Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
{1978)1-12
Vo1.
Math.
ABSTRACT.
i.
INTRODUCTION.
Second order nonlinear differential equations of the form
y(t) + p(t)y(t) +
where n is an integer
>_ 2,
q(t)yn(t)
[4, 5]).
RINA LING
are obtained.
divided into four parts; the first part deals with the case of p(t) < 0 and
q(t) < 0, the second part with the case of p(t) < 0 and q(t) > O, the third
part with p(t) > 0 and q(t) < 0 and the fourth part with p(t) > 0 and q(t) > O.
Papers in the past, Skldmore [6], Abramovlch [7], Rankln [8], and Grimmer and
Patula [9] have studied behavior of second order linear differential equations.
Nonllnear differential equations have been investigated in Chen [i0] and Chen,
Yeh and Yu
[11],
2.
If (i)
O, t
> 0 or
(2)
y(t) < 0, t
> 0.
and
(3)
PROOF.
+ (p(t) +
q(t)yn-l)y
(2.1)
O.
+ p(t)z
(2.2)
0.
Since n
i is
(0,=), if y
-p(t)y- q(t)y n
THEOREM 2.2.
is even, then
PROOF.
If (I)
(2)
and
(3)
and
(3)
+ p(t)y + q(t)yn
+ p(t)y,
<
therefore
0 <
and by Bellman and Kalaba
+ p(t)y
If (I)
PROOF.
METHOD i.
(2)
comes
since n is even,
+ p(t)z
METHOD 2.
q(t)z n
+ p(t)y
< y
+ p(t)y + q(t)y
therefore
+ p(t)y
and by Bellman and Kalaba
< 0
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4
4.
THEOREM 4.1.
(3)
(2)
If (i)
that
b
p(t)dt >
a
PROOF.
+ (p(t) +
q(t)yn-l)y
0.
+ p(t)z
0.
[12], z(t)
[a, b]
is that
p(t)dt >
THEOREM 4.2.
(3)
n is odd,
If (i)
(4)
(2)
N <
p(t)dt)
(T
0
i.
<
T,
<_ M. But
M <
(T
p(t)dt
0
and the conclusion follows.
If (I)
(2)
q(t) < 0, t
>_
and
(3)
+ p(t)y + q(t)yn
+ p(t)y,
<
therefore,
0 <
and by Bellman and Kalaba
;+
p(t)y
t > 0.
(0)
PROOF.
(4)
If (i)
(0)
> 0, (2)
(3)
q(t) < 0,
(t)
(0)+
p(s)yds +
q(s)yn
ds
0.
(t)
(0) +
p(s)yds +
q(s)yn
ds,
> 0,
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therefore,
(t)
(t)
>
(0)
>
O,
(o)
>
5.
THEOREM 5.1.
odd and
(4)
(i)
If
z(t), for
(3)
+ p(t)
PROOF.
(2)
n is
0, then y(t)
t > 0.
+ (p(t) +
q(t)yn-1)y
O.
E + p(t)z
which has been widely discussed.
and
(n
i) is even,
[12,
14].
THEOREM 5.2.
t > 0,
then
(3)
lY(t2)
PROOF.
If
n is odd and
<
p(t) > 0,
(i)
lY(tl)I.
(4)
(t)
> 0, t
>_ 0,
(2)
q(t) > 0,
tl, t2,
I
(The amplitudes of oscillations do not grow.)
Multiplication of (i.i) by
leads to
+ p(t) + q(t)yn
0.
lY(tl)
<
(t)
<
> 0,
t2,
[Y(t2)
I to t
t
I P(t) I
dt
we get
t2,
q(t)Yn
dt
0.
Since
t
p(t)
t
at
;g (p(t2)y2(t2)
(t)y 2
P(ti)y2(ti)
t
dt)
and
t
q(t)yn
t
(q(t2) yn+ 1 (t 2)
dt
q(t I)
yn+
[ (t) yn+
(t I)
dr),
(5.2) becomes
P(t2)Y2(t2) P(tl)Y2(tl)
t
I
t
<
(t)y2
dt
12 I (t)yn+1
t
+ I
dt
2
n
y2(t2)(P(t2 ) P(tl))
n+l
(t2)(q(t2)
q(tl))
therefore
P(tl)(y2(t2)
y2(tl))
<
2
n
< 0, since
q(tl)
yn+l (t)
2
> 0 and (n
+ i)
is even,
THEOREM 5.3.
and
(3)
If (i)
p(t) > i,
(t)
<
0, t > 0,
(2)
q(t) > 0,
(t)
< 0
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PROOF.
Multiplication of (1.1) by
(s)y2
2
n+l
+ n+ q() yn+l ()
ds
(s)yn+lds
C,
where C is a constant,
therefore
y2(t)(p(t) +
q(t)
yn-
(t))
(s)y 2
ds
0
Since p > i, q > 0, n is odd,
< 0 and
y2(t)
<
<
0, it follows that
C, for all t
and so y is bounded.
THEOREM 5.4.
(t)
<
0, t > 0,
PROOF.
If
(I)
(3)
and
p(t) > 0,
(t)
(2)
> 0, t > 0,
q(t) > 0,
and the
q(t )
yn+
(t)
2
n+l
0
Since q > 0, (n
+ i)
is even and
<_ 0,
p(t)y2(t)
< C
(s)y2
ds
so
(s)y 2
ds =C+
P(s)Y2
(S)p(s)
ds
ds.
[12, p. 24
p(t)y2(t) _<
ICI
exp
I p(s)(s)
ds
p(t)
p(0)
IC
therefore
y2(t)
<
for all
t.
P0
q0"
THEOREM 5.5.
If
(i)
P0
> 0,
(2)
q0
> 0 and
(3)
n is odd, then y is
oscillatory.
PROOF.
The equation is
9 + pOy +
q0 yn
0.
9+ay=0,
where
2
a
I (P0
A sin
e + q0
An
n
sin e) sine de,
0
where A is a constant.
Since
P0
> 0,
q0
--w (P0
0
is positive, so a > 0.
sin2 e + q0 An-
inn+!
e)de
i0
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By Theorem 5.4, y is bounded.
ldt=m
0
and y is bounded imply that y is oscillatory, see Hartman
[12, p. 354].
PROOF.
and
(3)
0, for t > 0.
The equation is
+ p(t)y + q(t)yn
Let y(t)
(2)
If (i)
0.
-z(t), then
-.
(-l)nq(t)
p(t)z +
0.
Since n is even,
q(t)z n
+ p(t)z
and by Theorem 4.3, z < 0.
for
t > 0.
(0)
< 0,
THEORE .7.
and
PROOF.
(4)
Tf
()
(0) ! 0,
(2)
p() > 0,
(3)
(t)- (0)+
0
Since p > 0
>_ 0,
and
p(s)y ds +
q(s)tn
ds
0"
q() > 0,
(t)
(t)
so
<
(0)
<
O,
;(o)
<
11
REFERENCES
i.
Ames, W. F.
2.
3.
4.
Canosa, J. and J. Cole. Asymptotic Behavior of Certain Nonlinear BoundaryValue Problems, J. Math. Phys. 9 (1968) 1915-1921.
5.
Canosa, J.
6.
7.
8.
Rankin, S. M.
9.
Grimmer, R. C. and W. T. Patula. Nonoscillatory Solutions of Forced SecondOrder Linear Equations, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 56 (1976) 452-459.
+ p(x)y
+ p(x)y
f(xi,
J.
i0.
Chen, L. S.
ii.
12.
Hartman, P.
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12
13.
Bellman, R. E. and R. E. Kalaba. uasilinearizatlon and Nonlinear BoundaryValue Problems, American Elsevler Publishing Company, New York, 1965.
14.