OBSERVATION SHEET

Practical Name

: Adjustable Speed Induction Motor Drives

Name
Index No
Group
Conducted On
Instructed By

: W.H.S.K.Rupasinghe
: 110487G
: G-16
: 15/09/2015
: Dr. D.P. Chandima

b)

Measurement of Speed Control Characteristics

Speed-Input
Potentiomete

Vdc (V)

Vs (V)

Is (A)

Ws (W)

fs(Hz)

Nr(rpm)

r Setting

Vs/fs
(V/Hz)

10

0.0

20

0.0

0.00

15

0.1

20

0.83

19.5

0.00

20

20

0.35

40

2.5

70.7

8.00

32

28

0.52

40

4.33

128.1

6.47

40

36

0.62

40

6.17

177.6

5.83

48

40

0.64

40

7.67

228.6

5.22

48

40

0.52

40

10.33

294

3.87

52

42

0.5

40

13.67

382.8

3.07

104

82

0.64

80

26.17

752.06

3.13

164

138

0.8

140

43.17

1258.2

3.20

10

192

155

0.72

140

50.5

1483.9

3.07

c)

Measurement of Speed control Characteristics with Voltage Control

F = 25 Hz

Voltage

Feedback

Potentiometer

Vs (V)

Vdc (V)

Nr(rpm)

Is (A)

Ws (W)

80

100

733.73

0.58

95

120

740.4

0.66

60

110

140

744

0.66

80

130

160

746.8

0.9

80

144

176

748.3

1.4

80

164

196

749.46

1.2

100

176

216

750.6

1.36

100

190

236

751.2

1.6

120

Setting

d)

Observed Motor Input Waveform

CALCULATIONS

Rotor Speed Vs Inverter Frequency

Inverter frequency

Rotor speed

(Hz)

(rpm)

0.0

0.83

19.5

2.5

70.7

4.33

128.1

6.17

177.6

7.67

228.6

10.33

294

13.67

382.8

26.17

752.06

43.17

1258.2

50.5

1483.9

b. Measurement of Speed Control Characteristics

i.

Rotor Speed (Nr) Vs Inverter Frequency (fs)

1600

1400

1200

Rotor speed (rpm)

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0

10

20

30

Inverter frequency (Hz)

40

50

60

Ratio between Inverter Output Voltage and Inverter Frequency Vs Inverter Frequency

Inverter frequency

Vs/fs Ratio

(Hz)

(V/Hz)

0.00

0.83

0.00

2.5

8.00

4.33

6.47

6.17

5.83

7.67

5.22

10.33

3.87

13.67

3.07

26.17

3.13

43.17

3.20

50.5

3.07

Ratio Between Inverter Output Voltage and Inverter Frequency (Vs/fs) Vs Inverter
Frequency (fs)
9

Vs/fs ratio (V/Hz)

ii.

0
0

10

20

30

Inverter frequency (Hz)

40

50

60

Inverter Output Current Vs Inverter Frequency

Inverter frequency

Inverter output current

(Hz)

(A)

0.0

0.83

0.1

2.5

0.35

4.33

0.52

6.17

0.62

7.67

0.64

10.33

0.52

13.67

0.5

26.17

0.64

43.17

0.8

50.5

0.72

iii.

Inverter Output Current (Is) Vs Inverter Frequency (fs)

0.9

0.8

0.7

Inverter output current (A)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0

10

20

30

Inverter frequency (Hz)

40

50

60

Inverter Output Power Vs Inverter Frequency

Inverter frequency

Inverter output power

(Hz)

(W)

20

0.83

20

2.5

40

4.33

40

6.17

40

7.67

40

10.33

40

13.67

40

26.17

80

43.17

140

50.5

140

iv.

Inverter Output Power (Ws) Vs Inverter Frequency (fs)

160

140

120

Inverter output power (W)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0

10

20

30

Inverter frequency (Hz)

40

50

60

Rotor Speed Vs Inverter Output Voltage

Inverter output voltage

Rotor speed

(V)

(rpm)

100

733.73

120

740.4

140

744

160

746.8

176

748.3

196

749.46

216

750.6

236

751.2

c. Measurement of Speed Control Characteristics with Voltage Control

i.

Rotor Speed (Nr) Vs Inverter Output Voltage (Vs)

754

752

750

748

Rotor speed (rpm)

746

744

742

740

738

736

734

732
80

130

180

Inverter output voltage (V)

230

Inverter Output Current Vs Inverter Output Voltage

Inverter output voltage

Inverter output current

(V)

(A)

100

0.58

120

0.66

140

0.66

160

0.9

176

1.4

196

1.2

216

1.36

236

1.6

ii.

Inverter Output Current (Is) Vs Inverter Output Voltage (Vs)

1.8

1.6

Inverter output current (A)

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4
80

100

120

140

160

180

Inverter output voltage (V)

200

220

240

260

Inverter Output Power Vs Inverter Output Voltage

Inverter output voltage

Inverter output power

(V)

(W)

100

120

60

140

80

160

80

176

80

196

100

216

100

236

120

Inverter Output Power (Ws) Vs Inverter Output Voltage (Vs)

120

100

80

Inverter output power (W)

iii.

60

40

20

0
90

110

130

150

170

190

Inverter output voltage (V)

210

230

250

DISCUSSION

1. What is the motive for keeping v/f constant with adjustable speed drives?
In the constant V/f mode, flux is held at its rated value. Given that the flux is at the rated
value, we can achieve rated torque over the full range using the rated current. Therefore this
mode is also called as Constant torque mode.
This can be expressed in mathematically as follows,
( )

It can be seen from above expression that if the supply frequency f is changed, the value of air
gap flux also gets affected. This may result into saturation of stator and rotor cores. Such a
saturation leads to the sharp increase in the (magnetization) no load current of the motor.
Hence it is necessary to maintain air gap flux constant when supply frequency f is changed.
Maximum torque can be achieved throughout the speed range.

Also the torque () developed by the motor is directly proportional to the magnetic field
produced by the stator.

The major motives of using V/f ratio can be classified as follows.

If we decrease the frequency keeping the stator supply voltage constant, the flux in the
core of the motor will increase and the magnetization current of the motor will also
increase. But induction motors are normally designed to operate near the saturation
point on their magnetization curves (near to the knee point or 90% of the knee point), so
the increase in flux due to decrease in frequency will cause excessive magnetization
currents to flow in the motor. We can avoid from this effect if we keep V/f ratio
constant.
The stable operating region of the machine is increased. Instead of running at its rated
speed, the motor can be run typically from 5% of the synchronous speed up to the rated
speed. The torque generated by the motor can be kept constant throughout this region.
User can set the speed as per the load requirement, thereby achieving the higher
efficiency.

2. Why not voltage is increased with frequency for speeds above the rated speed and how
does this affect the motor torque

The motor achieve its rated speed when it achieves the rated voltage, if we continue increasing
voltage, it will cause to damage the motor windings and insulation because of high current flows
through the motor. Therefore we do not increase the voltage above rated value. Also if we
increase the frequency further keeping voltage at rated value the stator flux will be reduced and
then the motor torque will also be reduced as below figure.

3. Compare the degree of speed controllability with frequency control and voltage
control

Voltage control

Torque produced by the motor is proportional to the square of the applied voltage.

Above figure shows the variation of torque-speed characteristic of the motor along with the supply
voltage. The slip at maximum torque remains almost the same while the maximum torque reduces
with the decrease of applied voltage. At the same time, the starting torque also reduces with the
reduction of the supply voltage. When the speed controllability is concerned, voltage control
method has a very limited range of controllability over a small speed range. Therefore, this type of
control is suitable for small fan type loads.

Frequency control

The speed of the motor can be varied above or below the rated speed by using variable frequency
method. This method can vary the speed in a wider range typically from 5% of rated speed until
twice the rated speed. Therefore, the degree of speed controllability is high in frequency control
method than in voltage control method.

4. Comment on the motor voltage and current wave forms.

Voltage wave form has taken considerably the shape of a square waveform. Which is the
theoretical output of the six step voltage source inverter. Peaks at the rising edges and dips
at the falling edges due to inductance are clearly visible. There are small spikes at every
sixty degrees there in the waveform.
Current output is also obey to the theory excluding small deviations. According to the
theory the nearly sinusoidal shape of the waveform is expected. Actual inductances are not
perfect therefore the waveform is somewhat deviated from the expected. And the waveform
is also not perfect due to harmonics. This waveform follows the voltage waveform with a
lag because the load is highly inductive.
5. Outline the salient features of control circuit giving reason for the use of different
potentiometers.
In the slow-up/slow-down circuit two potentiometers VR1 and VR2 are used to vary the
rate of change of speed input signal. VR1 potentiometer is used to adjust the ratio of the
voltage feedback. VR2 potentiometer adjusts the control signal transient. That control
signal compared with the current feedback from the output of the converter. VR3 is used to
adjust the current feedback ratio of N-1 amplifier circuit. This is for stability reasons and
protection purposes. Before feeding to the comparator VR5 is used to adjust the final signal
range. By adjusting these potentiometers the dc output of the converter can be distinguished
without varying the frequency.

EE4092 -Laboratory Practice VI

ADJUSTABLE SPEED INDUCTION

MOTOR DRIVE

Instructor

: Dr. Chandima Pathirana

Group members :

Name

: W.H.S.K.Rupasinghe

110233C G.D.S.Ishantha

Index Number: 10487G

110479J

Department

: Electrical Engineering

110487G W.H.S.K.Rupasinghe

Group

: G-16

110495E T.H.Samarasinghe

Date of Per : 15/09/2015

M.K.J.Ridmika

Submission date: 29/09/2015