UEMKI1I3 INTRODUCTIONTO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

AprrendixA - Conversion
Tableand GasConstant
FACTORSFOR UNIT CONVERSIONS
Quantity

Equivalent Valrres

Mass

k g : 1 0 0 0 8 : 0 . 0 0 1 m e t r i c t o n : 2 . 2 0 4 6 2 1 b , :. , , 3 5 . 2 1 3 9 2 o 2
l b n , : 1 6 o z : 5 X 10-a ton : 453.593g: 0.453593
kg

Length

m : 1 0 0c m : 1000mm : 106mi crons(pm) : 1910angstroms(A )

: 39.31in. : 3.2U08fr : 1.0936yd : 0.0006214
mile
:
lt
72in.: llZya:
0 . 3 0 4 8 m: 3 0 . 4 f l c m

Volurne

m3 : 1000L : 106c*3 : 106mL

: 3-5.3145
ft3 : 219.()7
imperial gallons : 264.11gal
: 1 0 5 6 . 6 q8 r
: 283\1 L
ft3 : 1728in.3 : 1.4805pol : 0.(l2l31l r-,-r3
: 28,31J crn3

Force

N : 1 k g ' m l s 2: 1 0 5 d y n e s: ] 0 5 g . c m / s 2: 0 . 2 2 4 8 l1b r
: 4.4482N : 4.44u2x 105cl ynes
l b r : 3 2 .1 1 4 lb,,' .ftl s2
arm : 1.01325x 10sN/rn2(Pa; : 10L325kpa : 1.01325bar
: 1 .0 1 3 25x 106dynes/cm2
: -160rnm Hg at 0"C (torr) : 10.333m H2O at 4'C
: 1 4 .6 ()61b1/i(pri
n.2 ) : 33.9ft H 2O at 4' C
: 29.921in.Hg at 0'C

Pressure

Energy

J : 1 N .m : 107ergs : 107cl yne.cm

: 2 .' .7 ' /8
x l 0 -7 kw .h : 0.23g01cal
: 0 .7 3 1 6ft-l tr, : 9.4tJ6x l 0--{ F}tu

Power

: 0.1376ft.l br/s: 9.486X 10-4 B tu/s

W : .l J /s : 0.23901ca1/s
: 1 . 3 4 x1 l 0 3 h p

Example:
Thefactorto convert
grams
rolbn,tr (,?##F)

THE GAS CONSTANT

8 . 3 1 4m 3 . P a / ( m o l . K )
0 . 0 8 3 1 4L ' b a r / ( m o l ' K )
0.0U206L'atm/(mol'K)
-62.36
L ' n r m H g / (n r o l 'K )
0.1302 ft3'atm/(lb-mole''R)
10.13 ft3'psia/(lb-mole''R)
8 . 3 1 4J / ( m o l ' K )
1 . 9 8 1c a l / ( m o l ' K )
1 . 9 8 7B t u / ( l b - m o l e ' " R )

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix B Physical Property Tables

(Adapted from Felder, R. M., & Rousseau, R. W. (2000). Elementary principles of chemical
processes (3rd ed.). John-Wiley & Sons.)

Table B.1

Selected Physical Property Data

Table B.2

Heat Capacities

Table B.3

Vapour Pressure of Water

Table B.5

Properties of Saturated Steam: Temperature Table

Table B.6

Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table

Table B.7

Properties of Superheated Steam

Table B.8

Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gasses: SI Units

Table B.9

Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gasses: American Engineering Units

'fable

lf.l

Selected Physical Property Data,

SG
(20"14")

Compound

Formula

Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid

ctH3cHo
clH3ctooH

44.0-5 0.793'n" - 123.1

60.0_5 1.049
16.6

Acetone

ct3l{6o

58.08

Acetylene
Ammonia

C2Il2
NHr

26.04
17.03

Ammonium

NH4OH

1{ n1

NH4NOT

80.0-5

Mol. Wt.

0.191

7-,,,("C)1'

- 9-s.0

(7',,,
af?,,,
A}7"(2u1",;
).,/
kJ/nrol 1i("C)'
kJimot l'.(K)J /,.(atm)u
12.0e

l( ).t
118.2

5.6e

56.0
-tJl.5

71.8

.5.653

33.43

t.i.I
24.39

4(t1.0
.594.8

57.1

30.2

50tJ.0

41.0

11.6
23.351

309.-5
405.5

61.6
I I 1.3

1.1252s"

l6t).(-t

.5.4

Amnoniurn
sulfate
Aniline
Benzaldehyde

(NH4)2SC)4

132.11

| .169

-513

c6H7N
C6I15CHO

93.72
1 0 6l.2

1.022
1.046

6.3
-26.0

Ilenzene

CuHo

Rcnzoic acid
llenzyl alcohol
Bronrine

ctTft8o
Brz

1,2-Butadiene

C+Hn

clTH6or

1,3-Buracliene CqHo
r r - l Ju t e r n c
ClHro

7rJ.l1 0.u79

122.12 1.26615"
2:2.2
- l s.4
r 0 r i .t 3
1.045
159.U3 3.119
7.4
- 136..5
54.09
- 109.1
54.09
, l3ti.-l
58.t2

Isobutane

CqHro

.5rJ.l2

I -tsulene
(lalciLrrn

c4l{8

.56.10
64.10 2.2218"

CaC2

5.53

- 159.6
l8-s.3
2300

I)ec<,rnrposesat -5l3"Cl
after nrelting

t84.2
t79.0
9.837

80.10

o::

.10.765

s62.6

31.0

22.305

.5t34
t02
446
.12.1
425
125.t7 31.47

- n.73

21.292

40u.1

-6.25

2t.916

4t9.6

48.6

1/ts ?

lO.ri

-5u.6
1 0I.
l.o
0.6

1.661
.1.s40
3.8.180

- 3
7 5x/o\
_ X
"-'""\b/

tt:

3t3.40

l-19.r{
-

X
LAJ

-36.5.la(c)
- -199.36(aq
)
- 1179.3(c)
- I 173.l(aq)

Decomposes at 210'C

liltrate

(a,"")i,.,
kJ/mol

- 166.2(g)
-1tez/g)
- 4 r J 6 r. 8 ( l )
- 8 7 1. 6 e ( l )
-a38.1.5(g) - !r1e.73(g)
-248.2(t)
- 1785.7(l)
-2t6.1(g)
- lfi21.4(g)
+226.75(g)
r2ee.6(9)
-61.20(t)
4 6 . 1e ( g )
- 366.a8(aq)

hydroxide
Anrnroniunr

(Ltt,'y,t
kJ/urol

'1J
.o
o

-16.0

- rJrJ.83(l) -3.520.0(t)
-a0.0a(g)
+ 48.66(t) -3261.6(t)
+82.e3(g) - 33t)1..5(g)
-3226.1(g)
-3741.8(t)
0(t)

r47.0(l)
- r2a.1@)
- 1s8.4(l)
134..5(g)
+ I.17(g)
-62.16(c)

285.5.6(l)
21378..5(g)
-2rJ4e.0(l)
2tt68.8(g)
-21t8.6(9)

carbicle
Calcium
carb<lnate

CaCOr

100.09 2.93

Calciunt
chloride

CaClr

I 10.99 2.152t5"

- 1206.9(c)

I)ecomposesat tJ25'C

192

Calcium
Ca(OFI)2
14.10 2.21
hydroxide
(lalcium oxide
CaO
56.0u 3.32
2510
C-'alcium
Car(POa)2
310.19 3.11
1670
phosphate
Clalcium
CaSiO.r
116.11 2.915
1530
silicatc
('aSOr
Calcium
136.1-5 2.96
sulfate
(lalcium
C a S O + . 2 1 - 1 . :1( )1 2 . 1 8 2 . 3 2
sulfate
(gypsunr)
(larbon
C
12.010 2.26
3600
(graphite)
-56.6
Carbon
COz
44.01
dioxide
a t 5 . 2a t m
carbon
ctsz
16.14 1.26122'/ztt'- n2.1
disulfide
-205.1
Calbon
CO
2tl.0l
monoxidc
Carbon
CCl4
153.84 1.595
22.()
tetrachloride
-101.(X)
Chlorine
Clz
70.91
-45
C h l < r r o b e n z e n eC 6 H 5 C I
112.56 1.107
Chloroethane C2H5Cl
S e ee t h y l c h l o r i d e

lfi 17

- l6(x)

-194.96(c)

( - lt2o at 5tri0"C)
50

9f16..5()(c)

2850

6.15.6(c)
a l -18(c)

48.62

1.s84(c)
1 4 3 2 .(7c )
- 1a50.a(aq)
- 202I (c)

( - 1 . . 5H 2 O a t 1 2 i 3 " C )

46.0
1J.33
4.39
0.ti37
2.51
6.406

4200
( S u b l i m e sa t - 7 U ' C )
46.25
- 191.5

26.g
6.042

304.2

12.e

.552.1) 7 8 . 0
133.0

34.s

16.1

30.0

-556.4

45.0

-34.06

20.4
36.5

411.0
632.4

16.t
44.6

132.10

0(c)

- 3e3.51(c)

- 4t2.e(t)
- 3 e . 1 . 5 () g
+87.e(l)
+lls.3(g)
-110.s2(g)

- 107s.2(l)
1102.6(9)
-282.ee(g)

- 13e._5(r)
- 106.7(9)
tt(g)

-3s2.2(t)
-38s.{)(g)

"AdapGdinpartlromD'M.Himmelblau,aaJ'cPru.iPletan.lc4lcal4|iUnsi4chenicu|ED!iIeern|!,3|dEdilion,gl974,rablesDlan
Prcnlice Hall,lnc., Englewood Clifti, NJ.
'Mellingpoinl al I dtm.
"Heat o{lusion ar ?',,,and I .lm.
aBoiling poiDt al I alnl
'Hcal ol vuporization at I! aDd I alD.
/Cridcaltempera$re.

'Heat of formation at 25'C and I atm.

'Hcrt of combustion at 25'C and 1 atn. Standa srates of products are COr(d, IIrO(lJ, SO,(g), HC(aq), and N,(g). Ib calcuhte
Alr"' wirh H,O{g) a$ a product, add
44.0h* to the tabulaled value, where n" : moles HrO iormed/mole fuel t'urn,.'d.
r1b convert All tokcaumol, divide given value by4.184; to convrr to Bru/lt,nrole. multiply by 430.2E.
(uottiruted)

H
t

f-.1

n
q
o

'I'able

B.l (('ontinucd)
"o

CD

Compound
Chlorofornr

Formula

Copper

CHCIr
(lu

Cupric

CuSOa

sulfate
Cyclohexane

C6IJ 12

Cyclopentane
n-Decane
Diethylether

C5FI1o
CloI{22

Mol. Wr.

SG
(20'11")

1I 9 . 3 9 l . 4 t J 9
63.54 8.92
159.61 3.606r5'.

142.28

0.145
0.730

30.1

553.7

40.4

0.609

49.3

21.30

511.8

44.55

-29.9

46.0'7

0.7u9

-174.6

Ethyl bromide
Ethylchloride

C2H5Br

3-Ethyl

Csllrs

108.98 1.460
64.52 0.90315'
1t4.22 0.1t7

C uH ; C l

C2I{4
C2H6O2
Fe2O1
FeO
FtS

28.0s
62.01

173.8

159.70 5.12
71.U.5 5.1
81.92 4.84

1.30
2.859

34.6
-88.6
71.0

s.021

78.5

619.0

20.8

26.0s
14.12

461
305.4
523,1

35.6
48.2
31.8

38.5u

.516.3

63.t)

-94.61

9.163

136.2

35.98

619.1

31.0

-l19.l
- 138.3

4.452

38.2
t3.1
I lti.5

24.1
34.21

504
460.4
567.0

61.5
52.0
26.4

3.350
t1.23

- 103.7
l9l .2

13.54
s6.9

283.1

50..5

- t69.2
l.l13re"

54.0

-93.4

C2H5OH

106.16 0.867

.536.0

ri0.7

0.901

Csl11"

61.0
2595
304.6
Decomposes> 600"C

13.01

P.(atrn)o

2.611

CaFI6O2

Ethyl alcohol
(trthanol)
Ethyl benzene

LH,1ru7".t
kJ/mol T,(K)t

6.1

0.7082s'

Ethyl acetate

Ferric oxide
F-errous oxide
Ferrous

l 083

14.12
30.07
88.10

(C2Hs)2O
(:2HL

Ethylene
glycol

-63.1

- 116.3
- I tJ3.3
rJ3.8

Ethane

hexane
Ethylene

1"('C)'

rJ4.16 0.179
10.13

a/i,,,(7n,).,r
'[6('C)/
kJ/mol

- l - )

Decomposes
at l560"Cl
I 193

sulfide
Formaldehyde

HzCO

Formic acid

CH2O2

30.03
46.03

0 . 8 1 52 0 "
1.220

-92
8.30

12.68

- r9.3
100.5

Glycerol
Helium

C:HsOr
He

92.09
4.00

7.26050'

18.20
-269.1

I U.30
0.02

290.0
-268.9

24.48
22.25

0.084

5.26

2.26

(Lfrr'1l'i
kJ/mol
- 131.8(l)
o(c)

(4H.")'''
kJ/mol

X
H

-313(t)

-l6t).9(c)
- t343.1(aq)
- 1s6.2(r)
- 3 e re . e ( l )
- t23.r(g)
- 3es3.0(g)

- r0s.e(r)

-32e0.e(l)
-3319.s(g)
- 6118.3(t)
682e.1(g)
-212.8(t) -2126.1(t)
-84.67(g) - 1.5s9.e(g)
-463.2(t) -2246.4(t)
-a26.8(g)
-211.63(t) - r 3 6 6 . e 1 ( l )
- 2 3 s . 3 1 ( g ) laOe.2-s(g)
- 12.46(l) -4564.e(l)
+29.79(g) - 4 6 0 7 . 1 ( g )
-sa.a(g)
- lus.0(g)
-2.50.5(l) - s407.1(t)
-2I0.e(g) -,550e.ti(g)
+52.28(g) - lalt).99(g)
-4s1.s(t) - l17e.s(l)
- 387.1(g)
*822.2(c)
- 266.s(c)
95.I (c)
-17.2(g)
-24e;7(t)

- I 1s.eO(g) -.563.a6(g)
-40e.2(l)
262.8(t)
-362.6(9)
-665.e(l) - 1 6 6 1 . 1 ( l )
o(e)

t**, "

rr-Heptane

CrH,o

100.20

0.684

-90.59

14.03

98.43

31.69

540.2

21.0

n-Hexane

CoHto

86.1't

0.659

-95.32

r3.03

68.14

28.8-5

501.9

29.9

Hydrogen
l{ydrogen
bromide
Hydrogen
chloride
Hydrogen
cyanide
Hydrogen
fluoride

H2
HBr

2.016
80.92

-259.79
-86

0.t2

-252.76
-61

0.904

33.3

12.8

HCI

36.41

1t4.2

1.99

-tt5.0

HCN

27.03

-14

26

HF

20.0

-83

20

Hydrogen
sulfide
'Iodine

HzS

3,l.Olt

- 85.5

2.38

113.3
4.93
153.5
1.1
17 33720"120' 321.4
886
9.5
650
1.74
114
23252s"

1"5.1
_ 5.10
r1.1
9.2
43.1

Irrn
Lead
Lead oxide
Magnesium
Magnesium
chloride
Magnesium
hydroxide
Magnesium
oxide
Mercury
Methane
Methyl
acetate
Methylalcohol
(Methanol)
Methyl
amine
Methyl
chloride

12
Fe
Pb
PbO
Mg
MgCl2

253.8
55.ri5
207.2r
223.21
24.32
95.23

Mg(OH)2

58.34

MgO

40.32 3.6-5

Hg
CH+
CrHoOz
CHrOH

32.04

0]t)2

CHsN

3 L06

0.699 I '"

184.2
2800
1750
1412
ll20
1418

o(e)

-4816.e(r)
-a8s3.s(g)
- 4163.( l)
r
-a1ea.8(g)
-2t3s.lla(g)

-36.23(g)
16.1

324.6

81.5

-e2.31(g)
+ 130.s4(g)
-268.6(9)
-316.e(aq,

.s0-1.2

18.67

373.6

ti8.9

200)
1e.e6(g)

-s62.se(g)

o(c)
o(c)
t)(c)
-21e.2(c)

826.0
354.0
1't9.9
213
131.8
136.8

o(c)
-6a1.8(c)

at 350'C
Decornposes

1-+

200.61 73.546
16.04
14.08 0.933

-60.3

-224.4(t)
- 187.8(g)
- 1e8.8(r)
-167.2(s)

2900
- 3U.87
- 182.5
-98.9
-91.9
92.1

11.4

- 601.8(c)

3600
-356.9

o.94

161.5
J

3.161

u.rzv

506.7

t . l

64.1
_6.9

r.r()J0 4;

35.21

46.30

513.20 78.50
429.9

73.60

o(c)
-7a.8s(g)
-40e.4(l)
-23U.6(l)
-20t.2(g)
-28.0(g)

- t3e0.36(g)
- 1.5es(l)
726.6(t)
-76a.0(g)
- 1071.5(l)

o
ID
H
H

.o

CH3CI

50.49

- L +a A

4r6.1

65.80

(!
t

-81.e2(g)

F-l
(tttrttittttel)

o(D
q

Table tl.l

(Conrinued)

Compound

Formula

Methylethyl C1IJ8O
ketone
Naphtlialene CroHs
Nickel
Ni
Nitric acid
FINO3
Nitrobenzene
Nitrcrgen
Nitrogen
dioxide
Nitricoxide
Nitrogen
pcntoxide
Nitnrgen
tetraoxide
Nitrous
oxide
tt-Nonane

Mol. Wt.

SG
(20"t4")

7',"("C)'

12.10

0.805

-81.1

l2u.l6
-5ti.69
63.02

1.14-5
8.9t)
l.-502

80.0
1452
,4r.6

CoHsOzN
N2
NOz

123.I
28.02
46.01

1.203

5.5
-210.0
-e.3

NO
N2Os

30.()1
108.02

1e"

163.6
30

N2Oq

92.0

1.448

_e.5

14.02

1.226-8',)" - 9 1 . 1

NzO

A17,,,(7',,,;,,r
Af?u('1',,1",r
kJ/mol
7'5("614 kJ/mol
?.(K)/
18.2

10.41

0.12tt
t.33s
2.301

2t1.8
2900
86
2t0.1
-19-5.1t

(AH,";t''r

p.(atm)s

*-51s7(g)
30.30

- 30e2.ri(t)
126.20
431.0

33.-5
j00.0

13.78

1't9.20

65.0

+ 90.37(9)

21.t

431.0

9e.0

I 9.3(g)

88.tJ

-109.5

j t.jO

+81.-5(9)

23.0

- 151.u
41

128.25

0.71rJ

-s3.il

1-50.6

.5es

n-Octane

Cl8Hr8

114.22

0.103

,s7.0

12s.5

56rJ.rJ 24.s

C)xalicacid
Oxygen
n-Pentane

C2H2O4
02
C5l-112

90.04
32.00
j2.15

1.90
0.63r8"

-218.15
-129.6

Isopentane

CsHrz

12.15

0.62tt"

- I 60.I

I -Pentene

CsH,u
CoH:OH

j0.13
94.1I

0.641
1. 0 7 I 2 s '

- 165.2
42.s

Phosphoric
acid

I{3PO1

98.00

l.g34r8'

Phosphorus
(red)

Ir+

123.90

12.3

I)ecornposes
at 186'C
0.44{t
t\2.()i
8.393
36.01

4.g4
I 1.43
10.54

- 5 9 0 4a3t n r 8 l . 1 7

2.20

t'

0(c)
_ n3.23(t)
-206.57(aq)

5.511
t4.j3

21.3

*o
'o
o

-2136(r)

32.0

C,,Hz,,

Phenol

kJ/mol

(Ar?"";i',
kJ/nrol

6.g2
25.11

0(g)
+33.8(9)

-229.0(I)

6124.s(t)
-6171.t)(g)
-zqitu
-s410.1(t)
-2{)8.a(g) -sst2.2(g)
_ti26.g(c)
- 2s1.e(s)

154.4
.169.80

49j
33.3

u(g)
_ 173.0(t)
- la6.a(g)

27.7

46I .00

32.9

29.s7
181.4

414
692.1

3g.9
60..5

17e.3(l)
- 1s2.0(g)
- 20.9(9)
_ 1 5 8r. ( l )
-et).8(g)

(- +HrO at213"C)

- 1281.1(c)
-1278.6(aq,

l g n i t e si n a i r ,7 2 5 " C

IFI2O)
- 17.6(c)
t)(c)

-350e.-5(l)
_-3s36.I
(g)
- 3s07.5(l)
-3s2().2(s)
337s.tt(g)
-3063.5(s)

L**-

'"1

44.2

Phosphorus
(white)

P,r

123.y)

).82

Pl.rosphorus
pentoxide

Pzf).

141.95

2.381

Itropane

C:Hs

44.09

Propylene

C:Hu
C3HiOFI

42.08
60.09

0.rJ04

CiHTOI I

60.09

0.78-5

-ri9.7

120.19

0.1162

- 99.50

n-Propyl
alcohol
Isopropyl
alcohol
n-Propyl

CcHrz

2.51

280

49.11
- l-506.2(c)

at 250'C
Sublirles
- 187.69

3.52

--42.01

18.11

369.9

42.0

- 185.2

3.(X)

-41.10
91.04

18.42

365.1
536.1

45.4
49.95

508.8

s3.0

638.1

3r.3

141
I L I

82.24
u.-s4

159.2

38.24

14.2

-2s,s.2(g)
- 310.e(l )
-38.40(l)
+7.82(g)
t 3 sl . 0 ( c )

benzene

l 71 0

- 119.8(l)
103.8(g)
+20.41(9)
-300.70(l)

2230

SiO2

60.09

2.25

Sodiunr
bicarbonate
Sodiurn
bisulfate
Sodium
carbonate

NaFlCOr

84.01

2.20

NallSO4

120.01

2.142

Na2CC)3

10.5.99

2.533

Sodium
chloride
Socliun.r

Na(ll

5r.t.45

2.163

NaCN

49.01

Sodium
hydroxide

NaOH

40.00

2.130

319

Sodium
nitrate
Sodiun'r
nitrite

NaNO:

i15.00

2.257

3I0

NaNO2

69.00

2.16rJ0"

271

Sodium
sulfate

Na2SC)4

t 42.05

2.698

890

24.3

- 13t34.5(c)

Sodium

Na2S

78.05

1.856

950

6;7

-373.2(c)

Silicon
dioxide

- I 126.3(c)
- 1130.9(c)

l)ecotnposesat tl-54'C
r.i08

2ti.5

146-5

110.7

562

16.1

1497

l5-5

ti.34
I 5.9

126.05

2.633t5"

-411.0(c)
89.79(c)

l)ecomposesat 380"C1

- a26.6(c)
-469.a(aq)
-a66.1(c')

I)ecomposesat 320"C

-3-59.a(c)

1390

-ai

.o

sulfide
Na2SO3

- s2r8.2(l)
- 5264.48(g)

- 9a.5.6(c)

Dccomposes at 270'Cl

cyanide

Sodium
sullite

-2201.tJ(t)
-2220.{)(s)
-20s8.a(g)
-2010.4(l)
2068.6(g)
- 1e86.6(l)

Dccon'rposes

- 1090.3(c)

n
H
(continued)

cr
(D
/ @

'o
o
X
H

T a h l eB . l ( C o n t i n u e d )

Compound
Sodium
thiosulfate
Sulfur
(rhombic)
Sull'ur
(monoclinic)
Sulfur
dioxide
Sulfur
trioxide
Sulfuric
acid
J'oluenc
Water

sci

4r,,,(7;,).,/

NazSzOr

1 - 5 tIi1.

t.661

58

256.53 2.01

I 13

10.04

444.6

83.1

56

256.53

I 19

14.11

444.6

83.1

1.102

- 10.02

24.9r

430.1

11.8

--2e6.e0(g)

43.3

41.8{)

491.4

u3.8

-3es.l8(g)

1.96

64.01

75.48

SO:

80.07

16.84

H2SOa

gtJ.OtJ 1.83418" 10.35

C?Ils

92.13

0.866

-94.99

Il2O

18.016

1.004"

0.00

zr-Xylene

CsHr,,

106.16 0.864

-41.81

o-Xylene

C,rHr"

106.16 0.880

-2.5.18

p-Xylene

CoHr

106.16 0.861

t3.26

Zt

'Iable

\LH:)h.j

(20"14') f,,,(.C;b

SOz

Ztnc

LH"(ro1",t
kJ/mol

Fbrmula Mol. Wt.

65.3U

1.740

kJAnol

25.48
().8-7

7.r,("c),

!q|

""99I_

Decomposesat .140"C
33.41

593.9

40,3

6.0095

100.00

40.656

641.4

2t8.3

I1.569

139.10

36.40

619

34.6

13.598

144.42

36.82

631.5

35.7

t1.11

13rJ.3.5

36.01

618

J-1- y

q)7

kJ/mol

- 1I l 7 . l ( c )

+0.30(c)

110.62

6.614

(ati..),,,

t)(c)

6.6t9

479.5

kJ/mol

| 14.17

- 811.32(t)
- 907.51(aq)
+ 12.00(l) -:oonllr;
+.50.00(g) -3eaeE)
-285.84(l)
* 2a1.83(g)
-2s.42(t) -4-5.51.e(l)
+ t ] . 2 a G ) -a5ea.5G)
-24.44(t) -4s52.e(t)
+ 18.99(g) -ase6.3(g)
-24.43(t) - 4 5 5 2 . 9 1 ( t )
17.es(g) -ases.2(g)
o(c)

8.2 Heat Capacities'

Fbrm l: C,,[kJ/(mol''U)]or [kJ/(mol'K)] : u + bT + c'[2 + (tl't
Rrrm 2: Cr[kJ/(mol'"C)] or [kJ/(mol'K)] : u + b'l' * ,'T 2
Exantple:(q,)o.,t,n"1g):0.07196+(20.10x105)r-02.18x108)r2+Q4.16*111-t217':,where7'isin"cl.

PhysicalProperty
database
0urcklyintegrates
tabulated
heat
capacrtr
es

Note:The formulasfor gasesare strictlyapplicableat pressureslow enoughfor the ideal gasequationof stateto apply.
Mol.

Compound

Formula

Acetone

cH3cocHr 5u.08

Acetylene
Air

C2ll2

Ammonia

NH:

Ammonium sulfate
Benzene

(NH4)2SO4

Wt.

'26.04
29.0

State

I
c

"C

C
C

"(l
OC

g
D

coHo

11.03

Fbnn

1brnp.
Unit
cXl03

132.15

7 8 .t l

()

OC

K
ofl

K
"cl
OC

Isobutane
n-Butane
lsobutene

CqHro
C'lHru

Calcium carbide

CaC2

Calcium carbonate

CaCOr

Calciumhydroxide

Ca(OFl)2
(laC)
C
Coz

Calcium oxide
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carborr monoxide
Carbontetrachloride
Chlorine

Copper

CrHe

CO
CCl4
Clz

5U.12
5u.12
56.10
64.10
100.09
14.10
56.08
12.0I
44.01
2ti.01
153.U4
10.97
63.54

C
g
C
c
c
c
c
c
g
C
I
C
c

"C
"(l
OC

K
K
K
K
K
OC

"C
K
OC

t23.0
1t.L)6
42.43
28.94
28.09
35.15
2t5.9
12,6.5
14.06
89.46
92.30
82.tJ8
68.62
82.34
89.5
41.84
l1.lrJ
36.11
28.95
93.3r)
33.60
22.16

bx105

18.6
20.10
6.053
0.4t4"1
0.1965
2.954
23.1
32.95
3 0 .l 3
21.88
25.64
Ll9
4.915
2.03
1.095
4.233
0.4110
t2.98
1.361
0.6117

cX108

d X 70t2

-12.18
-5.033
0.3191
0.4199
0.442r

34.76
18.20
--1.965
1.965
6.686

-25.20
- lu.9l
15.41

11.51
49.87
34.9tJ
50..50

-Lt.Lt

-tJ.66 x 1 0 1 0
*12.81x l 0 r 0
-4.52 x l0l0
: 4 . U 9 1x l 0 r 0
-2.881
0.3548
-1.607

1.464
-2.220
6.473

Range
(Units
of 7')
-3(f 60
0-1200
0-1200
0-1500
273 1800
0- I 2(X)
215-328
6-61
0- r200
0- 1200
0-12(X)
0-t 200
298-120
213-7033
216-313
213-t113
213-t313
0-1500
0 1500
213-343
0-1200
273-1351

'Iable
'Adapted in part frorn D. M. Himrnelblau, Bcsic Principles and Calulations
in Chemicul EngineerinrT,3rd Edition, A fn4,
E'.1 Adapted by
permissionof Prentice-Hall,Inc., F.nglewoodCliffi, NJ.
(continued )

'oo

CD

H
C'
o

'o
.o

'l'able
l|.2 (Continued)
7,
H

Mol.
Wt.

C'onrpound

Forrnula

Cumene.
(lsopropyl benzene)
Cvclohexane
C)yckrpentane
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
(Ethanol)

(_',)l-l
lr

120.I9

c_'6I
I r2
c5Hro

u,1.I6
10.t3
30.07
46.01

(-'2H6

c2l15oFl

Frthylene
Itrric oxide
Irorrnaldehydc
Heliturr
rr-Hexane

C'zH.r
Fe2()3,
CFI2O
lle
C'61I1a

IJydrogen
llydrogenbronride

llz
tltlr

Ilydrogen chloricle
Hydrogen cyanide

HCI

-lbmp.
S f a t e Frrrrn Unit

aXl0r

OC\

t39.2

HCN
I-t2S
MgCl2
MgO
C-'H+

Magnesium oxide
Methane

CHrOH

Methylcyclohexane

C7FIr4

Me thyl cyclopentane
Nitric acid

C6I [12
NHO3

Nitric oxide

NO

r/ X l0r2

39.19

4t).62
39.2ti
t3.92

-31.90
-25.54

0.2199
3.9,1
12.5
4.1-51
l.l5rJ
43.68
34.09
22.59
l 1. 1 1

0.5123
2.titJ

K
K

29.00
36.01
15.1
3 7. 6 6
29.10
r55.4
I t4.8
68.032
59.5u0
I2T
53.5.6

c
32.01
(Rhombic)

15.2

2.68

273,368

c
(Monoclinic)
I
98.08

18.3

1.84

368,392

oc
'c
oc

139.1
38.91
4it.50
148.u
94.18
15.4
33.46

15.59
3.904
9.l8rl
32.4
38.00

c
It

I
I

c
2u.05
l-59.70
30.03
4.(X)
u6.l7

2.016
80.92
36.41
21.03
34.08
L)5.23

It
o

s
It
D

s
s
L:

40.32
16.0-1

c
I
'J

Methyl alcohol
(Methanol)

c X 108

53.16

Hydrogen sulfide
Magnesiunrchloride

l) X 105

Range
( L ln i r s
of 7')

32.04

9 t 3r.8
84.16
63.02
30.01

g
I

I
a

"c
"C
"c
'C
uc

91.140
13.39
49.31
103.1
158.u
"ct
61.34
"c
+40.7.5
K
103.4
oc
34.28
oc
20.8
'ct
216.3
"(,'
t31.44
"c
2ti.ti4
"c
29.10
o(__' 29.13
oc
35.3
oc
33.51
K
12.4
K
45.44
"c
34.31
K
19.81
"ci
15.86
"c
42.93
"C
121.3
'C
98.83
"ct
I10.0
"c
29.50

t20..5

0 t2(x)

80.63
68.66
1.280

0- 1200
0 l2(x)
.5.816
0 t200
(l
I(X)
-8.149
t5.12
19.83
0- I 200
- 6.u91
| L41
\1.66
0,120()
- 1 1 . 1 2x I 0 r { r
6 . 1 ||
213-t091
--rJ.69.1 0- 1200
4.268
0.(x)(x)
0 t2(x)
20 l(x)
- 2',3.92
40.8.5
57.66
0 l2(x)
0.00765
0.32tiu
0.u698 0- 1500
-0.0221
0.9iJu7
4.8.5tJ 0 - l 2 ( x )
-0. l34l
-4.335
0.9715
0-1200
- 1.092
2.90u
0- I 200
-3.292
1.541
0.3012
0- t5(x)
1.-5o
213 991
0.5(X)tt - 9 . 1 3 2 x 1 0 1 0
213 -2073
- 11.(x)
5.469
0..1661
0 t200
__I 1.00 2 1 3 - t 5 ( X \
5.021
t.268
t 6.ti3
0-6-5
- 1.87
-rJ.03
rJ.301
0 -700
-31.12
56.53
100.8
0-1200
45.tJ.57 - 30.44
83.u
1
0-1200
25
-0.2925
0.81u8
0.3652 0-3.s00

!*" *

Nitrogen

N2

Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen tetraoxide

Noz

Nitrous oxicle
Oxygen

N2O
o2

fl-Pentane

ClsHrz

N2Ol

Propane

CrHo

Propylene

C:Ho
NazCO.r
Na2ClO3
. l0t I2c)

Sodium carbclnate
Sodium carbonate
decahydrate
Sulfur

28.02
46.01
92.(\2
44.02
32.00
12.15
44.09
42.08
I 0,5.99
286.15

s
C
g
g
g
I
I
g
S
c
c

Sulfuric acid
Sulfur dioxide

H2SO4
SOz

Sulfur trioxide
'lbluene

so:r

u0.07 s

czHr

92.13

Water

H2O

ilJ.016

64.01

S
I
g
I

oc
"c
oc
"c]
'C
"c
"c
oc
o('

"c
'C
"c
"ct

0.6tt80

-2.8't1
1. 8 1

I t.-1

-2.694
0.6076
- tti.9e
- l 3 . ll
't0.t]

* 3 . 10 4
- rJ.54i)
-21.86
o.1604

10.57
I . 3I I
42.26
3t.11
24.60

tJ.606
'32.40
80.33
3.593

0-150t)
0 l2(X)
0-300
0-1200
0- 1.5(X)
0--16
0-12(X)
0-12(X)
0-1200
288-37I
298

10-45
0-l-5u)
0- 1000
0-1l0
0-1200
0-1(x)
0- 1500

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E
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UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Table B.5 and Table B.6: Saturated Steam Tables

Compilations of physical properties of liquid water, saturated steam, and superheated steam
issued in steam tables have been standard references for engineers dealing with steam. The
following properties of saturated liquid water and steam can be determined for each tabulated
T (and for intermediate temperatures by interpolation).
Column 2:

The pressure corresponding to the given temperature on the vapourliquid equilibrium curve, the vapour pressure of water at the given
temperature.

Column 3 and 4:

The specific volume of liquid water and saturated steam at the given
temperature. The inverses are the densities.

Column 5 and 6

The specific internal energy of saturated liquid and saturated steam at the
given temperature relative to a reference state of liquid water at the triple
point.

Column 7 to 9:

The specific enthalpies of saturated liquid (C7) and saturated steam (C9)
and the difference between these quantities, known as the heat of
vaporisation (C8). The reference point for the values is liquid water at
triple point.

Table B.7: Superheated Steam Tables

List V , U and H of water at any temperature and pressure, not just at points on the
vapour-liquid equilibrium curve.
The T below the P in Column 1 is the boiling point.
If the properties fall within the closed region, the water is a liquid; outside it is a
superheated vapour.
If you are at a point in the superheated steam region, you can move all the way to the left
to determine the saturation T at the same P, or the dew point of the superheated steam.

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.q

bIJ I
V I
: \ l
- l

)t.l

.Y-I l

I
I

bD
:t
d

(a
o
o

()
L

o
Alr}

Ll
()l

X
!
d

{ ){

*rno\N\o

8
I F i i l ; E oG
S;
NNNa.iN
iNd]i\Fi

u?lnA\q

a:=rdcorn
n-eqn
QoQrr)o\c..lQ
- ' r r : c . lco \' \i o c ' ) o \ \ o
gHe58
E 3i q3 3 ?
= y5 n *; i '=i ci l ' ii s C
F
.o. f.r. ).E
.,. S
)c. E
-,^
)c
. i.(.eic n( og g
I U fi fr = ! 5 ? 6;
^ i. . i . . i ax : : x s i

\ oo \ d 1 ' r -

=EIiI =I55= iilSR 5:X$S

tt

cO (.l

\O

=+

ca

r^

O\

o.t

\O

O\

.l

-t

t-.

:t

cO

(e

=j_ 69

q 3 f r c R E s s S E S n J + i t f , u F = q i - q i; - ; + { , : o d \ " i
BI EtgKR
. )i_j j-_.j._r:!r=.3R RSFl RX KKFSK
I
c . rq r . , c o o

u)l

ro ll

I
I

.o c. F- F- -;

H:3:I
?==?=

- 5 5 5 5

t s l E5d 3-d-3cE8iE8d d
a6

II

nl
ot
-ol

6l

v l

! - J .

Y-) ca
^ N

tr)

c.:l

oq,aqle\

q,q\qq\c

l ; ;- -Si , ^+. : + 3_ - . : . , ' S R S X S

C.!

t\

i,ra

*
r ^ A

tr-

3::3:

S
SSSE sAa:=
E 8 8 8 3 8 8 o -

r;!ql-E, c
?Ra=P

i;=:=
8333=

-=-===::=::::::=

t-

iAgBER

SSBf

6l\

\O

b ( E
\ o
- o o

]rT5K

A --=j-o\<i

S = i = . i o d r - F - . c ; -, i. i

c ! !
> ' :

sA:rt:4

5.
d 5 E E E E E 8 8
==E==
===nn:J
sEEE-j
E88888

tr-

ES

lc! 1- 3a9 - c
+iH*'R"RQp
===3=

t=9RN

c_ H3d dc d o aaeeo

s.e

33:33

::>

O<

x o.=

cl

3il*

3=3=E
BSEEEb
S5rdssEES:
iEEeE
B*nEF E S
EEEe=
(!.S

. v I

q.

HBDR
a?===
-----

,:-|

=rooo,ni
\d r.i ni r.i rA

oo

b6
\ o

col

l d d cj d I

I
r) |
o'l
r":

reF-o\tco

\>,

c ! l
O I

OJ

al

-l

-6
(d

(gl
,ul

EII

rnooo.lrao\

r-ott--i

$ 8 n G p s s E* * g
85 K
S $ 3 A cH * rd *sc .s. t s
di
*+*dd

Bl ?*:Ks

r-

o\c.i\oooc'\ct

C-qognn

Acjq

e l

F-l

"

*odU

- - - - -

oc'r.t-- 3s:s=

- - = ;

= :

= :

3 E - ci c; d ci ci d i

= :

. d A

*FX

R S rx K R K 3 g 3 3 n

?qls5s

3fifr3n

3s

F C . l -l
9

.o

l'able 8.6 Propertiesof SaturatcclSteam:pressurelhble,

X
FN

u(kJ/kg)

V(m3/kg)

P(bar)
0.00611
0.(x)8

7'("C)
0 . 0r
-1.8

0.0I0
0.0l2
0.0l4
0.016
0.0lti

1.0
9.1
12.0
1.1.0
15.9

0.020
0.022
tJ.024
0.026
0.02ti

r7.5
19.0
20.4
21.1
23.0

0.030
0.03.5
0.040
0.045
0.050

24.1
26.7
29.0
3f . i )
32.9

0.060
0.070
0.0ri0
0.090
0.10

36.2
39.0
41.-5
43.ti
4.s.8

0.11
0.12
0 .l 3
0.14

41.1
49.4
51.1
52.6

Water

0.00l0(x)
0.00100()
0.(x)
I (xx)
0.001(u)
0.(x)
1000
0.(x)
I00I
0.001001
0.001001
,0.001002
0.001002
0.001(x)2
0.(n1002
0.001(n3
0.001003
0.001004
0.00100-5
0.(x)
100.5
0.001(x)6
0.(x)1007
0.(x)1(x)8
0.001(x)9
0.(x)1010
0.(x)t0
il
0.00I 0l 2
0.(x)1013
0.00t 0l 3

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.l8
0 .r 9

-54.0
55.3
56.6
57.8
59.0

0.001014
0.0010l -5
0 . 0 0 1 05r
0 . 0 0 1 06r
0.001017

0.2t)
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.2ti

60.1
64.1
65.9
61.5

0.(n1017
0 . 0 0 1 L0 8
0.001019
0.001020
0.001021

0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50

6 9 .l
12.1
15.9
18.1
81.3

0.-5.5
0.6t)
0.65
0.70
0.15

83.1
86.0
tJtJ.0
90.0
91.8

0.iiO
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.01325
(1 atm)

oz.z

93.5
95.2
96.7
98.2
99.6
100.0

r?(kJ/ks)

Steam

Water

Steanr

Water

Evaporation

Stearn

206.2
l5().1
129.2

7.ero

l5.ri

2315.6
2380.1

+0.t)
l5.u

2s01.6
2492.6

2501.6
2,50U.5

82.rJ
14.0

29.3
40.6
-50.3
s8.9
66.5

2385.2
23ri8.9
231)2.0
2394.8
2391.4

29.3
40.6
50.3
-5u.9
66.-5

248s.0
2418.1
2413.2
2168.4
2464.1

2514.4
2s19.3
2523.s
2527.3
2530.6

61.0
6t.2
-56.4
52.3
48.7

13.5
19.8
1J5.7
91.1
96.2

2399.6
2401.1
2403.6
2105.4
2401.1

13.5
79.8
85.1
91.1
96.2

2460.2
2156.6
2453.3
2150.2
2441.3

2533.6
2536.(
?539.0
z\+t.t
2543.6

45.1
39.-5
34.u
3r . l
28.2

101.0
l t l.tJ
12t.4
130.0
137.8

2408.6
2412.2
2415.3
2118.1
2420.6

101.0
IIl.u
t21.4
130.0
137.8

2444.6
2438.5
2433.1
2428.2
2423.8

2545.6
2550.1
2554.5
2s58.2
2561.6

23.74
20.53
Iu.l0
16,20
14.61

15t.5
163.4
173.9
l91.fJ

2425.1
2428.1)
2432.3
2435.3
2438.0

151.5
t63.4
1'73.9
Iu3.3
i9l .tJ

2416.0
2409.2
2103.2
239't.9
2392.9

2567.5
2512.6
2517.1
2.58t.1
2584.u

199.1
206.9
213.1
220.0

2440.5
2442.8
2445.0
2441.0

l()(.).7
206.9
213.1
220.0

23lJti.4
2384.3
2380.4
2376.1

2 5 8 8r.
2591.2
2594.0
2596.7

lOfJ.7
L)3.r)

13.42
12.36
|.41
I0.69

I0.02
9.13
u.9I
8.45
8.03

1u3.3

226.0
23r.6
236.9
242.0
246.8

2448.9
2450.6
2452.3
2453.9
2455.4

226.0
231.6
236.9
242.0
216.8

1.65
7.00
6.4-5
5.grJ
5.5t1

251.5
260.1
268.2
215.6
282.1

2456.9
2459.6
2462.1
2464.4
2466.5

25r.5
260.1
268.2
215.1
282.1

2358.1
2353.3
2348.6
2310.0

2609.9
26t3.5
2616.8
2619.9
2622.1

0.00t022
0.00102.5
0.001027
0 . ( x l)0 2 u
0.(n1030

5.2-\
4.53
3.99
3.58
3.24

289.3
304.3
311.6
329.6
340.-5

2468.6
2413.1
2411.1
2480.7
2484.0

289.3
304.3
311.1
329.6
340.6

2336.1
2321.2
23t9.2
23t2.0
2305.1

2625.4
263r.5
2636.9
2641.1
2646.0

0.001032
0.(n1033
0.001035
0.001036
0.001037

2.96
2.53
2.36
2.22

350.6
359.9
36U..5
316.1
384.4

2486.9
2489.7
2492.2
2494.5
2496.1

350.6
359.9
36ri.6
316.8
3rJ4.5

2299.3
2293.6
2288.3
2283.3
2218.6

2649.9
2653.6
2656.9
2660.1
2663.t|

0.001039
0.001040
0.0010,11
0.001042
0.00r 043
0.001044

2.081
r.972
l.rJ69
r.171
1.694
t.613

391.6
398.5
40-5.1
4It.4
4r1.4
419.0

2498.8
2500.8
2502.6
2504.4
2506.1
2506.5

39r.7
39ti.6
405.2
4 t 1.-5
477.5
419.1

2274.1
2269.8
2265.6
2261.7
2251.9
2256.9

2665.8
2668.4
2610.9
2673.2
2675.4
2676.0

L.

I.)

zJ | ).-1-

2370.0
2366.9
2363.9
zJol.l

L)4+.L

2599.2
2601.6
2603.fJ
2605.r)
2607.9

'Frorn R. W. Haywood, ThentutdynarnicThbles SI (Metrit')

in
Uriirr;Cambridge University Press,London, 196u.y = spccilicvolume, 0 : specific
intcrrralenergy,and f? : spccilicenthalpy.Note; kJlkgx 0 4303 : Btu/Ib,,,.
(continued)

!
o
Fl

n
oo
@

(D

Table 8.6 ((lontinued)

t(m3/ks)
P(bar)

t.1

7'('C)

Water

102.3
l04.tt
107.1
109.3

(.).001046

Stearn

U(kJ/kg)
Water

Steam

Water

Steam

2250.8
2244.1
2237.8
223t.9
2226.2
2220.9
22t5.1
2210.8
2206.1
220t.6
2193.0
2t84.9
2n1.3
2110.1
2163.2
2t56.1
2150.4
2t44.4
2138.6
2133.0
2121.5
2122.3
2tr1.2
2112.2
2t01.4
209s.9
208.5.0
2011.1
2064.9

2619.6
2683.4
2681.0
2690.3

2741.5
2151.1
2155.5
2758.9
2162.0

709.3
720.9
132.0
142.6
152.t1
162.6

2055.5
2046.5
2031.9
2029.5
202r.4
2013.6

2164.8
2161.5
2769.9
2112.1
)'7'74)
2116.2

2583.3
2584.5
25tt5.rJ
2s86.9
25llri.0
25U9.0

172.0
78t.1
189.9
798.4
tt06.7
8t4.1

2005.9
1998.5
1991.3
1984.3
191't.4
1910.1

2118.0
2119.7
218t.3
2782.1
2184.1
2185.4

828.5
842.9
856.1
869.9
882.5
894.6

2590.8
2592.4
2593.8
2595.r
2596.3
2591.3

830.1
844.7
858.6
871.u
884.6
896.8

1951.1
1945.2
1933.2
1921.5
1910.3
1899.3

2181.8
2189.9
2191.7
2193.4
2194.8
2196.1

0.099.5
0.0949
0.0907
0.Ori6rl
0.0832

906.2
977.5
928.3
938.9
949.1

2598.2
2598.9
2599.6
2600.2
2600.1

9Oti.6
920.0
931.t)
94r.6
95L9

188rJ.6
t878.2
I868.1
1tJ-58.2
1848.5

2197.2
2198.2
2799.1
2199.8
2ri00.4

0.0799
0.0769
0.0140
0.0114
0.0689

959.0
968.6
978.0
9 8 7 r.
996.0

260t.2
2601.5
2601.8
2602.1
2602.3

962.0
911.1
981.2
990.5
999.5

1839.0
1829.6
1820.5
ttil 1.5
1802.6

2800.9
2801.4
280r.1
2802.{)
28tJ2.2

0.0666
tJ.0624
0.05tJ7
0.0-554
0.0521

t004.1
1 0 2t . 5
t031.6
1053.1
1068.{)

2602.4
2602.5
2602.5
2602.2
2601.9

1008.4
t025.4
1041.8
1057.6
1012.7

n93.9
1116.9
7160.3
1744.2
1128.4

2802.3
2802.3
2802.1
2801.1
2 8 01. 1

0.001048
0.(n1049
(.).00105l

428.7
439.2
449.1
458.3

2509.2
2512.1
2511.1
25t1.2

42tJ.8
139.4
449.2
458.4

llt.4
113.3
115.2
I t6.9
I I rJ.6

0.()(n053
0.0010-55
0.001()56
0.00105u
0.001059

I.159
I.09I
1.031
0.91'7
0.92e

461.0
415.2
4tJ3.0
490.5
491.6

25t9.5
2521.1
2523.1
2525.6
2527.5

461.)
115.4
483.2
49tJ.1
497.8

120.2
123.3
126.1
t28.1
131.2

0 . 0 0 1 0r6
0.(n1064
0.001066
0.00l069
0.001071

0.88-5
u.ril0
0.7.16
0.693
0.646

504.5
5t1.4
529.4
540.6
-5.51
.I

2529.2
2532.4
2535.4
2.53rJ.1
2540.6

504.1
517.6
529.6
.540.9
5 5 1. 4

133.5
135.8
131.9
139.9
r41.8

0.001074
0.()()l076
0.()()107ri
0.001080
0.001082

0.606
0.570
0.538
0.-510
0.4u.5

561.1
570.6
519.6
-588.1
596.4

2543.0
2545.2
2547.2
2549.2
2.551.0

-561.4
5'ttJ.9
57().9
588.5
.596.8

0.001081
0.()()1086
0.00l0ntt
0.001(xl9
0.001091

0.462
0.442
0.423
0.405
0.389

604.2
6l 1.8
619.I
626.2
633.0

2552.1

4.4
4.6
,1.lJ

t43.6
t45.4
141.1
148.1
1-50.3

2551.4
25.58.8

604.7
6t2.3
619.6
626.1
633.-5

-5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
1.0

151.8
15-5..5
1-58.u
162.0
16.5.0

0.001093
0.001097
0 . 0 0 1l 0 l
0.001105
0.00110u

0.375
0.342
0.315
0.292
0.213

639.6
655.2
669.8
683.4
696.3

2560.2
2563.3
2566.2
2s68.1
251t.l

640.I
6-55.u
670.4
684.1
691.1

1.5
8.0
t3.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

167.u
110.4
172.9
n5.4
171.1
119.1)

0.001112
0.00115
0.001118
0 . 0 0 11 2 1
0.00t124
0.001127

0.2-5-54
0.2403
0.2268
0 . 2t 4 t i
0.2040
0.1943

708.5
120.0
131.1
741.6
7.51
.ti
761.5

2513.3
2515.5
2511.1
2578.8
2580.4
2581.9

10.-s
11.0
11.5
12.0
t2.5
13.0

182.0
184.1
186.0
188.0
Iu9.tJ
t9 1 . 6

0.(n1130
0.001133
0.001 36
0.001139
0.001141
(.).00
L144

0.1u5-5
fJ.1774
0.17(X)
0.1632
0 . 15 6 9
0 .l 5 l I

770.8
779.9
788.6
191.1
80-5.3
r i1 3 . 2

t4
1-5
t6

195.0

0.001149
0.001154
0.001159
0 . 0 0 1r 6 3
0.001168
0.007112

0.t401
0.1317
0.1237
0 . 11 6 6
0.1103
0.to1l

0.00t777
0.001llJl
0.0011tJ-5
0.001189
0.001193
(.).001197

1.J

t.4
1.-5
t.6
t.1
1.8
1.9
2.0
'2.2
2.4
z.o
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.1
3.6
3.8
4.0
A1

l'7

18
19
20
2I
22
z-)
1,1

25
26
21
28
29
30
JL
-14

36
38

r9u.3
201.4
204.3
201.1
209.u
a t a
L]L.+

2r1.9
211.2
219.6
22t.8
223.9
226.0
228.1
230.0
232.0
233.8
231.4
240.9
244.2
241.3

0.(n1201
0.00120.5
0.00r209
0.001213
0.001216
0.001224
0.001231
(.).00123ri
0.001245

f-rl

Evaporation

1.,519
t.428
t.325
1.216

1a
t -L

t(kJ/kg)

t<<,t

'2555.9

2693.4
2696.2
2699.1)
270t.5
2104.0
2706.3
2110.6
2 7t 4 . 5
2118.2
212t.5
2124.7
2121.6
2730.3
2132.9
'2135.3
2131.6
2739.8
2141.9
2143.9
2145.1

(continued )

+
o

H
!

FJ
(D
a

'o
-o

'lablc

I|.6 (Continued)
X

v1rn3ttg;
P(bar)

7'("C)

40

250.3
253.2
256.0
2-5u.fJ
261.1

0.001252
0.001259
0.001266
o.o0t212
0.001279

263.r)
266.4
26U.ri
211.\

i )

44
46
4ti
-50
52
<.1

-56

.su
60
62
64
66

6u
70
l2
1^

16
78

u()
82
84
rJ6
ti8
90
92
94

L)6

Water

Steanr

Frl

ulttttg;

r{1t:ltg;

Water

Steanr

Watcr

Evaporation

Stearn

0,0491
0.0473
0.0451
0.0.130
0.0412

1082.4
I096.3
I 109.u
1.122.9
113.5.6

260r.3
2600.1
2599.9
259().1
259ti.l

1081.4
I 10 1 . 6
I I l-5.4
I lzti.u
l l4l.tJ

t]12.9
1697.8
1682.9
1668.3
l6-53.9

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UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 1/10
Natural and Derived Force Unit
System

Natural Force Unit

Derived Force Unit

SI

kgm/s2

Newton (N)
1 N = 1 kgm/s2

CGS

gcm/s2

dyne
1 dyne = 1 gcm/s2

American
Engineering

lbmft/s2

pound-force (lbf)
1 lbf = 32.174 lbmft/s2

Weight, W = mg
where g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2 (at sea level and 45 latitude)

Specific gravity, SG =

Density, =

ref

The reference most commonly used for solids and liquids is

water at 4C.
H2O(l)(4C) = 1.000 g/cm3 = 1000. kg/m3 = 62.43 lbm/ft3

mass
m
=
volume V

Mass fraction, x i =

mass of component i
total mass

Average molecular weight,

xi
1
x
x
= 1 + 2 + ... =
M M1 M 2
Mi
Mass concentration =

mass of component
volume of mixture

1 V
Specific volume, V = =
m
Mole fraction, yi =

Average molecular weight,

M = y1 M 1 + y 2 M 2 + ... =

Molar concentration =
Molarity (M) =

Hydrostatic pressure, P = Po + hg
Absolute pressure, Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric

moles of component i
total moles

yi M i

moles of component
volume of mixture

moles of solute in g - mol

volume of solution in litre

Hydrostatic head, Ph : P = Ph fluid g

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 2/10
Temperature conversion, T (K) = T (C) + 273.15
T (F) = 1.8T (C) + 32
T (R) = T (F) + 459.67
T (R) = 1.8T (K)

Temperature interval conversion,

1.8F 1.8R 1F 1C
,
,
,
1C
1K
1R 1 K

General balance equation: Input + generation - output - consumption = accumulation

Degree-of-freedom, ndf = (number of unknowns) (number of independent equations)

The stoichiometric equation of a chemical reaction states the relative number of moles of
reactants and products that participate in the reaction.
The numbers that precede each species in a stoichiometric equation are the stoichiometric
coefficients of the components, vi. It is negative for reactants and positive for products.
The stoichiometric ratio of two molecular species in a reaction is the ratio of their
stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced reaction equation.
Two reactants, A and B, are said to be present in stoichiometric proportion if
moles A present
= stoichiometric ratio
moles B present
Limiting reactant is the reactant that would run out if a reaction proceeded to completion.
Excess reactant is the reactant present in excess (more than its stoichiometric proportion).
Fractional excess of A =

( n A ) feed ( n A ) stoich

Fractional conversion, f =

( n A ) stoich
moles reacted
moles fed

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 3/10
Extent of reaction, , is an extensive quantity describing the progress of a chemical reaction.

ni = ni 0 + v i

(batch process)

ni = ni 0 + v i

(continuous process)

vij j

ni = ni 0 +

(multiple reactions)

where ni = moles of species i at certain time

ni0 = moles of species i in the beginning
vi = stoichiometric coefficient of species i

= extent of reaction (same unit as n)

Yield =

moles of desired product formed

moles that would have been formed if there were no side
reactions and the limiting reactant had reacted completely

Yield =

moles of desired product formed

moles of reactants feed

Yield =

moles of desired product formed

moles of reactants consumed

moles of desired product formed

Selectivity = moles of undesired product formed
Overall conversion, f OA =

reactant input to process - reactant output from process
= fresh _A feed
reactant input to process
nA

reactant input to reactor - reactant output from reactor

reactant input to reactor


= reactorA_ feed = fresh _ feed A recycle
nA
nA
+ nA

Single-pass conversion, f SP =

Theoretical oxygen is the quantities of O2 needed for complete combustion of all fuel,
assuming that all C in the fuel is oxidised to CO2 and all the H2 is oxidised to H2O.
Theoretical air is the quantity of air that contains the theoretical oxygen.
Excess air is the amount by which the air fed to the reactor exceeds the theoretical air.
Percent excess air =

( moles air ) fed ( moles air ) theoretical

( moles air ) theoretical

100%

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 4/10
Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Molecular Species Balances
If molecular species balances are used to determine unknown stream variables for a reactive
process, the balances on reactive species must contain generation and/or consumption terms.
+

No. unknown labelled variables

No. independent chemical reactions
No. independent molecular species balances
No. other equations relating unknown variables
No. degree of freedom

Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Atomic Species Balances

All balances on atomic species (C, H, O etc.) take the form input = output, since atomic
species can neither be generated nor consumed in chemical reactions.

No. unknown labelled variables

No. independent atomic species balances
No. molecular balances on independent nonreactive species
No. other equations relating unknown variables
.
No. degree of freedom

Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Extent of Reaction

Another way to determine unknown molar flow rates for a reactive process is to write
expressions for each product species flow rate in terms of extents of reaction, .
+

No. unknown labelled variables

No. independent reactions (1 for each)
No. independent reactive species (1 equation for each species in )
No. independent nonreactive species (1 equation for each)
No. other equations relating unknown variables
.
No. degree of freedom

Standard Conditions for Gasses

System

Ts

Ps

Vs

ns
3

SI

273 K

1 atm

0.022415 m

1 gmol

CGS

273 K

1 atm

22.415 L

1 gmol

American
Engineering

492R

1 atm

359.05 ft3

1 lbmol

m 3 (STP)
L(STP)
ft 3 (STP)
= 22.4
= 359
Standard specific molar volume, Vs = 22.4
kmol
mol
lbmol

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 5/10
Ideal gas equation of state: PV = nRT

or

PV = nRT

where P = absolute pressure

T = absolute temperature
Ideal gas mixtures: partial pressure, pA:

pure component volume, vA:

pA nA
=
= yA
P
n

pA = yAP

vA nA
=
= yA
V
n

v A = y AV

Gibbs phase rule: Degree-of-freedom = 2 + c

where c

= number of chemical species

= number of phases at equilibrium

Raoults Law: partial pressure = vapour pressure
pi = yi P = pi* (T )

Relative saturation (relative humidity), sr or hr =

pi
100%
pi*

Molal saturation (molal humidity), sm or hm =

pi
moles of vapour
=
P pi moles of vapour - free (dry) gas

Absolute saturation (abs humidity), sa or ha =

pi M i
mass of vapour
=
(P pi )M dry mass of vapour - free (dry) gas

Percentage saturation (percentage humidity), s p or h p =

where pi

sm
p ( P pi )
100% = *i
100%
*
sm
pi P pi*

= partial pressure

pi*

= vapour pressure

Mi

= molecular weight of vapour

Mdry = average molecular weight of vapour-free (dry) gas

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 6/10
Gas-Liquid System for Single Component
A gas in equilibrium with a liquid must be saturated with the volatile components of
that liquid.
The partial pressure of a vapour at equilibrium in a gas mixture containing a single
condensable component cannot exceed the vapour pressure of the pure component at
the system temperature.
A vapour present in a gas less than its saturation amount [ p i = y i P < p i* (T )] is referred
to as a superheated vapour.
If a gas containing single superheated vapour is cooled at constant pressure, the
temperature at which the vapour becomes saturated is referred to as dew point of the
gas. [ p i = y i P = p i* (T )]
The difference between the temperature and the dew point of a gas is called the
degrees of superheat of the gas.

Kinetic energy, Ek =

1
mu 2
2

Gravitational potential energy, E p = mgz

Energy balance on open system: H + E k + E p = Q Ws

Mechanical energy balance:

where H

u 2
Q
W
+ gz + U
= s
2
m
m

= enthalpy

Ws = shaft work

m = mass flow rate

= liquid density

= gravity acceleration

Q
U
= friction loss
m

u 2
W
+ g z + F = s
2
m

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 7/10

Energy balance on closed system:

where U

(U f U i ) + ( Ekf Eki ) + ( E pf E pi ) = Q W

U + Ek + E p = Q W

= internal energy

Ek = kinetic energy
Ep = gravitational potential energy
Q

= heat transferred to the system

= work done by the system

Changes in pressure at constant temperature (solids and liquids):

U 0

and

H = U + PV VP

Changes in pressure at constant temperature (ideal gases):

U 0

and

H 0

U
U
=
T 0 T
T

Heat capacity at constant volume, Cv (T ) = lim

U =

T2
T1

Cv (T ) dT

H
H
=
T 0 T
T

Heat capacity at constant pressure, C p (T ) = lim

H =

T2
T1

C p (T ) dT

For liquids and solids: C p Cv

For ideal gasses: C p = Cv + R
Phase change (solids and liquids): U m H m
Vaporisation:

U v H v RT

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 8/10
Enthalpy change of a reaction, H =

H r (T0 , P0 )
n A ,r
vA

H = H r (T0 , P0 )
where H r (T0 , P0 ) = heat of reaction at temperature T0 and pressure P0
vA

= stoichiometric coefficient of component A

nA,r

= moles of A consumed or generated

Internal energy of reaction for a closed system,

U r (T ) = H r (T ) RT

vi
gaseous
products

vi
gaseous
reactants

Assumptions: ideal gas, specific volume of liquid and solid are negligible.
Heat of Reaction: Hesss Law
If the stoichiometric equations for Reaction 1 can be obtained by algebraic operations on
stoichiometric equations for reactions 2, 3 then the heat of Reaction 1 can be obtained by
performing the same operations on the heats of reaction 2, 3
Heat of Formation
A formation reaction of a compound is the reaction in which the compound is formed from its
elemental constituents as they normally occur in nature (e.g. O2 rather than O). The enthalpy
change associated with the formation of 1 mole of the compound at a reference T and P
(usually 25C, 1 atm) is the standard heat of formation of the compound, H foi .
Heat of Combustion
The standard heat of combustion of a substance is the heat of the combustion of that substance
with oxygen to yield specified products with both reactants and products at 25C and 1 atm.
The given values for standard heats of combustion in Table B.1 are based on the following
assumptions: (a) all carbon in the fuel forms CO2(g), (b) all hydrogen forms H2O(l), (c) all
sulfur forms SO2(g), and (d) all nitrogen forms N2(g).

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 9/10
Standard heat of reaction (based on heat of formation),

H ro =

vi H foi
i

vi H foi

products

vi H foi
reactants

where H foi = standard heat of formation of species i

vi

= stoichiometric coefficient of species i

Standard heat of reaction (based on heat of combustion),

H ro =

vi H coi
i

vi H coi
reactants

vi H coi
products

where H coi = standard heat of combustion of species i

vi

= stoichiometric coefficient of species i

If any of the reactants or products are combustion products [CO2, H2O(l), SO2,], their H coi
terms in above equation should be set to zero.
Heat of Reaction Method: preferable when there is a single reaction for which the standard
heat of reaction is known.
Process Path:

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix C Formula Sheet 10/10
Heat of Formation Method: preferable when there is a single/multiple reactions for which the
standard heat of reaction is not readily available.
Process Path: