SECTION 3 (SI): LOADS AND LOAD FACTORS

3-3

Restrainers-A system of high-strength cables or rods that transfers forces between superstructure elements and/or
superstructure and substructure elements under seismic or other dynamic loads after an initial slack is taken up, while
permitting thermal movements.
Roadway Width-Clear space between barriers andlor curbs.
Setting Temperature-A structure's average temperature, which is used to determine the dimensions ofa structure when a
component is added or set in place.
Shallow Draft Watenmys-A navigable waterway used primarily by barge vessels with loaded drafts ofless than 2700 tc
3000 mm.
Shock Transmission Unit (STU)-A device that provides a temporary rigid link between superstructure elements andlO!
superstructure and substructure elements under seismic, braking or other dynamic loads, while permitting thermal
movements.
Structurally Continuous Barrier-A barrier, or any part thereof, that is interrupted only at deck joints.
Substructure-Structural parts of the bridge that support the horizontal span.
Superstructure-Structural parts of the bridge that provide the horizontal span.
Surcharge-A load used to model the weight of earth fill or other loads applied to the top of the retained material.
Tandem-Two closely spaced axles, usually connected to the same under-carriage, by which the equalization of loae
between the axles is enhanced.
Wall Friction Angle-An angle whose arctangent represents the apparent friction between a wall and a soil mass.
Wheel-Single or dual tire at one end of an axle.
Wheel Line-A transverse or longitudinal grouping of wheels.
3.3 NOTATION
3.3.1 General

A
AEP
AF

DB
0,

B'
B,
BM
Bp
BR

b
bl
C
C,
CD

CH
CL

plan area of ice floe (mm'); seismic acceleration coefficient; depth of temperature gradient (mm) (C3.9.2.3
(3.10.2) (3.12.3)
apparent earth pressure for anchored walls (MPa) (3.4.1)
annual frequency of bridge element collapse (number/yr.) (C3.14.4)
length of uniform deceleration at braking (mm); truncated distance (mm); average bow damage length (mm:
(C3.6.4) (C3.9.5) (C3.l4.9)
bow damage length of standard hopper barge (mm) (3.14.11)
bow damage length of ship (mm) (3.14.9)
equivalent footing width (mm) (3.11.6.3)
width of excavation (mm) (3.11.5.7.2b)
beam (width) for barge, barge tows, and ship vessels (mm) (C3.14.S.I)
width of bridge pier (mm) (3.14.5.3)
vehicular braking force; base rate of vessel aberrancy (3.3 .2) (3.14.5.2.3)
braking force coefficient; width of a discrete vertical wall element (mm) (C3.6.4) (3.11.5.6)
width of applied load or footing (mm) (3.11.6.3)
coefficient to compute centrifugal forces; constant for terrain conditions in relation to wind approach (3.6.3'
(C3.8. 1. I)
coefficient for force due to crushing of ice (3.9.2.2)
drag coefficient (sec 2 N/m4) (3.7.3.1)
hydrodynamic mass coefficient (3.14.7)
lateral drag coefficient (C3.7.3.1)

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