SECTION A (60 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS

1.

Cell X

Cell Y

The above diagram shows two types of cell found in the living organisms. Based on the above diagram answer
the following questions:
a. Identify cell X and give reason for your answer.
(2m)
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b. Label on the cell Y the following organelles
Mitochondria-P

Chloroplast -Q

c. State one structural similarity between Mitochondria and Chloroplast.

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(2m)
(1m)

d.
Number mitochondria

Time (weeks)

The graph shows an increase in the number mitochondria in the thigh muscle of a person.

(1m)

What would have caused the increase in the number of mitochondria over the weeks?
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e. Endoplasmic reticulum plays important role in cell activity. It is categorized into rough endoplasmic
reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. State one structural and functional difference in between the
organelles.
Structural difference: _____________________________________________________
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(1m)

Functional difference: _____________________________________________________

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(1m)

f. Cell X was kept in solution P for 30 minutes. Upon observation it is found that its shape remained unchanged.
Suggest what could be solution P.
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g.

(1m)

Cell utilises glucose to produce energy. Glucose is stored as glycogen and starch in the cell X and
cell Y respectively.

Why glucose is stored as mentioned above?

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(1m)

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h. A radioactively labeled glucose and amino acids administered into cell X. A radioactive tracer used to
measure the amount of radioactivity in the cell. The below graph shows the radioactive reading measured on the
various organelles upon administration.
Radioactively labeled glucose
Radioactive reading (Ci)

II

III

IV

VI

organelle

VI

organelle

Radioactively labeled amino acids

Radioactive reading (Ci)

II

III

IV

After 2 hours it is found that, all the radioactively labeled glucose and amino acids were spotted on the various
parts of the cell and outside of the cell. It is also noted that the amount has significantly reduced in organelle I.
i) Based on the radioactive reading of both the substances, identify organelle I
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(1m)

ii) State the function of the organelle I.

(1m)

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2.

Root V

Root X

Species Y

Species Z

The diagram above shows a profile of mangrove swamp.

a. Name a pioneer species plant in the mangrove swamp.____________________
b. Label the following :

(1m)
(2m)

I) Root V: ________________________
II) Species Y: _____________________
c. Swamp is formed by deposition of mud and silt carried down by the river. Only mangrove trees were able to
colonize the soft, waterlogged, muddy soil with low concentration of oxygen but high salt concentration.
Therefore mangrove trees have adaptive structure to overcome the harsh conditions in the swamp. Based on the
above problems, fill up the table below:
Problem faced by
the mangrove plants

High salt content of

sea water

(2m)
Adaptive Features

Seeds sink into the

mud and die due to
insufficient oxygen.

d.

i. Name and explain the type of relation between bacteria P and plant Q.

(3m)

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ii. Name compound Y.
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iii. The table below shows the concentration of two gases in Town X.
Gas

Sulphur dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide

(1m)

Concentration (ppm)

0.59

0.55

How do the above gases would affect nitrogen cycle in town X?

(3m)

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3.

a. Explain the importance of septum.

(2m)

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b. If the sinoatrial node is impaired, an artificial pacemaker can be used. Explain the function of the
pacemaker.
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(4m)

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c. State one disadvantage of using an artificial pacemaker.

(1m)

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d. Hormone X is increases the activity pacemaker in a danger situation. This in turn increases blood pressure
above 120mmHg/80mmHg. When the threat is no longer detected the blood pressure returns to normal range.
Based on the above situation answer the following:
i. Identify hormone X.

(1m)

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ii. Explain what do you understand by the value of blood pressure, 120mmHg/80mmHg?

(1m)

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iii. Increase in blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors located at the aortic arc and carotid artery and the
corresponding impulses are sent to the cardiovascular centre to reduce blood pressure. Explain how
cardiovascular centre decrease blood pressure to normal range.
(2m)
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iv. Uncontrolled blood pressure can lead to hypertension. State how a person can prevent hypertension. (1m)
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4.
Process X

Formation of pollen

Double fertilization

The diagram shows events that lead to formation of fruit.

a. Name process X and state the chromosome number of P

(2m)

Process X: _________________________
Chromosome number for P : ___________
b. State one difference between Process X and mitosis in plants.
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(1m)

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c. Explain the double fertilization process beginning from pollination.

(4m)

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e. State the importance of double fertilization process for the survival of flowering plants.
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(2m)

d.

The graph shows effects of auxin on the growth of two different part of plants.
i. Explain the stimulation effects of auxin on part S of plant.

(2m)

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ii. Auxin can be used in parthenocarpy technique. State what do you understand by the term
parthenocarpy.

(1m)

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5. The diagram shows human digestive system.

Wendy takes two pieces of fried chicken for her lunch. Fried chicken consists of protein and fat.

(3m)

a.Complete the table for the digestion of protein.

Food class

Part of digestion other

than small intestine

Corresponding enzyme
which digests the
substrate

Corresponding products
of digestion

Protein

b. Wendy underwent surgery to remove her gall bladder due to presence of gall stones. Explain how
this would affect digestion of fats in her body?

(3m)

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c. Label on the diagram with X, an organ that belongs to endocrine system and digestive system.

(1m)

d. The chart below shows blood glucose profile of Wendy on given day.

Based on the chart answer the following question.

i. Estimate her normal blood glucose level.

(1m)

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ii. Explain the change in blood glucose level from P to R.
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(4m)

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Section B
Answer any two questions
6. (a) Based on the diagram below , explain the straightening of the forearm.

(5m)

(8m)

(c) Draw a cross section of a spinal cord and label the following parts
Ventral root
Dorsal root of ganglion

(4m)

Grey and white matter

All the three types of neurones

(d) By naming a class of drug, explain how it affects synaptic transmission.

(3m)

7. (a) The diagram shows a type of plant tissue

(3m)

Based on the diagram, explain how the tissue is adapted to perform its function.

(b) The diagram shows the changes in the volume of carbon dioxide absorbed or released by
a plant in different light intensity.

(8m)

(c) Leaf is an essential organ of a plant. It contains various parts which allow the leaf to become
(4m)
functional. Explain the specific functions and adaptive characteristics of cuticle and spongy mesophyll
cells in a leaf.
(d) Tabulate five differences between light reaction and dark reaction.

(5m)

8.
(a) Diagram shows a dihybrid cross between rabbit P and Q. Phenotype for rabbit P is white fur, black eyes
while phenotype for rabbit Q is black fur , red eyes.
Key:
Allele B for black fur and R for red eyes are dominant alleles

Draw a genetic diagram and explain the inheritance of fur colour and colour of eyes by rabbit R.

(10 marks)

(b) Explain any one causes of genetic variation.

(4 marks)

(c) Explain the occurrence of Down syndrome.

(4 marks)

(d) Explain the advantages of using genetic engineering.

(2 marks)

9.
(a) Explain the action of enzyme with a named enzyme and its substrate.

( 8 marks)

(b) Explain the effect of pH on the action of an enzyme.

( 4 marks)

(c) Tabulate three differences between the alimentary canal of ruminants and rodents, based on
following:
(i) Type of diet
(ii) Place where cellulose producing bacteria are found
(iii) Place where glucose is absorbed.

(3 marks)

(d)

Vanida was not feeling well for the past two weeks. A blood test was done to
identify any underlying cause. The following are the report of her blood test:

(i) Based on your biology knowledge, suggest a disease that Vanida is suffering from?

(1mark)

(ii) Explain the causes, symptoms and ways to prevent the disease mentioned in d (i).

( 4 marks)