A TEXT BOOK OF

MATHEMATICS
STD. VIII

MATHEMATICS DIGITAL
TEXT BOOK
CLASS VIII

JANCY JOSE
B.Ed Mathematics
Reg. No. 18014350008

CONTENT
Chapter 1
IDENTITIES
Product of sums.1
square of a sum..2
Product of difference.4
sum and difference.5

Chapter 2
MONEY MATH
Interest for interest7
Another method.8
Changing times...9
Quarterly compounding10
Increasing and decreasing..11

CHAPTER-I
IDENTITIES
Product of sums
To get 15x9 from 12x7

15x9 is split as (12+3)x(7+2)

7and 2 are multiplied by 12

7 and 2 are multiplied by 3

All there products are added

Let us see how we can get 14x16 from 13x15

14x16=(13+1)x(15+1)
=(13x15)+(13x1)+(1x15)+(1x1)
To multiply a sum of positive numbers by a sum of
positive numbers, multiply each number in the
second sum by each number in the first sum and
add.

Lets do 26x74 and 103x205 using this

The general principle above translates to this

(x+y)(u+v)=xu+xv+yu+yv, for any four positive
numbers x,y,u,v
Exercise
Exercise:
Look at these
1x4=(2x3)-2
2x5=(3x4)-2
3x6=(4x5)-2
4x7=(5x6)-2
i) Write the next two lines
ii) Write this general principle using algebra and explain it
Square of a sum
What is 512
Lets split 512
512= 51x51

=(50+1)(50+1)

(50+1)(50+1)

= (50x50)+(50x1)+(1x50)+(1x1)
=2500+50+50+1

=2500+50+51
Let us see how to write it in algebra
To get (x+1)2 from x2, we must add x and the next number
x+1 to x2
(x+1)2

= (x+1) (x+1)
= (xxx)+( xx1)+(1xx)+(1x1)
= x2+x+(x+1)

(x+1)2

=x2+2x+1

using this calculate

612 =(60+1)2=602+(2x60)+1
=3600+120+1
=3721
Lets write the general idea
The square of sum of two positive numbers is the
sum of square of the two numbers and twice their
product .

For example:
(10)2 =(10+)2
=102+(2x10x)+()2

=100+10+
=110
(x+y)2=x2+y2+2xy; for any two positive numbers x,y

Now compute the square of following

i)52

ii) 105

iii) 20

How do we write the difference of the square of two

consecutive natural numbers
Ans: (x+1)2-(x2)=x2+2x+1-x2=2x+1
Product of difference
How do calculate 298x195
We can split
298x195=(300-2)x(200-5)
Then we can multiply it as follows
300x200

=60000

300x5

=1500

2x200

=400

2x5

=10

Then 298x195

=60000-1500-400+10
=58500-390

=58110
How about algebra
From
this,
(x-y)(u-v)=xu-xv-yu+yv,
for all positive
2
(x-y)
= (x-y)
(x-y)
numbers x,y,u,v
with
x>y and u>v
=x2-xy-yx+y2
=x2-2xy+y2
(x-y)2=x2+y2-2xy; for all positive numbers x,y with
x>y

Example:
992

=(100-1)2
=1002-2x100x1+12
=10000-200+1
=9801

Compute the square of following

1)49

2) 98

3)7

Sum and difference

203x302

=(200+3)(300+2)
=60000+400+900+6=61306

197x298

=(200-3)(300-2)

=6000-400-900+6=58706
What is about
203x298

=(200+3) (300-2)
=200x300-200x2+3x300-3x2

We can write the algebra as

(x+y) (u-v)

=xu-xv+yu-yv, for all positive

numbers x,y,u,v with u>v

Using this (x+y) (x-y)

= xxx-xxy+yxx-yxy
=x2-xy+yx-y2
=x2-y2

(x+y) (x-y)=x2-y2); for all positive numbers x,y

with x>y

Example:
75x125

=(100-25)x(100+25)
=1002-252
=10000-625
=9375

Compute the following difference

i)(125x75)-(126x74)
ii) (124x76)-(126x74)

CHAPTER-2
MONEY MATH
Suppose 15,000 rupees is deposited for 2 years at 10%
interest what is the interest get after 2 years?
solution:
Interest, I

= PNR
=15,000x(10/100)x2
=Rs.3000
Interest for interest

10% Interest
1 lakh rupee grows to 1.20 lakhs in 24 months

10% Interest
1 lakh rupees grows to 1.21 lakhs in 24 months

There are different way of compounding interest

consider the problem,

Sumesh deposited 10000 rupees in a bank which gives

5% interest computed annually. How much would be
get after 2 years?

First years balance = Rs.10000

First years interest

=10000 x (5/100) =Rs.500

Second years balance = 10000+500

=Rs.10500

Second years interest =10500 x (5/100) =Rs.525

Amount Sumesh gets after two years

=10500+ 525
=Rs.11025

Now try this,

Sandeep deposited 25000 rupees in a bank which

pays 8% interest compounded annually. How much
would be get back after two years?
Another method

If P rupees is invested in a scheme giving r% interest

compounded annually. The amount got after n years is
P (1+ r/100)n
Now look at another problem,

Ancy deposited 15000 rupees in a bank which pays 9%

interest compounded annually. How much would she
get after 2 years?

This can be computed directly,

15000 ( 1 + 9/100 )2 = 15000((100+9)/100)2
=15000x(109/100)2
=15000 x (1.09)2
=15000x1.1881
=17821.5
=Rs.17821.50
Now try this:

Anas deposited 20000 rupees in a bank which pays

6% interest compounded annually. How much would be
get back after 3 years?
Changing times

There are schemes in which interest is added every six months,

instead of every year. It is half yearly compounding.
For example:

Ambili deposited 12000 rupees in a bank which pays

interest compounded half-yearly. The annual rate of

interest is 8%. How much would she get back after one
year?
Solution:
Since interest is compounded half yearly interest has to be
calculated twice a year. Since the interest is 8% each year, then
it is 4% for 6 months.
Interest for the 1st 6 months = 12000 x 4/100
=Rs.480
This is added to 12000,
12000+480=12480
Interest for the next 6 months=12480 x 4/100
=Rs.499.20
Similarly we can calculate the amounts after different periods
of time.
Quarterly compounding
There are also a scheme in which interest is calculated
compounded every three month. Such a method is called
quarterly compounding.
Suppose Ambili made her deposit in a bank which compounds
interest quarterly.
She would get 2% interest every 3 months

So after one year she would get,

12000x(1+(2/100))4 =12000x(102/100)4
=12000x(1.02)4
Increasing and decreasing
The production of some things increases annually at a fixed
rate. Likewise, the price of certain things also increase or
decrease at a fixed annual rate we can use our method of
computing compound interest in such cases, also to calculate
the number of unit produced each year or the price each year
Example:
1) A TV manufacturer decreases the price of a particular
model by 5% each year. The current price of this
model is 8,000 rupees. What would be the price after 2
years?
2) Manu deposited 15,000 rupees in a finance which pays
interest compoundly every 3 months, at 8% annual rate.
How much would be get back after one year?

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