Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.
Tubes
2. Baffles
3. Tie rods
4. Tubesheets
Tubes
There are basically two types-finned tubes and bare
tubes. Finned tubes have external fins mounted by various mechanical means. The necessity of having external
fins mounted on tubes is to provide more heat transfer
area and thus more heat influx to the tube fluid. Finned
tubes are most common where there is a gasJiquid or
gas-gas transfer of heat with the gas always being external to the tubes. Typical applications of finned tubes are
waste heat recovery exchangers, waste heat boilers, gas
turbine regenerators, and air-cooled exchangers. Examples of some finned tube designs are shown later.
Plain or bare tubes are the most common in shell and
tube design. These tubes come in two basic types-solid
wall construction and duplex construction. The duplex
design consists ofa tube within a tube in which the outer
tube is mechanically drawn over the inner tube. The
solid wall tube is what the name implies, a simple tube of
solid wall construction. Tubing is available in almost as
many materials as piping and is available in standard
gauge sizes listed in Table 7-3, along with diamerers and
section properties.
In applying the U-tube exchanger design, tubes must
be bent 180'. Thble 7-4 lists the recommended minimum
bend radii.
Baffles
Baffles serve several functions and consequently the
design of each is dependent on its purpose. Baffles can
act as:
2.
3.
Exchangers
1o7
they would be without the baffle supports. The consequences of strengthened tubes affect the integrity of tube
joint connections in the tubesheets and this will be discussed shortly. We see from this discussion that the baffle plates act as both structural supports and as buckiing
stabilizers.
108
Table 7-3
Characteristics of Tubing
Sq.
tt.
Sq. Ft.
o.D.
Y.
tt
B.W.C.
Gage
22
24
2?
yt
t8
%
%
Yl
20
22
?4
l8
20
v,
22
%
%
t2
%
vs
%
l3
l4
l5
Sq.Inch
.028
.018
.016
.0360
.0313
.049
.035
.028
.0603
.0731
.0799
.0962
.09E2
.0982
.0725
.0798
.0835
.022
.0850
_0982
.0E57
.065
.1075
.1269
.1309
.035
.028
.t452
.1309
.1309
.1546
.1309
.109
.095
.1301
.14E6
.1655
.1817
.1924
.2035
-049
.0E3
17
.05E
20
t/.
l0
.134
.1E25
.t20
.2043
.109
.063
.2223
.2463
.2679
.0t2
.2884
.055
.056
.049
.035
.3019
.3157
.165
.134
\2
%
%
1A
l3
l4
l5
t7
l8
20
.0508
_0539
.0560
.022
l6
II
lengrtl
.0655
.0655
.0655
.0555
.072
.065
l8
l9
LenAtlr
.0295
.0333
.049
.042
.035
',|
WGisht
len8th
Tube
.095
.218t
-2298
.2419
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.0570
[21
Steel
Tubo
t.D.
Ssctlon
.194
.054
.045
.26
.00012
.00011
.2t4
.040
.218
.00009
.00008
,lil
.277
.00083
.00071
.0810
.0E?4
52
t.2t4
l.16E
LI46
.0195
.0159
.0t31
1.354
.0502
1.233
.0374
.0305
.00064
.0829
56
56
_l164
94
.1556
.1606
_305
.319
.00045
.083
.331
.00036
.0969
.302
.0022
.00E5
.1052
.236
.0018
.l t26
.l162
.@72
.171
.370
.402
.430
.00t4
_0056
.0012
.0046
.1066
.1139
.602
.537
.019i
.t202
.479
.425
.388
.0061
.0057
.0053
.0049
.0045
.l4I
.350
.303
.407
.435
.459
.461
.495
.509
.0042
.0037
.0033
.t636
_1453
.262
.221
_555
.0028
.1963
.1963
.1953
.1262
.1335
.884
.809
.482
.0129
.510
.0122
.1393
.1466
.1529
.748
.532
.560
.t587
.520
.1623
_1660
.4t6
.0116
.0107
.0098
.0089
.0083
.367
.t963
46
.104
.1380
.1963
.1963
.1963
.9792
.t27
.1636
.1636
.1963
.00098
,0036
.0029
.0025
.0020
.14t6
.3339
.1953
.3632
.1963
.\107
.1780
.3525
.4?AE
.4536
.4803
.2618
.1754
_2618
.2618
,2618
.51t3
.5463
.666
.592
.428
.269
.521
.541
.5E4
.606
.620
.634
.652
.680
.0076
.0163
.0170
.0155
.0145
.0131
.0118
.0105
.0091
.12t3
lt4
.\227
125
.\248
134
.1649
.167r
.1864
.1903
.1938
.1971
.I993
198
227
241
232
258
283
300
.2016
3V
.2043
340
.2068
.2089
358
377
.0344
.0326
.0309
.0285
.2229
285
319
347
.0262
-23/6
.24t0
.0238
.0221
.2267
.2299
.2340
.2433
-2455
384
416
450
471
.649
.6390
.26t8
.2361
20
.035
.6793
.2618
.2435
.496
.360
tt/t
t%
t%
.6221
.3272
.2330
.32t2
_2409
.890
.920
_\425
.6648
2.057
1.921
.0E90
l0
.180
.165
.134
_0847
.1355
.t20
.7574
_25t
I.59E
.982
1.010
.0741
.u86
.8012
.8365
.0666
1.a32
.4612
1.094
.3272
.3272
.3212
_3?t2
.3272
.3272
.3212
.327?
.3089
.456
Ll80
.0579
.0521
.0426
,0334
.0247
.1100
.1027
.0926
.0833
.06E2
.0534
.0395
Ll92
_3927
1.232
.3927
.3927
.3921
.3225
.3356
1.955
1.291
1.398
l.6lE
t.2E?
.3492
1258
.996
1.334
l_370
.0755
_1008
.5079
2,410
1_760
.3144
.6660
2.201
t.934
t.182
.2904
_6697
3890
.4739
.2586
.3141
.2904
.2586
.6144
4014
_4801
1.6s9
.2300
.2300
,6784
1t/t
II
lYa
t2
tYl
ty.
l3
l4
t%
t6
t)A
t\
IE
20
.083
.065
,049
.035
t\t
tw
t\t
l0
.134
\2
.i09
tk
l4
l6
lt
z
2
2
t2
l4
.109
.095
.0E3
_8825
_9229
.9852
'\.042
.065
t.471
.120
2.433
2.494
2-513
2.642
.t09
.095
.0E3
.5236
.5236
.5236
.2644
.?t02
1,448
1.329
.2715
Ln3
.2E36
1,033
_823
1.060
1.0E4
1.120
.629
1.t52
.2932
.3587
_4606
.1665
1.810
1.834
.103
l_186
1.155
.089
L125
.065
1.556
1.410
1.339
.260
.238
.220
.196
t.284
_174
l.?3E
.153
.140
.0t7
t.411
t.2t0
.t26
0t24
_z?t8
_049
1.228
1.235
1.199
.5755
.5945
1.263
.079
.813
.125
.430
.364
.332
.305
.?10
.239
.2183
_2241
l8
.l4l
.ll4
1299
1.493
1.366
1.316
.2618
.2618
.2618
.714
.158
1.352
550
.9lE
l5
.t7l
1.43i
.3009
.3098
.2t21
I
I
.0415
.0784
.0700
.0654
.0615
.0559
.0507
.0455
.0419
.0332
.0241
_2518
l3
l4
1.126
1.536
1.103
.760
.782
.610
.634
.856
.870
.902
.930
1.241
L163
Ll50
1.037
-132
-0244
.(]EE6
_0694
.0511
521
567
.0051)
Lt29
.109
.095
.083
.072
.065
l133
.2484
.2532
.0067
.1990
2041
.t20
t2
1.176
1.183
.19t6
l0
.0!t7
{92
.0203
.0178
.0134
.670
I
I
1.289
1.351
L46?
1.2t1
5q. Inch
t.D.
_066
.00068
.00055
.1259
.1296
.1333
o.D.
.0392
.0350
.0321
.0307
.0280
.0253
.0227
.0210
.0166
.1354
.1159
.0931
.3140
.3V4
.3211
.3255
.3291
555
708
749
E04
852
898
.l0E
1.279
t.167
_210
.3314
921
1.149
.191
.3366
997
1.t09
.146
.341{
1060
1.075
_106
.3836
.3880
.3974
.4018
970
1.404
1.359
.565
.4052
1037
ll82
.605
'\.273
1250
1305
1.238
I440
I537
I.153
t.2t
_470
_426
.391
.4097
.1136
.4196
_4250
.4291
I31l
1.0E5
.185
t707
L059
_134
.1806
,1546
_4853
.4933
1860
.t241
.50tE
.575
.476
.370
2299
1.218
1-170
1.121
1.095
3795
1.136
.709
.647
l5?6
2014
2l6l
4t2l
Ll79
.315
.304
.212
t.ll6
.293
l.\22
Ll05
.559
.500
t.090
l.0i
1.09
t3
l.I4
109
Table 7-4
Minimum Tube Bend Radii l4l
Tube Outside Dia. (in.)
t3/te
15/s
131t6
2z/s
*For bends this sharp, the tube wall on the outer circumference of the tube ma\ thin down lt/z to 2 gauge rhicknesses. dependin| on condition and specific
tube materiaL Morc genercus ndii \9ill reduce this thinning. TEMA presents a formula for calculating the minimum wall thickness.
VAPOR IN LET
FLUID
IN
LET
FLUIO OUTLET
CONDENSATE OUTLET
D.C.)
Figure 7-8. Longitudinal baffles direct flow in the axial direction. (Courtesy of Howell Training Company.)
10
Tie Rods
These are structural rods that run oarallel to the exchanger tubes through the outer perimeter of the baffles.
fastened to the tubesheets such that they space and support the baffles. Tie rods, being attached to the baffle
plates, also prevent them from vibrating and damaging
the tubes. Table 7-5 lists what TEMA recommends as a
minimum number of tie rods and rod diameters for a set
of shell diameters.
Tubesheets
These are the structured plates in which the tubes are
connected at each end ofthe exchanger. Tubesheets come
tube-
ble tubesheets are quite common with highly toxic services, where a leak cannot be tolerated.
Single tubesheets are much more common than double
tubesheets because ofprocess applications and economy.
Typical tube-tubesheet connections are shown in Figure
1a
Table 7-5
Nominal
"R" Exchanger
ShellDiameter
8-15
r6-27
28-33
34-48
49-60
"c"
"R"
Exchanger
Tie Rod
Dlameter
& "8"
Exchanger
Tie Rod
irinlmum
Dlameter
of Tie Rods
3/z
3/t
4
3/a
tlz
tlz
tlz
Number
rlz
tlz
o
o
8
10
Exchangers
tubesheet exchangers.
TEMA gives two equations for determining the compressive stress induced on tubesheets for all three types of
exchangers-Classes R, C, and B:
: ::
when Cc < ktlr
z\Ku r
_ | ,,-,,-,1
o. = : ll - llllJ I when C" > k#r
t I
lLc I
o,
Soltb
{iidor,
where
rl Bollh Cll
or lor 0.oininq olrer lfoshout.sir. ro Suil
Flor.Ihis b l'lol Becohriended tor
Should be Rrhoved
coidensed liquid
oy
Tubes)
rh.n
rhr
C"
:
:
tr :
ki =
:
Mun be Horironlor,
Ihe. Sdionlind0ding
(7
is High.
tloriron16l Condenseri.
(7-2)
[rf,:i"
minimum yield stress oftube material ofdesign
remperalure
radius of gyration of tube
0.25[d3 + (d" - 2t,)2]0 50, in.
tube wall thickness, in.
equivalent effective unsupported length of the
tube. in.
unsupported tube span, in.
Flush lo
Tube Shee
Clod
Tobe Sheet
Ferrule,some
l/l6"to l/4'
nne
0s tnner
Tube Woll
8= l5'Avirose
Beoded or Belled
Flored
We ld ed
Dupler Tube
Beoded or Eelled
This Tube Moy olso be Inslolled
Ploin End (No Ferrule)or Flqred
With or Withoul Ferrule,
l/8"
5/16' Minimu m
Minimum
ssq+
$\
-r)
Ploin
111
usn"
112
r
{o'
['o
:
4 :
oc :
Et
where f" :
C:
I:
E=
I =
W:
Wt :
Wq :
W6o :
baffles
Wr
Wn
MWr", lbs/ft
Table 7-6
subscripts:
i :
o:
inside
outside
TEMA Formulations
a,:ffi-28
-r
s"=\l
- 21r -
when C.
-. I
(kur)l
2C"l
kf/ror
whenc >kur
/:*
3.36C
where
C"'Vsr
= l/
Table 7-o
Mode Constant-C
Extreme Ends Supported
No.
of
Spans
lst
2
3
Mode
31.73
31.73
3r.73
5
6
7
31.73
31,73
31.73
to
2nd Mode
126.94
[21
,l-r+r
Fr-l-'-l*,.1
|--___l
/T-7\--lzf-R
lst
Mode
2nd Mode
49.59
49.59
37.O2
37.O2
198.34
72.36
59.56
49.59
34.99
34.32
33.67
34.99
34.32
33.67
40.52
38.40
&.52
33.O2
33.02
72.36
40,52
33.02
33.02
33.02
p1d1,
r-fr-fr
lst
Mode
49.59
37.O2
34.32
44.r9
37.O2
34.99
znd
Mode
160.66
63.99
49.59
42.70
39.10
37.O2
32.37
31.73
31.73
35.66
34.99
34.32
33.67
0.25
KT:
.vu +la" -
2tJ1,
where
fnu
:
:
sheets.
113
and a baffle.
1.0 for unsupported spans between two baf-
fles.
Note: The value of S" shall not exceed the Code allowable
tensile stress of the tube material at desisn metal temperature used.
Dt2
'Er.,j
where fnp
f" :
For
F, :
joint types a, b, c, d,
(7-3)
A,o,11f,
F,
e:
f, g, h, i, j,
k:
(7-4)
A,o"11f,f"f,
where
Ft
10.83 t'z
Natural Frequencies of U-Tubes. It must be recognized that each tube is a continuous beam that has a single fundamental frequency. This frequency may be
largely governed by the lowest "stand alone" frequency
of either the longest straight span or the U-bend. It is
suggested that both be calculated and that the lower value
be used, keeping in mind the approximate and somewhat
conservative nature of the result. The straight span frequency may be determined from Thble 7-6 using the appropriate mode constant. The U-bend out-of-plane fre-
f, (teso
in
Table 7-'7
VIII Division
Figre 7-14 shows how the tube joint load varies for
various tube gauges of various process conditions. Naturally, as the tube wall increases, the tube stiffens and,
consequently, the force exerted by the tube on the tubesheet joint increases. The engineer should evaluate the
tube loads with the various process conditions possible
and use the worst for determining the maximum tube
joint force, as shown in Figure 7-14. The TEMA standard gives the formulations to determine the tube ioint
lorces and the user is referred to this standard for these
expressrons.
114
Table 7-7
Reliability Factors, f,
Joint
Type
Notes
Descriptions
Welded only, a> 1.4r
Welded only, tsa<L.4t
(1)(7X8)
(1X2)
(1X3)
(1X6)
(1X7X8)
Brazed, examined
Brazed, not fully examinable
Rolled, welded, a> l.4t
Rolled, two or more grooves,
and welded, a< l.4r
Rolled, single-groove, and
welded, a < 1.4r
Rolled, no grooves, and
and welded, a < 1.4r
Rolled, two or more grooves
Rolled, single groove
Rolled, no grooves
f
c
h
I
[71
l. (tesr)
f, (no test)
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.80
0.55
0.80
0.40
0.80
0.95
o.75
0.85
0.65
0.70
0.90
0.80
0.60
0.50
0.70
0.65
0.50
0.70
1.00
(1X4)(s)
(7)
(l
)(4)(s)
(7)
(l)(4)(5)
(7)
(l)(4xs)
(l)(4x5)
(l)(4)(5)
Notes:
(l) The use of f. Ceso factor requires qualification in accordance with UA-003 and UA-004.
(2) For welds where a is less than t, fi (no test) 0. Tubes with Type (b) joints where a<t may be considered as acting as stays and contributing to the
strength of the tubesheet only when the joint is tested in accordance with UA 003 and UA-o(X.
(3) A value of 1 00 for f, (test) or .80 for f, (no test) can be applied only to joints in which visual examination assures that the brazing filler metal has
penetrated the entire joint [see UB-14(a)] and the depth of penetration is not less than three times the nominal thickness of the tube wall.
(4) When the ralio of OD. to LD., using nominal tube dimensioos, is less than 1.05 or geater than l-410, qualification in accordance with UA403 and
UA-oO1 is required.
(5) The nominal pitch used in the desigo of tubesheets for roller expanded joints shall not be less than the following:
P=
in.
except that:
(a) nominal pitch shalt not be less than 4 + 2t unless the joint is qualified in accordance with UA-003 and UA-004; and
(b) 96% of the ligaments between tube holes throughout the thickrcss of the rnachined tubesheet shall not be less than 0.85
the
sign. One such formulation to predict the critical buckling load is as follows:
P.,
q'' t0.5216r
- , "
,,
I L** l'
\Ns + t/
where L,u6"
NB :
t7-51
column equation is more accurate. For a tube to be considered as a series of short columns constrained by fixed
ends, one must be certain that the baffles constraining
the tubes allow practically no translational or rotational
movement. The stiffness of the baffle plate should be
:
q:
q
rhcpat
(3-24)
UA(LMTD)
(3-26)
t2l
{1t
Some ecceptable weld geometriea where
is not less
(61
lhan
Exchansers t15
l.4t
l7l
(81