft which give two couples, but tending to
rotate the hub clockwise, kN (lbf)
tangential force, kN (lbf)
frictional force, kN (lbf)
thickness of key, m (in)
minimum height of contact in one tooth, m (in)
length of key (also with suffixes), m (in)
length of couple (also with suffixes), m (in)
length of sleeve, m (in)
length of spline, m (in)
space width and tooth thickness of spline, m (in)
module, mm, m (in)
bending moment, N m (lbf in)
twisting moment, N m (lbf in)
17.1

17.2

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Pl

P2
Pd

(or P)

R
t
xm
z
O"
O'bl
T
Oz

0
#

pressure, MPa (psi)

tangential pressure per unit length, MPa (psi)
maximum pressure where the shaft enters the hub, MPa (psi)
pressure at the end of key, MPa (psi)
diametral pitch
external load, kN (lbf)
resistance on the key and on the shaft to be overcome when the
hub is shifted lengthwise, kN (lbf)
thickness of cotter, m (in)
profile displacement, m (in)
number of teeth,
number of splines
stress tensile or compressive (also with suffixes), MPa (psi)
nominal bearing stress at dangerous point, MPa (psi)
shear stress, MPa (psi)
angle of cotter slope, deg
angle of friction, deg
coefficient of friction (also with suffixes)

SUFFIXES
,.
b
c
d
m
p
s
t

bearing
compressive
design
mean
pin
small end
tensile, tangential
Particular

Formula

ROUND OR PIN KEYS

The large diameter of the pin key

d = 3.035v/-D to 3.45x/D

SI

(17-1a)

USCS

(17-1b)

SI

(17-1c)

where d and D are in mm

d = 0.6x/D to 0.7V~
where d and D are in in
d = 0.096x/D to 0.11 v ~
where d and D are in m

STRENGTH OF KEYS

t-

Rectangular fitted key (Fig. 17-1, Table 17-1)

v--

Pressure between key and keyseat

0~

FIGURE 17-1

Lo=2-25D

m
m
m

._
"0

t-

tt"
._

..~. t -

.._i

t~

o._~

"0
tt _~

E
t-

t",4

c'4

t"-I

t'q

'4

t'~

c-4

t"-4

~--

c-4

t",l

t'-xl

t"-,I

w%

t'~

o0

t'-,i

t'4

tr'~

I +

+ ~ ~

+ ~ ~

t.-4

t",

t"x

/-

it

,..-

oc

,q

-4

oc

"~

C
C

c,,l

tr~
c'4

C
C

C
C

r-,-

..~

C
c'4

re)

c',4

c'-,I
c'4

t'--I

17.3

17.4

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Formula

Particular
Crushing strength
The tangential pressure per unit length of the key
at any intermediate distance L from the hub edge
(Fig. 17-1, Table 17-2)

(17-2)

P =Pl - Ltana
where tan a =

Pl --P2

Pl

L2

L0

The torque transmitted by the key (Fig. 17-l)

M t = l p l D L 2 -- DL~ tan a

(17-3)

The general expression for torque transmitted according to practical experience

M t = O'blhDL2 - l O'blbL2

(17-4)

where P2 = 0, when L 2 -- Lo = 2.25D;

Pl

ffbl h

Lo

4.5D

tan a = - For dimensions of tangential keys given here.

Refer to Table 17-2.

Shearing strength
The torque transmitted by the key (Fig. 17-1)

M t = 17-1b D L 2 - 17.1 b L 2

where tan a = Pl
Lo

The shear stress at the dangerous point (Fig. 17-1)

(17-5)

Tlb
2.25D

Mt
"rl - L z b ( O . 5 D - 0.11L2)

(17-6)

The relation between the circumferential force Ft and

the pressure F between the shaft and the hub

Ft = # I F

(17-7)

The pressure or compressive stress between the shaft

and the hub

F = blp

(17-8)

TAPER

KEY (Fig. 17-2, Table 17-3)

The torque

where ~1
F

(17-9)

M, : #,blpD
~---

coefficient of friction between the shaft

and the hub

= 0.25

I-~
FIGURE 17-2

"
-I

K E Y S , PINS, C O T T E R S , A N D J O I N T S

TABLE

17.5

17-2

Dimensions (in mm) of tangential keys and keyways

aperl in 100

I!arallel assembled width b

-v,,. ax45 o
Enlarged view
at A

Keyway

Keyway

Shaft
diameter, D

Height, h

Width, b

Radius, r

Key
chamfer, a

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44

30
30
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
95
102
108
114
129
126
132

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5

Shaft
diameter,D
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
960
980
1000

Height, h
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100

Width, b

Radius, r

Key
chamfer, a

138
144
150
156
162
168
174
180
186
192
198
204
210
216
222
228
234
240
246
252
258
264
270
276
282
288
294
300

4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

Notes: (1) The dimensions of the keys are based on the formula: width 0.3 shaft diameter, and thickness = 0.1 shaft diameter; (2) if it is not possible

to fix the keys at 120, they may be fixed at 180; (3) it is recommended that for an intermediate diameter of shaft, the key section shall be the same
as that for the next larger size of the shaft in this table.
Source: IS 2291, 1963.

T A B L E 17-3
Dimensions (in mm) of taper keys and keyways

t1

'

' I_ !
~

Keyway in shaft

Keyway in Hub
Assembly
~ Basic taper 1 100 on this face
"

q
r1 x 45 rl

N
Key

Shaft

Above

Up to and
including

6
8
10
12
17
22
30
38
44
50
58
65
75
85
95
110
130
150
170
200
230
260
290
330
380
440

8
10
12
17
22
30
38
44
50
58
65
75
85
95
110
130
150
170
200
230
260
290
330
380
440
500

Source: IS 2292, 1963.

17.6

Keyway in shaft and hub

Key

Width, b
(h9)
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
32
36
40
45
50
56
63
70
80
90
100

Height, h
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
14
14
18
10
25
22
25
28
32
32
36
40
45
50

Chamfer
or radius
rl, min
0.16

0.25

0.40

0.60

1.00

1.60

2.50

Keyway
width, b
(DIO)
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
32
36
40
45
50
56
63
70
80
90
100

Depth in
shaft, t~

Tolerance
on tl

Depth in
hub, t2

1.2
1.8
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
7.0
7.5
8.5
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
25.0
28.0
31.0

+0.05

0.5
0.9
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.8
4.8
4.3
5.3
6.2
7.2
8.2
9.2
10.1
12.1
11.1
13.1
14.1
16,1
18.1

+0.10

+0.15

Tolerance
on t 2

Radius, r2,
max
0.16

+0.1

0.25

0.40

+0.2

0.60

1.00

1.60
+0.3
2.50

KEYS, PINS, COTTERS, AND JOINTS

Particular

17.7

Formula

The necessary length of the key

The axial force necessary to drive the key home
(Fig. 17-2)

1 = 2Mt
#lbpD

(1%10)

Fa = Fu + F/~ = 2#2F + F t a n f l

(17-11)

where ~2 0.10, tan ~ -- 0.0104 if the taper is 1 in

100
=

The axial force is also given by the equation

Fa =0.21pbl

(17-12)

F R I C T I O N OF F E A T H E R KEYS (Fig. 17-3)

The circumferential force (Fig. 17-3)

m t

The resistance to be overcome when a hub connected

to a shaft by a feather, Fig. 17-3a and subjected to
torque Mr, is moved along the shaft

Ft = ~
a

(17-13)

R = #Ft + #2F'

(17-14)

= (# + #2)Ft

(17-15)

and F ' = F " = Ft

= force assumed to be acting at the shaft axis
without changing the equilibrium Fig. 17-3a
The equation for resistance R, if # and #2 are equal

R = 2#Ft

(17-16)

The equation for torque if two feather keys are used,

Fig. 17-3b

Mt = 2F2a

(17-17)

The force F2 applied at key when two feather keys are

used, Fig. 17-3b

Mt Ft
F2 = ~-a +-~ -

(17-18)

The resistance to be overcome when the hub connected to the shaft by two feather keys Fig. 17-3b
and subjected to torque Mt is moved along the shaft

R
R2 -- 2#F2 -- ~-

(17-19)

For Gib-headed and Woodruff keys and keyways

Refer to Tables 17-4 and 17-5.

F2

(a)
FIGURE 17-3 Feather key.

'(b)

o...~
r~
o ,,i,i,

'
.,,,i

~I

,if
i

_=I

E
m

F-

.,..,

'-'~
~c

,.,-~

I . l..c

L~

==

i
1.1

1,1
u

oii=

,i

~i~ - ~
o_.
i

ii

if

,=-~ ~

,-~

,.--~ C',I C',I C'.I C',I c ~

c~

om

"~ ~ ~xSx.~///F. ,/.//,,~

r~

, ~

I~

e-

,gg

..=

o~

ol

0~

o~

'-1 e q

--

'!.

"

'!.

t'-. r--

t~

~ ~

--1 -,I -q ~

oo

N~

oo

,"-~ ,--"~ --~ ,--'~ ,---~ ,--* ,---~ 'q ,.-~ '-1 'q ',1 '-1 t ' q

oo

"o<

oo

r~ e q

oo

"~/

oo

ee~ ~ -

"q~cq~~/~6~6r-:~r-:~qr-:~K

t'q

"e,i

" q t'-,i M d tr:, Htr:, ~ ~ ~ r-: tH ,,6 t--: d ~ d d t--: d M

"q

~,~ o o

. . . . . . .

O
o2

o2

rz.
X

ee~

eq
o2
N

o2
o2

e~

t"4
~k0
.~

o2
o2

17.9

17.10

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Formula

Particular

SPLINES
Parallel-sided or straight-sided

spline

The torque which an integral multispline shaft can

t r a n s m i t ( T a b l e s 17-6 to 17-12)

M t -- Phli(D

(17-20)

- h)

T A B L E 17-6
P r o p o r t i o n s o f S A E standard p a r a l l e l side splines
Bearing pressure, p
Types of spline fittings

ID m

~,~

"D m

Symbols

MPa

kpsi

w = 0.241D
4A, h = 0.075D
4B, h = 0.125D

20.6
13.7

3.00
2.00

w = 0.250D
6A, h = 0.050D
6B, h = 0.075D
6C, h = 0.100D

20.6
13.7
6.9

3.00
2.00
1.00

w = 0.156D
10A, h = 0.045D
10B, h -- 0.070D
10C, h = 0.095D

20.6
13.7
6.9

3.00
2.00
1.00

w = 0.098D
16A, h = 0.045D
16B, h = 0.070D
16C, h -- 0.095D

20.6
13.7
6.9

3.00
2.00
1.00

Proportions

Fit

KEYS, PINS, COTTERS, AND JOINTS

TABLE

17.11

17-7

Proportions of involute spline profile (American Standard)

InternalSpline .{
Majordiameter
fillet radius

ExternalSpline
/

Side of
,
tooth

Majordiameter
chamferdimen.
Majordiameter
chamferheight

Majordiameter
fillet height

Minordiameter
chamferheight

Minordiameter
fillet radius

Minordiameter
chamfer
angle " ~

"

M~nor
diameter

mIF

diameter

Major
di
Piitc! tameter/Minor
diameter
/ete

~~___.
Minordiameter
fillet height

TIF
diameter

Proportions
Spline characteristics
Pitch diameter

Symbols
D

P = through lZ
D = zm =-

D = zm = ziP

P
Circular pitch

P = ~ through 48

p = (TriP)

p : (~/P)

T o o t h thickness

t - ~-m - - 7r
2
2P

t = (Trm/2) = (Tr/2P)

Diametral pitch

P = (Trip)

p-

Addendum

a = 0.5m

D e d e n d u m (internal)

b1

b 1 = 0.90m

Dedendum

b - 0.5m = 0.500
P

b = 0.5m = 0 . 5 0 0 / P

D e d e n d u m (external)

bl

bl - 0.9m = 0 . 9 0 0 / P

bl = 1 . 0 m -

M a j o r diameter (internal)

Doi

Doi = (z + 1.8)m
= (z + 1 . 8 ) / P

Doi = (z Jr- 1.8)m

= (z + 1 . 8 ) / P

M i n o r diameter (external)

Dme

Dme = ( z -(z-

0.500
P
0.900
P

1.8)m
1.8)/P

Source: Courtesy H. L. Horton, ed., Machinery's Handbook, 15th ed., The Industrial Press, New York, 1957.

(~/p)

a - 0.5m = 0 . 5 0 0 / P
b~ = 0.9m = 0 . 9 0 0 / P

1.000/P

Dine -- ( z - 2.0)m
= (z- 2.0)/P

TABLE

17-8

Straight sided splines (all dimensions in mm)

B

. .,,,,.- g x 4 5

6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

x
x
x

x
x
x

23
26
28
32
36
42
46
52
56
62

x
x
x
x
x

26
30
32
36
40
46
50
58
62
68

No. of
splines, i

6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

Minor
diameter,
d

Major
diameter,
D

Width,
B

26
30
32
36
40
46
50
58
62
68
78
88
98
108
120
14
16
20
22
25
28
32
34
38
42
48
54
60
65
72
82
92
102
112
125

10 x 72 x 78

10

10 x
10 x
10 x
lOx

82 x 88
92 x 98
102 x 108
1 1 2 x 120

10
10
10
10

23
26
28
32
36
42
46
52
56
62
72
82
92
102
112

6 x 11 x 14
6 x 13 16
6 x 16 x 20
6 x 18 x 22
6 x 21 x 25
6 x 23 x 28
6 26 x 32
6 x 28 x 34
8 x 32 x 38
8 x 36 x 42
8 42 x 48
8 x 46 x 54
8 x 52 x 60
8 x 56 65
8 x 62 x 72
10 x 72 82
10 x 82 92
10 92 102
1 0 102 112
10 112 125

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10

11
13
16
18
21
23
26
28
32
36
42
46
52
56
62
72
82
92
102
112

a These values are based on the generating process.

Source: IS 2327, 1963.

17.12

Splined shaft

Splined shaft and hub profile

Nominal size
i d x D

f a

g,
max

k,
mix

r,
max

L i g h t - D u t y Series
6
22.1
1.25
6
24.6
1.84
7
26.7
1.77
6
30.4
1.89
7
34.5
1.78
8
40.4
1.68
9
44.6
1.61
10
49.7
2.72
10
53.6
2.76
12
59.8
2.48
12
69.6
2.54
12
79.3
2.67
14
89.4
2.36
16
99.9
2.23
18
108.8
3.23

3.54
3.85
4.03
2.71
3.46
5.03
5.75
4.89
6.38
7.31
5.45
8.62
10.08
11.49
10.72

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

M e d i u m - D u t y Series
3
9.9
1.55
3.5
12.0
1.50
4
14.5
2.10
5
16.7
1.95
5
19.5
1.98
6
21.3
2.30
6
23.4
2.94
7
25.9
2.94
6
29.4
3.30
7
33.5
3.01
8
39.5
2.91
9
42.7
4.10
10
48.7
4.00
10
52.2
4.74
12
57.8
5.00
12
67.4
5.43
12
77.1
5.40
14
87.3
5.20
16
97.7
4.90
18
106.3
6.40

0.32
0.16
0.45
1.95
1.34
1.65
1.70
0.15
1.02
2.54
0.86
2.44
2.50
2.40
2.70
3.00
4.50
6.30
4.40

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

dl ,a
min

e,a
max

Splined hub

Centering
on

Inside
diameter a
q

b Inside centering is not always possible with generating processes.

Inside
diameter
or flanks b

Inside
diameter a

Inside
diameter
or flanks b

KEYS, PINS, COTTERS, AND JOINTS

17.13

T A B L E 17-9
Tolerances for straight-sided splines (all dimensions in mm)
/

Tolerance on
Minor
diameter of
hub, d

Major
diameter of
hub, D

Soft or hardened

Soft or
hardened

Soft or
hardened

Shaft sliding or fixed

D9

F10

H7

Hll

Shaft sliding inside hub

h8

e8

f7

a 11

Shaft fixed in hub

Shaft sliding inside hub
Shaft fixed in hub

p6
h8
u6

h6
e8
k6

j6

all
all
all

Assembly of
splined hub
and shaft

Splined hub

Width of hub B

For centering on inner

diameter or flanks
For centering on inner
diameter

Splined shaft
For centering on flanks

Particular

Formula

Involute-sided spline
A M E R I C A N S T A N D A R D (Table 17-7) The addend u m a and d e d e n d u m b for a fiat root, Table 17-7

The area resisting shear, Table 17-7

a=b=m=-

h = 0.8m .

The torque capacity of teeth in shear

The torque capacity of the spline in bearing with

O'b = 2Crac

(17-21)

7rDL
A~_= 2

The m i n i m u m height of contact on one t o o t h

The corresponding area of contact of all z teeth

(17-22)
0.8
. .
P

0.8D

(17-23)

A = (0"8D)
zL=O'8DL~z
M t = ( T r Dz L ) -~D ~-d -Mtb : 0.8D2LO-dc

(17-24)

0.7854DZL~-d

(17-25)

(17-26)

17.14

TABLE

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

17-10

Straight-sided splines for machine tools (all dimensions in mm)

B

External spline profile

External spline profile

Internal spline profile

Type B
Type M
(External splines)
(a) Straight sided splines - 4 splines

Type A

Internal spline

Type B
Type M
(External splines)
(b) Straight sided splines - 6 splines

Internal spline

6 Splines

4 Splines
Nominal size,
ia d x D

Minor
diameter, d

Major
diameter, D

Width, B

4 x 11
4 x 13
4 x 16
4 x 18
4 x 21
4 x 24
4 x 28
4 x 32
4 x 36
4 x 42
4 x 46
4 x 52
4x58

x 15
x 17
x 20
x 22
x 25
x 28
x 32
x 38
x 42
x 48
x 52
x 60
x65

11
13
16
18
21
24
28
32
36
42
46
52
58

15
17
20
22
25
28
32
38
42
48
52
60
65

3
4
6
6
8
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
16

4 x 62 x 70
4x68x78

62
68

70
78

16
16

i = number of splines
Source: IS 2610, 1964.

Internal spline profile

Nominal size,
ia x d x D

Minor
diameter, d

Major
diameter, D

Width, B

6 x 21 x 25
6 x 23 x 28

21
23

25
28

5
6

6
6
6
6

26
28
32
36

32
34
38
42

6
7
8
8

42
46
52
58
62
68
72
78
82
88
92
98
105
115
130

48
52
60
65
70
78
82
90
95
100
105
110
120
130
145

10
12
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
16
20
20
20
20
24

x
x
x
x

26
28
32
36

x
x
x
x

32
34
38
42

6 x 42 x 48
6x46x52
6 x 52 x 60
6 x 58 x 65
6 x 62 x 70
6 x 68 x 78
6 x 72 x 82
6 x 78 x 90
6 x 82 x 95
6 x 88 x 100
6x92x
105
6x98x
110
6 x 1 0 5 x 120
6 x 115 x 130
6 x 130 x 145

T A B L E 17-11
Undercuts, chamfers, and radii for straight-sided splines a (all dimensions in mm)

External splines

Designation,
i x d x D

all, min

g, max

f , min

rl, max

r2

k, max

r3, max

Projected
tip width
of hub

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

3
4
6
6
8
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
16
16
16

9.6
11.8
15.0
16.9
20.1
23.0
26.8
30.3
34.5
40.2
44.4
49.5
56.2
59.5
64.4

0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

1.50
2.37
2.87
4.35
5.00
7.30
7.39
9.56
11.03
15.41
16.79
21.63
23.26
23.61
27.57

5.0
5.5
6.7
7.7
8.9
10.4
12.1
14.2
15.9
19.0
20.7
23.7
26.4
28.3
31.2

0.10
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

2.82
3.76
5.64
5.64
7.52
7.52
9.40
9.40
11.28
11.28
13.16
13.16
15.04
15.04
15.04

1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.63
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.55
3.40
2.98
3.40
4.25

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
O.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.15
0.15
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.4O
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40

0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6

Type A

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

11
13
16
18
21
24
28
32
36
42
46
52
56
62
68

x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x

15
17
20
22
25
28
32
38
42
48
52
60
65
70
78

Type B

Internal splines

Type M

Four splines; see Fig. 17-4a.

Source: IS 2610, 1964

T A B L E 17-12
Undercuts, chamfers, and radii for straight-sided splines a (all dimensions in mm)

External splines

Designation,
i x d D

dl, min

g, max

f , min

rl, max

r2

k, max

r3, max

Projected
tip width
of hub

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

5
6
6
7
8
8
10
12
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
16
20
20
20
20
24

19.50
21.30
23.40
25.90
29.90
33.70
39.94
44.16
49.50
55.74
59.50
64.40
68.30
73.00
79.60
82.90
87.10
93.40
98.80
108.4
123.9

0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6

1.95
1.34
1.65
1.70
2.83
4.95
6.02
5.81
5.89
8.29
8.03
9.73
12.67
13.07
13.96
17.84
18.96
19.22
19.25
24.75
29.20

9.7
11.0
11.8
12.9
14.8
16.5
19.3
21.1
23.9
26.7
28.6
31.4
33.4
36.2
38.0
41.3
43.1
46.4
49.2
54.2
61.8

0.15
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30

4.70
5.64
5.64
6.58
7.52
7.52
9.40
11.28
13.16
13.16
15.04
15.04
15.04
15.04
15.04
15.04
18.80
18.80
18.80
18.80
22.56

1.70
2.13
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.55
3.40
3.98
3.40
4.25
4.25
5.10
5.53
5.10
5.53
5.10
6.38
6.38
6.38

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5

0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6

0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.7
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.4

Type A

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
z
x
x
x
x
z
x

21 x 25
23 x 28
26 32
28 34
32 x 38
36 x 42
42 48
46 x 52
52 60
58 x 65
62 x 70
68 x 78
72 x 82
78 x 90
82 95
88 100
92 x 105
98 x 110
105 x 120
115 x 130
130 x 145

Type B

Internal splines

Type M

Six splines see Fig. 17-4b.

17.15

17.16

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Formula

Particular
The theoretical torque capacity of straight-sided
spline with sliding according to SAE

6.895 x 1 0 6 i ( D + d ) h z

Mt

SI

(17-26a)

where
i
D, d
d
D
L
h

= number of splines
= diameter as shown in Table 17-7, m
= inside diameter of spline, m
= pitch diameter of spline, m
-- length of spline contact, m
= minimum height of contact in one tooth of
spline, m
Mt i n N m

Mt = lOOoi(D + d )

USCS

(17-26b)

where M t in lb in; d, D, L, and h in in

Equating the strength of the spline teeth in shear to
the shear strength of shaft, the length of spline for a
hollow shaft

L=

D 3 e ( 1 - D i /4D m e4 )

(17-26c)

4D 2

where

Di = internal diameter of a hollow shaft, m (in)

Dme --minor diameter (external), m (in)
The length of spline for a solid shaft

L=

The effective length of spline for a hollow shaft used in

practice according to the SAE

D3e

(17-26d)

4D 2
4

Le =

D3me(1 - D i ~Dine)
D2

(17-26e)

For solid shaft D i -- O.

For diametrical pitches used in involute splines (SAE
and ANSI)

Refer to Table 17-13.

TABLE 17-13
Diametral pitches a used in involute splines (SAE and ANSI)
2.5
5

3
6

4
8

5
10

6
12

8
16

10
20

12
24

16
32

20
40

24
48

32
64

40
80

48
96

a Diametral pitches are designated as fractions; the n u m e r a t o r of these fractions is the diametral pitch, P.

INDIAN STANDARD (Figs. 17-4 and 17-5,

Tables 17-14 and 17-15)
The value of profile displacement (Fig. 17-4)

xm = (dl - m z -

1.1m)

The value xm varies from -0.05m to +0.45m

(17-27)

KEYS, PINS, COTTERS, AND JOINTS

17.17

Formula

Particular

The number of teeth

1
z =--(dl

(17-28)

1.1m)

- 2xm-

(17-29)

The minor diameter of the internal spline (Fig. 17-4a)

d2 = m z + 2 x m

-0.9m

The major diameter of the external spline (Fig. 17-4a)

d3 = m z + 2 x m

0.9m = d l - 0.2m

(17-30)

The minor diameter of the external spline (Fig. 17-4a)

d4 - m x + 2 x m

1. l m = dl -

2.2m

(17-31)

.
_ _//////vY-.g

xm=oa~,,

6.

o
~/////f/'/////////

l 0-55m

INTERNALSPLINE~ I " ~

'

t DATUMLINE~
0.45mT

0-45m "'~-Tm

d2

'"emi

O~5m

[" Ll'o='o--'16'moTJ,

FIGURE 17-4(a) Reference profile of an involute-sided spline.

Internal

-'4
~,~

= d l - 2m

External
a'~.~

(Source:

IS 3665, 1966.)

chamfered

Majordia.
~-Basecircle

FIGURE 17-4(b) Nomenclature of the involute spline profile.

I0

;/"

~.

~,

Mi
(FOR ODD(FOR EVEN
NUMBER NUMBER
OF T~ETH)OF l~EETH)
Internal spline

-////,v-

FOR EVEN
NUMBER
MoOFTEETH)
(FOR ODD~
NUMBER"
OF TEETH)t

/ " 7""/4,

~S

0.~

External spline

FIGURE 17-5 Measurement between pins and measurement over pins of an involute-sided spline.

(Source:

IS 3665, 1966.)

r'.-.

'q
mm

~D

Im

oma

om

17.18

~.~.~.~

,/

|
,/

t---,,~-

~.

t--:. ~ .

oO

t/3

r--

r--

,""~

~".-

,'--q

'q

,-",

'N

,'~

~.-

. ~

,--q

. ~

t--- ~ , , ~

t--

t--

"

t--,,o

t--,,~

oq.r-:.~,
. . .

~.

.~.

t--:. r-:. o. t--:.o.

. . .

.~,...~

'4

"

oO

' " , ,~ / r - ,- : ~ /
r
-" . , / r: - - : ~~
,,.., ,,~ ,,~ ,,~ , - ~
~

oo

=
,~

t'~

~
~

oO

~
..,

oo

',,,O ',,~"

c3~

",~

",~"

he'~ ~

'~

=
~

~,-..~ ..~,-.~

~o

t---o. ~.t--:.~.
. . . . . .

~'~

f'~

'~

'.1

'q

"4

t--- t - -

,..-...~ m

.~

',,D

,--.,

"4

,-~

~"--1 ("q

~'~1 '4

,'~q

"4

,-"~

t'~

~,.-~,-~:~,.-~,

~,,,,o
~'- ~ oo oo ~ r-. o . o
oo
"
"t-,i,-,-,r 4 - . ~ , - , - , -

, - - , - ~ o., - - , . - , c ' 4.c ' 4 ' ~ ' r , ' ~ ' , ~ ' ' , a " ~ r ~ , - - - , ~ r ~ ' ~ t ' ~ . ~ . ~ . ' , ~ l ' ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .

~.

, t , - , , , o
~,,~
~ t-,i,-,.-,-

~,~,--~-~,--~

,..-,

,--q

.,/6r.--~.,-~r.-~',,-~r-.-~.,,-~,,~t--~.,
. . . .
~
~,'~
.
.

'e~ ,,.~

- ~ ~ - ~ ~ - ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~

-5

o=

~O

r~

o~

I-

r~'~

~..~,~

o..~

o.~

~g

II

:~ ~ .~ "~.~

o~

t~

~
X

~
X

,.- ,- , - . , - - ,-~ ,--~ ,-~ ~

~
X

,-- ,- ~

~
X

o.I o.I ("q o.,I ("--I ("q o-1 ("q o . i f'~ e", ~

~. ~. , - ~. , - ~. :-!. ~. "~" q ~. ~. ~ ~. ~. ~. ,'h. ~. ~ ~ ~ ~. ~. ~ ~ ~. ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~
X

.~.~

.~

.9

..

17.19

17.20

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Particular
The value of tooth thickness and space width of spline

Formula
lo = So = m ~ + 2 x m tan a

(17-32)

The diameter at small end (Figs. 17-6 and 17-7, Tables

17-16 and 17-17)

dps = dp, - 0.0208

(17-33)

The mean diameter of pin

dm = 0.20D to 0.25D

(17-34)

PINS

Taper pins

dpm

x~

. . . .

,_

FIGURE 17-6 Tapered pin.

FIGURE 17-7 Sleeve and tapered pin joint for hollow

shafts.

Sleeve and taper pin joint (Fig. 17-7)

AXIAL LOAD
The axial stress induced in the hollow shaft (Fig. 17-7)
due to tensile force F

F
o"

~(a~
4

(17-35)

d~) - 2(a2 - d,)dm

The bearing stress in the pin due to bearing against

the shaft an account of force F

F
a,. = 2(d2 - d l )din

17-36)

The bearing stress in the pin due to bearing against

the sleeve

F
ac =2'--ta3 - d 2 ) d m

(17-35)

The shear stress in pin

2F
~- = 7rd2

(17-38)

The shearing stress due to double shear at the end of

hollow shaft

F
~ = 2(d2 - dl)12

(17-39)

The shear stress due to double shear at the sleeve end

F
~- = 2(d3 - d2)ll

(17-40)

o
LO
J

! ~,

A'

'

(~i

O0

--~

O0

O0

t~

t~

C~

t'~

,~

C~

OO

,,,~

r~

r~

~'.~.

+l

T-

v-

tL ia

-To
c"

II
o

t~
-~

~.0"

C
t"4 ,-t'% t'~

~--

tw%

tr~

')

tr~ "~t
C'4

t"4

~D

O0

~r4

17.21

17.22

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Particular

Formula

The axial stress in the sleeve

(17-41)

(7" --

7r (d 2 _ d2 ) _ 2(d3 - dz)dm
4
TORQUE
The shear due to twisting moment applied

m t

7r

For the design of hollow shaft subjected to torsion

(17-42)

2
dmd2

Refer to Chapter 14.

Taper joint and nut

The tensile stress in the threaded portion of the rod
(Fig. 17-8) without taking into consideration stress
concentration

[1
1

F
O't =71"

(17-43)

~ac

I~

~l

FIGURE 17-8 Tapered joint and nut.

F

The bearing resistance offered by the collar

(17-44)

4
The diameter of the taper d2

d2 > dnom

(17-45)

4F
at - 7rd2

(17-46)

Provide a taper of 1 in 50 for the length ( l - ll)

Knuckle joint
The tensile stress in the rod (Fig. 17-9)
The tensile stress in the net area of the eye

~' = (d4 - d2)b

Stress in the eye due to tear of

~" =b(d4 - d 2 )

(17-47)

(17-48)

KEYS, PINS, COTTERS, AND JOINTS

Particular

17.23

Formula

_L

B
T

-g

'

~-b-~
(b)

(a)
FIGURE 17-9 Knuckle joint for round rods.

Tensile stress in the net area of the fork ends

O'i

Stress in the fork ends due to tear of

F
= 2a(d4 - d2)

F
O'tr = 2a( d4 - d2 )

Compressive stress in the eye due to bearing pressure

of the pin

O'e "--

Compressive stress in the fork due to the bearing

pressure of the pin

F
ac = 2~/2a

Shear stress in the knuckle pin

,'/- - - -

F
d2b

The maximum bending stress in the pin, based on the

assumption that the pin is supported and loaded as
shown in Fig. 17-9b and that the maximum bending
moment Mb occurs at the center of the pin

(17-53)

Fb

(17-54)

4Fb
O'b

(17-55)

71.d3

The maximum bending moment on the pin based on

the assumption that the pin supported and loaded
as shown in Fig. 17-10b, which occurs at the center
of the pin
The maximum bending stress in the pin based on the
assumption that the pin is supported and loaded
shown in Fig. 17-10b

(17-52)

2F

gb=~

F(b

4(3b +
O- b

--

(17-50)

(17-51)

The maximum bending moment, Fig. 17-9 (panel b)

(17-49)

a ) (approx.)

4a)F

37rd3

(17-56)

(17-57)

17.24

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Formula

Particular

COTTER
The initial force set up by the wedge action

F = 1.25Q

(1%58)

The force at the point of contact between cotter and

the m e m b e r perpendicular to the force F

H = F t a n ( a + 0)

(1%59)

The thickness of cotter

t =0.4D

(17-60)

The width of the cotter

b = 4t = 1.6D

(1%61)

4F
7rd2

(17-62)

Cotter joint
The axial stress in the rods (Fig. 17-10)

O" =

4F

Axial stress across the slot of the rod

(7 =

4F

Tensile stress across the slot of the socket

O" -~-

The strength of the cotter in shear

(17-63)

7rd~ - 4dl t

~-(~ - d~) - 4t(d3 - d, )

(17-65)

F = 2brr
F

Shear stress, due to the double shear, at the rod end

(17-64)

(17-66)

2adl

Shear stress induced at the socket end

(17-67)

T~2c(d 4 -

The bearing stress in collar

dl)

4F

~" :~(d~ -d, ~)

Crushing strength of the cotter or rod

FIGURE 17-10

(17-69)

F = dl tG,

(a)

Cotter joint for round rods.

(17-68)

17.25

KEYS, PINS, COTTERS, AND JOINTS

Particular

Formula

Crushing stress induced in the socket or cotter

F
c = (d4 - dl)t

The equation for the crushing resistance of the collar

Shear stress induced in the collar

Shear stress induced in the socket

The maximum bending stress induced in the cotter

assuming that the bearing load on the collar in the
rod end is uniformly distributed while the socket
end is uniformly varying over the length as shown in
Fig. 17-10b

Gib and cotter joint (Fig. 17-11)

(17-70)

7r(d2 - d12)
o%
4

(17-71)

F
T~

T=

(1%72)

7rdl e
F
7rd]h

ab =

(17-73)

F(d, + 2d4)
4tb 2

(17-74)

The width b of both the Gib and Cotter is the same as

far as a cotter is used by itself for the same purpose
(Fig. 17-11). The design procedure is the same as
done in cotter joint Fig. 17-10.

~--a

-T

.. m ,\ ,\ ,\ ,\ ,\ ,\ ,\ ,\ ,\ ~ ~i ~ ~

L_)
FIGURE 17-11 Gib and cotter joint for round rods.

~:7~i
i

v!/!/~.,

"

FIGURE 17-12 Coupler or turn buckle.

Threaded joint
COUPLER OR TURN BUCKLE

7r

Strength of the rods based on core diameter de, (Fig.

17-12)

F=~

The resistance of screwed portion of the coupler at

each end against shearing

F~= ~ a d T

F r o m practical considerations the length a is given by

a = d to 1.25d for steel nuts

(17-77a)

a = 1.5d to 2d for cast iron

(17-77b)

The strength of the outside diameter of the coupler at

the nut portion

d2o-t

F = - ~7r ( d 2

(17-75)
(17-76)

_ d2)crt

(17-78)

17.26

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Particular

Formula

The outside diameter of the turn buckle or coupler at

the middle is given by the equation

F = -~ (d~ - dZ)at

(17-79)

The total length of the coupler

l = 6d

(17-80)

71"

REFERENCES
1. Maleev, V. L., and J. B. Hartman, Machine Design, International Textbook Company, Scranton,
Pennsylvania, 1954.
2. Shigley, J. E., and L. D. Mitchell, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
1983.
3. Faires, V. M., Design of Machine Elements, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1965.
4. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Engineering College Cooperative
Society, Bangalore, India, 1962.
5. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric
Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.
6. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers,
Bangalore, India, 1986.
7. Juvinall, R. C., Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1983.
8. Deutschman, A. D., W. J. Michels, and C. E. Wilson, Machine Design--Theory and Practice, Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York, 1975.
9. Bureau of Indian Standards.
10. SAE Handbook, 1981.