Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
with the
Limits
Derivatives
Continuity
Slope
Linear Functions
Differentiability
Polynomials
Trigonometric Functions
Graphing Models
Slope Fields
Anti Derivatives
Integration
Riemann Sums
Casio, Inc.
CALCULUS
with the
9750-CALC
The contents of this book can be used by the classroom teacher to make reproductions for
student use. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized
in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,
or by any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from CASIO.
Printed in the United States of America.
Contents
Activity 1: Looking at Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Teaching Notes
Student Activity
Calculator Notes and Answers
iii
Appendix:
Overview of the Calculator Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
iv
Activity 1
Looking at Limits
Teaching Notes
Overview
This activity will encourage students to use graphical and numerical representations
to examine the behavior of a function as it approaches a particular input value.
A limit is one of the foundation concepts in any calculus course. The idea behind this
activity is to have the student investigate both numerically and graphically the behavior of the output of a function as its input moves closer and closer to some point of
interest. The emphasis will be on examining the behavior of the function as its gets
near a particular input value. Even though the function may reach that input value,
the activity will be centered more on what happens as the input gets closer and
closer to the value of interest.
Objectives
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity to maximize student involvement and
ownership of the results.
Prior to using this activity:
If given a function, the student can state and explain what the limit is at a
particular value.
Students may use viewing windows that appear to show functions being
defined when they are not.
Students may use an input or table value with an increment so small that the
calculator will display a rounded value that does not actually exist.
Students may use an input or table value with an increment so small that the
calculator will return an error message regarding memory overflow.
2
Examine the value of the function f(x)= x 1 as the value of x gets close to 1.
x1
4. Display the table and record the function values when x = {0,1,2}.
x
0
1
2
5. Explain why the values you recorded either did or did not match up with your
expectations.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. Now have the table start at .5, and change the pitch to .5 as well.
7. Record the values you get for x = {.5, 1, 1.5}
x
.5
1
1.5
.75
1
1.25
9. Repeat the process twice more.
the first time starting at .9 with a pitch of .1 Record the values for
x = {.9, 1, 1.1}
x
y
.9
1
1.1
the second time starting at .99 with a pitch of .01. Record the values for
x = {.99, 1, 1.01}
x
y
.99
1
1.01
10. What would you expect to see if the pitch was changed to .001, to .0001?
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. What function value does it appear to close in on?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Now examine the graph of the same function to see the behavior.
12. Choose GRAPH from the Menu and set the INIT viewing window as shown
below.
13. Go to ZOOM and press F2 (zoom factors), set the zoom factors as follows:
Xfact: 4
Yfact: 2
14. Graph the function again, Trace to the point (.9, 1.9) and Zoom-In. Write a
description of what you see and include a sketch to support your statements.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
15. Trace to the point (1.025, 2.025) and Zoom-In again. Write a description of what
you see and include a sketch to support your statements.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
16. Continue to repeat the process, tracing closer and closer to the value x = 1, from
values both above and below x = 1, each time Zoom-In, until you are
comfortable drawing a conclusion.
17. If the values of a function come closer and closer to a single value, that value is
called the limit of the function and is expressed as "as x approaches some value
(c), f(x) has a limit of L" Rewrite your conclusion to these examinations using
the phrasing shown here.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
x2 1
18. Examine the function: f(x)= x 2 around the value x = 2 using a table set up
starting at x = 1, ending at x = 3, and having a pitch of 1, record the values for
x = {1,2,3}.
x
1
2
3
20. Now use the same graphical analysis process with this function and write a
conjecture based upon the numerical and graphical evidence.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
21. When an input approaches a single value and the output also approaches a
single value the function is said to have a limit, however when the output
does not approach a single value, the function is said to have no limit.
Using the phrasing from Question 17, express your conclusion using the
proper phrasing.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Further Exploration
Find the limit, if it exists, for each of the following. If it does not exist, explain why.
22.
23.
24.
2
lim 2xx 50
3 + 15
______________________________________________________________
x
lim 3 1
x0
x
______________________________________________________________
lim x + 2
x+4
______________________________________________________________
x5
x0
25. xlim
-3
3x + 12
4x
______________________________________________________________
From the Main MENU either press 7, or use the arrow keys to highlight TABLE
and press EXE.
Answers:
4.
5. Answers will vary, however, most students should recognize that at x = 1 there
is division by zero and that is creating the error being displayed.
6. n/a
7.
8.
9.
10. Answers will vary but a good answer should contain the fact that they value is
closing in on 2 as x approaches 1.
A good sketch will show the hole in the graph and look something like this:
Note: The reason for setting the particular viewing window in this activity is to make
sure the hole is visible. The calculator will only show the gap if it is a specific pixel it is
asked to light up and that pixel does not exist at that point. In a many other viewing
windows the point (1,2) would not be one that the 9750 would try to graph, thus in connected mode the hole would not appear and the graph would appear to be continuous.
13. n/a
14. Answers will vary but should contain a statement about the maintenance of
the discontinuity (hole) in the graph.
15. The description should include mention of the hole and a better description
would include a statement about the value closing in on 2, while still not
existing at x = 2.
16. A good conclusion would center around the value getting infinitely close to 2
as x gets closer and closer to 1.
17. "as x approaches 1, f(x) has a limit of 2"
18.
19.
20. Students should produce some graphs showing the following sketch, and the
idea of asymptotes should be mentioned.
Note: This is a good time to discuss the window again, here there is not missing pixel
but care needs to be taken to show both branches of the graph. If the proper vertical window is not set, only one branch will be found leading to an incorrect answer.
21. "as x approaches 2 f(x) has a no limit"
22. 0
23. 1.099 approximately
24. 1
25. .247
Note: Some students may realize that 24, 25 can be done by direct substitution, this
should cement discussion regarding the fact that while it is not necessary for a limit
to actually be a value of the function, it certainly can be. This also can be used to foreshadow a discussion of continuity.
Activity 2
Do Limits Take Sides?
Teaching Notes
Overview
This activity will encourage students to use graphical and numerical representations
to examine the idea of a limit needing to be the same from both directions of
approach.
The concept of a limit creates the framework for discussing continuity. Using splitdefined functions, the goal of this activity is to put a face on the idea of one-sided
limits.
Objectives
To be able to understand and communicate the idea that for a function to have
a limit at a point, it must approach the same output value from either direction.
Class Time: This activity is designed to be used in one 45-50 minute class period.
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity to maximize student involvement and
ownership of the results.
Prior to using this activity:
Students should be able to produce and manipulate graphs and tables of
values manually and with the graphing utility.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Using the trace function, record your observations as to what happens as you
trace along the function moving closer and closer to the value x = 2.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Using any zoom technique you prefer, keep both branches visible and keeping
x = 2 toward the center of the window redraw the graph getting a closer and
closer look at the output of the function. Explain what you see.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. From your knowledge of limits, and based upon what you see in this case, what
is the xlim2 f(x) ? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10
_____________________________________________________________________________
Calculus with the Casio fx-9750G Plus Activity 2
Copyright Casio, Inc.
8. Describe your results using some ordered pairs to show the respective input and
output relationships.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. How would you now answer the question: Find lim+ f(x) ?
x2
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. Based upon this investigation so far, how would you describe the notation:
lim f(x) ?
x 2
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. How would you answer the question: Find lim f(x)? Why?
x2
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
12. How would you now answer the question: Find xlim2 f(x) ? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
11
1 , x < 1
x+ 3
x2 + 3, 1< x< 2
x + 9, x > 2
in the window
14. Find each of the following limits and explain how you arrived at your conclusion
lim h(x)
______________________________________________________________
lim h(x)
______________________________________________________________
lim h(x)
______________________________________________________________
lim h(x)
______________________________________________________________
lim h(x)
______________________________________________________________
lim h(x)
______________________________________________________________
lim h(x)
______________________________________________________________
h. lim- h(x)
x 3
______________________________________________________________
a.
x3
b.
x3-
c.
x3+
d.
x1+
e.
f.
g.
x1
x0
x3
12
Enter each branch in its own Y= slot then create the restrictions by using putting
them in [lower, upper]
Example to graph f(x)= x 4, x < 2 you would enter it as follows:
x 1, x > 2
Y1 = x 4, [lower, 2]
Y2 = x 1 , [2, upper] Note: The lower and upper can usually be just the min
and max of the viewing window if you only have two branches.
3.
4.
As the input value gets closer to 2, the lower branch gets closer to 2, while the
upper branch gets closer to 1
5.
Should have the same results are in #4, but the numbers should be getting closer
to 2 and 1 respectively
6.
The function does not have a limit as x approaches 2 since the values are
different depending upon the direction you approach the input.
7.
One view of what happens as the cursor gets closer to 2, answers will vary.
Copyright Casio, Inc.
13
14a. xlim
h(x) = None, two different one sided limits
3
b. xlim
h(x) = (Note: while "none" is also acceptable, is a more complete
3description of what is actually taking place.)
h(x) = (Note: while "none" is also acceptable, is a more complete
c. x lim
3+
description of what is actually taking place.)
h(x) = 4
d. x lim
1+
e. xlim
h(x) = None, two different one-sided limits
1
f. xlim0 h(x) = 3
h. xlim
h(x) = 12
3-
14
Activity 3
A Graphical Look at Continuity
Teaching Notes
Overview
This activity will have students explore the concept of continuity at a point. It will
also allow them to discover that simply having a limit at a point will not guarantee
that the function is also continuous.
It also explores the idea that a having a limit is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition to determine the continuity of a function at a point, and through all points.
Objectives
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity to maximize student involvement and
ownership of the results.
Prior to using this activity:
Students may produce a graph on the calculator in such a way that the window
chosen may produce the appearance of a continuous function when, in fact, it is
not.
Students may confuse the pixel values with the actual function values.
15
4. What does it appear the value of xlim5 f(x) is? Explain why you arrived at that
answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
16
x2 x 6, x< .5
6, x = .5
x2 x 6, x>.5
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. Now, trace to a value where x = .4, and zoom in, describe and record what you
see.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
g(x) , lim - g(x) , lim g(x)
8. Find: xlim
x.5
x5
.5+
9. Now find g(.5), how does this compare to your answers above?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. Draw a conclusion about the relationship between limits and continuity.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
17
2. Vertex is (.5, -6.25) and can be found symbolically or using the MIN function in
the G-Solve folder.
3.
4. The limit is 6.25, the vertical value of the vertex. Answer will vary as to how it
was arrived at. Care should be taken to point out that simply tracing to a value is
not confirmation enough and can be tricky. Direct substitution is a valid
explanation. A good answer might also include a mention of "passing through" or
even a mention of continuity.
18
6. The limit is 6.25. Answers may vary as students begin to get the idea that the
change in the definition of the function may be creating some problems,
although not with the limit. This is a good checkpoint for the understanding of
what it means to be a "limit."
7.
19
10. A good answer will include the fact that the function has a gap or a hole or a
jump (ie, a point of discontinuity at x = .5). The idea is to have them begin to
think about the fact that simply having a limit does not guarantee the continuity
of a function.
20
Activity 4
Introduction to Derivatives
Teaching Notes
Objectives
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity to maximize student involvement and
ownership of the results.
Prior to using this activity:
Students should be able to use the statistics Menu to produce linear and
quadratic regression models.
Not being able to relate the slope to a real world rate of change concept
Not being able to communicate the slope as the rate of change of output over
input
21
22
23
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
14. The derivative of a function at a point (also known as the instantaneous rate of
change) is the same as the slope of the line tangent to the function at that point.
Based upon your exploration what could you estimate the derivative of your
salary model to be at the end of the 5th year? And how does that translate to
Mikes salary growth rate during that same time period?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Extension
Given the function f(x)= 3x2 2x + 1 find a good estimate for the equation of the
line tangent to f(x) at x = 2. Explain your process and how accurate you think you
are.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
24
-1
4. Answers will vary. However all should include mention that they have the same
slope. Plotting the points using the STAT mode will also show that they are on
the same line. Care should be taken to point out that JUST because they share a
slope does not put them on the same line.
5. Answers will vary. Any other points that have slopes of 1 will work, however, if
the answer given to #4 includes the co linearity of the points, then the additional
points chosen should also be on that same line.
6. Answers will vary, but should include a mention that his salary has raised an
average of $3500 per year over the time period in question.
7. $73,500 This answer can be found by either using the slope or creating the
equation of the line connecting the points (1,42000) and (3, 49000) and
extrapolating.
8. That actual salary would be greater, thus the growth rate will have had to have
been greater at some point for that to take place. If a numerical comparison of
the growth rates are attempted, it must be made clear by the student what they
are using to create that new comparison and they should be prompted to explain
why they have made that choice.
9. A good answer should be the creation of the quadratic equation that results from
using the three points (1,42000) , (3, 49000) and (10, 100000).
10. Answers will vary. Most students will likely find the values of the model
associated with 4, 6, 9, and using the given value at 10 and find the slopes of the
respective secant lines.
Some students may begin to suggest that because of the function behavior, these
secant values are not good predictors.
Between 4 and 10: Average increase is $7706 per year
Between 4 and 9: Average increase is $7286 per year
Between 4 and 6: Average increase is $6024 per year
25
While answers will vary, a good answer should point out that the parabola is the
model of the actual data and the line is the secant line connecting the two given
points. Some answers may being to bring up the concept of the tangent line and
its very close relationship to the curve at the point of tangency.
14. The actual value of the derivative at 5, to the nearest cent is $6023.81 This is
close to the secant line slopes as the student gets closer and closer to 5 from
either side. Here a discussion of limits as it pertains to the finding of the slope is
also a good extension.
Extension
Answers will vary, the actual answer is y = 10x 11 .
Care should be taken to be sure that students dont simply use the calculator function
to create the line without being able to communicate the connection between the
slope of the secant line/tangent line and the value of the function at x = 2. The student
estimation of accuracy will depend upon their process.
26
2.
Input the x-values into List 1, and the y-values into List 2.
3.
4.
5.
After choosing the model you want, the next screen will produce the values and
the general model.
27
You also have the option of graphing the points, creating and copying the model from
there.
a)
Start at the STAT menu, put the values in the lists as you need, this time press
F1(GRPH), then choose F1(GPH1). The calculator will set a proper window and
plot the points.
b)
You now have the same model choices along the F1-F6 keys.
c)
After you make your choice it will create the model and give you the options to
draw it, and or copy it to the function grapher.
d)
Choose F5 (COPY) and it will take you to the Y= screen where you can choose the
place you want to put it and press EXE to store the entire function which you can
then access at any time by going to the GRAPH section from the main MENU.
e)
If you choose DRAW it will draw the model through the points youve graphed.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
28
Activity 5
Being Locally Linear
Teaching Notes
Overview
This activity will begin to bring home the point that as the behavior around a single
point on a differentiable function is examined, the function will "flatten out" and very
much resemble the behavior of a line drawn through the point of interest. The example given should motivate a discussion of what it means to be locally linear with
regard to a differentiable function.
Objectives
To connect the much earlier concept of linear slope to the examination of the
rate of change of a function and the idea of what a derivative is
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity to maximize student involvement and
ownership of the results.
Prior to using this activity:
Students should be able to use Zoom features of the graphing utility to examine
specific parts of the graph.
29
2. What can you say about the slope of the function over the viewing window?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Set your zoom factors to:
30
4. Using the trace function, record both the x and y values immediately above and
below x = 2:
x
-3
5. Find the equation of the line connecting the first and third points in your table
above.
____________________________________
6. Graph the line along with the original function in the last window you have and
record the results below.
31
Then, change the setting to degree mode and explain why the results change in
light of this activity.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
32
2. Answers will vary: A good answer should minimally contain comments about
the slope changing throughout the behavior of the function. [A more "advanced"
answer would contain comments about the slope changing from negative to
positive, and perhaps even mentioning where the slope is zero.
3.
4.
x
1.975
-3.049375
-3
2.025
-2.949375
33
5. y = 2x 6.999375
6.
7.
A good answer will include comments that the line and the function begin to be
very "close together" around the value of x = 2. Some students with greater
insight might begin to discuss the line being very close to tangent (Care should
be taken to point out that while it "looks" pretty tangent, the line being discussed
is not tangent, but a secant line in a very small neighborhood of x = 2)
For some students an extra zoom or two might clarify the idea being presented.
8.
in radian mode
in degree mode
The goal here is for students to realize that if the mode is changed to degree, they are now
looking at a graph that is being produced over only a neighborhood +6.3 degrees away from
Sin(0) thus creating a graph very close to y = 0 for that interval.
Note, students should also be encouraged to zoom around the Sine graph at any point and be
asked to communicate the fact that relatively few zooms will produce a very "linear"
looking graph. All explanations should be accompanied by a description of the window that
is producing the viewed result.
34
Activity 6
Continuity Meets Differentiability
Teaching Notes
Overview
This activity will begin to extend the idea of local linearity and derivative. It will also
connect those concepts to continuity and point out that continuity is a necessary but
not sufficient condition for differentiability. The connections will be made visually
using the idea of local linearity (or what happens when its missing). Symbolic derivatives will, where appropriate, be used to support these findings.
Objectives
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity to maximize student involvement and
ownership of the results.
Prior to using this activity:
35
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Trace to the value of x = 2 and with your zoom factors set to 4 for X and Y, zoom
in twice. Record what you see and explain what is going on.
3
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
36
2.0125
Pt 1
2.00625
Pt 2
Pt 3
1.99375
Pt 4
1.9875
Pt 5
37
-0.0125
Pt 1
-0.00625
Pt 2
Pt 3
0.00625
Pt 4
0.0125
Pt 5
8. Repeat the same slope procedure as before: Calculate slopes of Pt 1 & Pt 2, then
Pt 2 & Pt 3, then Pt 3 & Pt 4, Then Pt 4& Pt 5 and record them as Slope 1,
Slope 2, Slope 3, and Slope 4:
Slope 1
Slope 2
Slope 3
Slope 4
9. What do these results indicate? Compare them to the results from the
exploration of the graph around x = 2.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
38
39
Descriptions will vary. A good answer will include a statement about there
being a hard corner at x = 0.
2.
The graph should be virtually linear, while descriptions will vary, there should
be a comment about the "straightening out" of the function. Answers may
include comments about seeing a good "linear approximation" of the function at
x = 2. There should also be comments regarding the continuity around x = 2.
3.
Using trace, fill in the following values for the function accurate to 5 decimal
places.
x
2.0125
1.59401
Pt 1
2.00625
1.59071
Pt 2
1.58740
Pt 3
1.99375
1.58409
Pt 4
1.9875
1.58078
Pt 5
4.
40
Slope 1
0.528
Slope 2
0.5296
Slope 3
0.5296
Slope 4
0.5296
A good answer will include statements about the slopes being the same and the
graph becoming linear around the point x = 2. The graph should show a picture
that is highly linear in the small neighborhood of x = 2.
6.
-0.0125
.05386
Pt 1
-0.00625
.03393
Pt 2
Pt 3
0.00625
.03393
Pt 4
0.0125
.05386
Pt 5
8.
Slope 1
-3.188
Slope 2
-5.4288
Slope 3
5.4288
Slope 4
3.188
( ) = 23 x
-1
3
A good answer will point out that the derivative at x = 2 exists (and = .52913,
very close to the value found in the exploration). However, the derivative at x = 0
does not exist (division by 0). In fact, repeated zooming around x = 0 will
continue to provide the same slope with different signs on either side of x = 0.
Copyright Casio, Inc.
41
Activity 7
Derivative Behavior of Polynomials
Teaching Notes
Objectives
To be able to express verbally and graphically the behavior of some well known
functions
To make sure that students can express the behavior of the derivative as
producing output values relative to the SLOPE of the original function, and not
simply compare output values to output values
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity will provide students with opportunity to
exchange ideas.
Prior to using this activity:
Should be able to produce and manipulate graphs of functions manually
and with the graphing utility
42
Press OPTN.
Press F2 (CALC).
Press F1 (d/dx)
Example:
2.
y = 2x + 5
y = 2x 3
3.
Using your calculator, draw the function y = 2x 3 and the graph of its slope
on the same axes. Copy it below.
43
6.
Using the same window as before, draw the graph of: y = x2 on the axes
shown below. Confirm the behavior on your calculator.
7.
Describe the behavior of the slope of the function over the following intervals:
( 0)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
(0, )
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
44
Based upon your knowledge of what a derivative is, what would you say the
derivative of the function is when x = 0? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9.
Sketch the function over again on the axes provided below and then overlay
what you think the behavior of the derivative would look like.
10. Use your grapher to produce the picture of the actual derivative, does it agree
with the graph you produced manually?
11. Now try the same procedure with the following function:
y = 3(x2)2 +2
The function and derivative manually:
45
13. Given that the general form of a polynomial is y = anxn + an1xn1 + ... + a0
make a general statement about any polynomial function and its derivative.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
14. Provide one fourth degree example to support your conclusion.
46
2.
Answers will vary, but the goal is to have students discuss that the slopes are all
the same (lines are parallel). A likely answer will also include a comment that
the slope = 2 for each line.
3.
4.
Answers will vary. A complete answer should contain a statement regarding the
fact that the slope is constant therefore the graph of the derivative should be a
horizontal line.
5.
Answers will vary. A complete answer should contain a statement that the slope
of the line will always be a horizontal line. y = a/b
All provided examples should contain linear functions and horizontal lines as
the derivative sketches. Students thinking farther ahead may start with a
horizontal line as an example and then show the line y = 0 as the derivative.
6.
7.
( 0) A complete answer should cover the fact that in this entire interval the slope
is negative but changing. Some answers may include statements about the slope
"slowing down" or being smaller or less as the interval approaches 0 [alternately
may include statements about the slope "speeding up" as the interval moves away
from zero]. Care should be taken that the students are talking about the behavior
of the slope relative to the values of x.
(0, ) A complete answer should cover the fact that in this entire interval the slope
is positive but changing. Some answers may include statements about the slope
"speeding up" or being larger or more as the interval moves away from 0.
47
Both graphs should agree, if not, further discussion needs to take place about
the derivative representing the picture of the slope.
12. A complete answer should contain statements that the derivative of a quadratic
function will always be linear. Students should be very clear that the line exits
above the x-axis when the slope of the function is positive, has a root at the
vertex of the parabola, and exits below the x-axis when the slope is negative.
Examples should be consistent. Require them to verbalize their support choices.
13. The goal is to have students recognize that the derivative of any polynomial will
be another polynomial of one degree less. Good answers will also contain state
ments consistent with the fact that the derivative graph is above the x-axis when
the slope of the function is positive, has a root at any vertex, and exits below the
x-axis when the slope is negative. This might require further investigation. This
is also a good lead into the power rule for derivatives.
14. Answers will vary, one example provided here:
48
Activity 8
Derivative Behavior of Common
Trigonometric Functions
Teaching Notes
Objectives
To be able to express verbally and graphically the behavior of some well known
trigonometric functions
To make sure that students can express the behavior of the derivative as
producing output values relative to the SLOPE of the original function, and not
simply compare output values to output values
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity to share ideas.
Prior to using this activity:
Press OPTN.
Press F2 (CALC).
Press F1 (d/dx)
Example:
49
4. Using your calculator, produce the same graphs as above. Do the graphs
produced agree with what you expected to see? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
50
6. Have your calculator produce the graph of the derivative. Does it agree with your
sketch? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. Draw the graph of y = Sin(2x), in the interval [0, 2] and record it here. Then
using your knowledge of slope, overlay the graph of the slope function (the
derivative).
8. Have your calculator produce the graph of the derivative. Does it agree with your
sketch? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
51
10. Describe the slope of the function over the interval [0, 2] .
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. Using your understanding of derivative as slope, sketch the function, y = Cos(x)
and its derivative over the interval [0, 2] .
12. Using your calculator, produce the same graphs as above. Do the graphs
produced agree with what you expected to see? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
13. Draw the graph of y = 2Cos(x), in the interval [0, 2], record it here. Then
using your knowledge of slope, overlay the graph of the slope function (the
derivative).
52
16. Have your calculator produce the graph of the derivative. Does it agree with your
sketch? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
17. Compare and contrast the behaviors of the derivatives of the Sine and Cosine
functions.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
18. Given the general functions y = A Sin (x) and y = Sin (Bx), and using the
calculator, explore their derivative behaviors for additional values of A and B.
Do the same for the Cosine functions and draw a general set of conclusions of
the effects of A and B on the derivative behavior. Can you come up with a
general symbolic rule using these results? If so, what is it?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright Casio, Inc.
53
2.
Answers will vary. A Good answer will include statements that the slope is
3
positive (increasing) over the intervals 0, 2 and 2 , 2 and negative
(decreasing) over the interval , 3 .
[ ) (
A well thought out answer should also include statements that the slope is = 0 at
the vertices.
3. Answers may vary but should look like the graph the calculator produces for
question #4.
4.
If the graphs do not agree in 3 & 4, discussion should take place regarding the
differences.
5.
The drawn in derivative should look like the result from #6.
6.
54
8.
Here there is the first real difference that might cause some confusion. The
amplitude of the slope is different than the amplitude of the original function. It
is difficult to arrive at this just from a graph, a student whose hand sketched
graph includes this, has likely already used the symbolic rules or has used some
function values to get the actual slopes.
9. .
10. Good answers will be similar to the response to the Sin function indicating that
the slope is positive (increasing) over the interval (, 2)and negative
(decreasing) over the interval (0, ) . A well thought out answer should also
include statements that the slope is = 0 at the vertices.
11.
55
15.
56
dx
dy
y = Sin(Bx)
= B Cos(Bx)
dx
y = A Cos(x) dy = -A Sin(x)
dx
dy
y = Cos(Bx)
= -B Sin(Bx)
dx
57
Activity 9
Looking at Relationships
Teaching Notes
Objectives
Be able to explain information about the graph of a function based on the first
and second derivatives
Know that the derivative of a function is positive when the function increases,
and negative when the function decreases
Know that a positive second derivative means the function is concave upward
and a negative second derivative means the function is concave downward
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, students can work this activity independently or in
pairs..
Prior to using this activity:
Students should know the terms relative minimum and relative maximum.
Students should be able to explain how the first derivative yields information
about the increasing/decreasing nature of the function.
Students should be able to explain how the second derivative yields information
about the concavity of the graph.
Common mistakes to be on the lookout for:
58
The speed at which the calculator shows a second derivative graph is relatively
slow. Some students may conclude there is no graph being produced.
3. At what x-values does it appear the function reaches its relative minimum and
maximum values?
____________________________________
4. Using the G-Solve functions, confirm those values and find the minimum and
maximum function values.
5. Record the domain interval/intervals where the function increases.
____________________________________
6. Record the domain interval/intervals where the function decreases.
____________________________________
7. Explain what kind of values would you expect the derivative to have over the
interval where the function increases.
____________________________________
59
9. From the graph, what are the y-values of the derivative where the original
function has a relative maximum or minimum?
____________________________________
10. Explain the nature of the y-values of the derivative over the interval(s) where the
original function increases.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. Explain the nature of the y-values of the derivative over the interval(s) where the
original function decreases.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
12. When the derivative crosses the x-axis explain what happens to the graph of the
original function?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
13. Over what x interval(s) does the derivative increase?
____________________________________
60
18. Do the graphs produced match your expectations? If not, explain any differences
you see.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
61
Explain what is true about both the first and second derivatives over the interval
you just sketched.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
20. A point of inflection is a point where the concavity changes. Based upon your
exploration what is the point of inflection for the original graph? Explain how
you know.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
62
Der
Function
9. Y = 0 in both cases
10. Where the function is increasing, the y-values of the derivative are positive
11. Where the function is decreasing, the y-values of the derivative are negative
12. The function reaches a relative extreme point
13. (.5, )
14. (, .5)
15. Positive. It should follow the same behavior as the relationship between the
original function and its 1st derivative
16. Negative, same reason as above.
Copyright Casio, Inc.
63
1st
Der.
2nd Der.
18. Answers may vary, but they should match.
19.
64
Activity 10
Looking at Slope Fields
Teaching Notes
Objectives
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus and the Slope Field Program, have students begin
the activity independently and then share and discuss their results with another
student.
Prior to using this activity:
Students should be able to sketch their own slope fields for a given differential
equation over specific grid points using pencil and paper.
Common mistakes to be on the lookout for:
Students may misunderstand that the graph being produced is the graph of the
solution to dy/dx (the graph of the antiderivative) and be confused when the
given equation does not seem to fit the slope field.
For example, the slope field of the expression dy/dx = x, correctly drawn will
produce a parabolic fit, students may incorrectly expect a linear fit.
65
Activity 10
Slope Field Program
This program can be found in the download section of
the Casio Education website:
http://www.casioeducation.com
Notes:
The optimal window is the INIT window, set while in the GRAPH menu, prior to
executing the program.
When the slope field has been created on the calculator press AC/on key to break
out of the program.
To overlay the slope field on the graph of a proposed solution graph:
Press OPTN.
Press F1 (Pict).
Press F2 (Rcl).
The picture of the slope field will be placed on the graph of the proposed solution for
comparison.
66
dy/dx
(x,y)
dy/dx
(x,y)
dy/dx
(x,y)
dy/d
(x,y)
-6, -2
-6, -1
-6, -0
-6, 1
-6, 2
-5,-2
-5,-1
-5,-0
-5,1
-5,2
-4,-2
-4,-1
-4,-0
-4,1
-4,2
-3,-2
-3,-1
-3,-0
-3,1
-3,2
-2,-2
-2,-1
-2,-0
-2,1
-2,2
-1,-2
-1,-1
-1,-0
-1,1
-1,2
0,-2
0,-1
0,-0
0,1
0,2
1,-2
1,-1
1,-0
1,1
1,2
2,-2
2,-1
2,-0
2,1
2,2
3,-2
3,-1
3,-0
3,1
3,2
4,-2
4,-1
4,-0
4,1
4,2
5,-2
5,-1
5,-0
5,1
5,2
6,-2
6,-1
6,-0
6,1
6,2
dy/dx
67
And for the points (-1,2) (0,2) and (1,2) (with slopes of 2, 0, 2 respectively) you
should see this:
3. What familiar family of curves does this slope field seem to indicate is the
solution to the given differential equation? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
68
6. Look at the graph the calculator produced. How does it compare to what you
expected to see?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Extension:
Use the following differential equations and generate a slope field for each.
a) dy/dx = x2
69
c) dy/dx = ex
70
dy/dx
(x,y)
dy/dx
(x,y)
dy/dx
(x,y)
dy/d
(x,y)
dy/dx-
-6, -2
-12
-6, -1
-12
-6, -0
-12
-6, 1
-12
-6, 2
12
-5,-2
-10
-5,-1
-10
-5,-0
-10
-5,1
-10
-5,2
-10
-4,-2
-8
-4,-1
-8
-4,-0
-8
-4,1
-8
-4,2
-8
-3,-2
-6
-3,-1
-6
-3,-0
-6
-3,1
-6
-3,2
-6
-2,-2
-4
-2,-1
-4
-2,-0
-4
-2,1
-4
-2,2
-4
-1,-2
-2
-1,-1
-2
-1,-0
-2
-1,1
-2
-1,2
-2
0,-2
0,-1
0,-0
0,1
0,2
1,-2
1,-1
1,-0
1,1
1,2
2,-2
2,-1
2,-0
2,1
2,2
3,-2
3,-1
3,-0
3,1
3,2
4,-2
4,-1
4,-0
4,1
4,2
5,-2
10
5,-1
10
5,-0
10
5,1
10
5,2
10
6,-2
12
6,-1
12
6,-0
12
6,1
12
6,2
12
71
If done correctly they should be very similar. If not, this presents a good
opportunity to discuss why their graphs are not accurate.
Extension:
a)
(actual family: y = 3 x2 + c)
b)
72
an exponential family
(actual family y = ex + c)
73
Activity 11
Riemann Sums
Teaching Notes
Objectives
Observe the convergence of the upper and lower Riemann sum values as the
number of rectangles increases
Getting Started
Using the Casio fx-9750G Plus, have students work in pairs or small groups
arranged prior to beginning the activity. Students should have a working knowledge of the derivative function as a model for representing average and instantaneous change and should be able to use the Sum and Sequence commands.
Prior to using this activity:
Students should be able to sketch their own upper and lower rectangles for a
given function over specified intervals.
Students should be able to explain the difference in the upper and lower
Riemann Sums.
Common mistakes to be on the lookout for:
Students may, in calculating the sums by hand, forget to multiply the series sum
by the base width.
74
Students should be given the programs only after they have demonstrated ability
to construct a Riemann Sum on their own.
Activity 11
Riemann Sum Programs
Riemann Sum Drawing Program:
Teaching Notes
These programs can be found in the download section
of the Casio Education website:
http://www.casioeducation.com
Riemann Sum Calculation program: (Calculates both the left and right RSum)
75
2. Given these conditions, how far would you have gone over the first hour, two
hours, and three hours?
1 hour:
____________________________________
2 hours: ____________________________________
3 hours: ____________________________________
How did you calculate these results?
_____________________________________________________________________________
76
____________________________________
2 hours: ____________________________________
3 hours: ____________________________________
4. Explain why the answers to item #2 and item #3 agree.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Now assume you have a rate of change that is being modeled by the function
y = x2 over the interval [0,5]
Sketch the function on these axes:
6. Now, it is not as easy to find the area under the curve over the first three hours
as the rate of change itself is changing at each point on the interval. We can,
however, approximate the area using rectangles. What if we were to put three
rectangles, each one unit long, under the curve, with measuring the height of
the rectangles at the RIGHT or upper endpoint of the interval. Sketch those
rectangles and record here:
7. Calculate the area represented by those three rectangles. Does it seem that
approximation will be more or less than the actual area? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Copyright Casio, Inc.
77
9. Calculate the total area represented by these lower rectangles. Does it seem that
this approximation will be more or less than the actual area? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. Leaving the interval the same, now change from 3 to 6 equally spaced rectangles.
(What will happen to the width of the rectangle in this case?), sketch the
rectangles and record the areas first for the RIGHT endpoint, then the LEFT
endpoint rectangles.
11.
Right Endpoint
Left Endpoint
Area: _________________________
Area: _________________________
Using the RSUMCALC program, find the areas over the same intervals for 12,
18, and 36 equally spaced rectangles. (Remember to be aware of what it does to
the width of each rectangle.)
Number of
partitions
78
Upper
Riemann Sum
Lower
Riemann Sum
Extension:
Calculate the Upper and Lower Riemann Sums for each of the following functions
over the interval indicated and for the number of partitions indicated:
Function
1
x
Interval
Number of
partitions
[1,4]
Upper
Riemann Sum
Lower
Riemann Sum
8
12
16
3x+5
[0, 6]
3
6
10
20
Sin(x)
(radian
mode)
[0, ]
2
4
8
16
79
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
6.
80
(Note: Some students may be confused in not seeing the three rectangles, they
need to be reminded that the left endpoint here is at x = 0 so there will be no
rectangle shown.)
9. (0)2 1 + (1)2 1 + (2)2 1 = 5
Answers should clearly state the area is less than what is covered by the
function, as the rectangles are below the function in each case.
10. Right endpoint
Area:
11.
Left Endpoint
11.375
Area: 6.875
Number of
partitions
Upper
Riemann Sum
Lower
Riemann Sum
12
10.16
7.91
18
9.76
8.26
36
8.62
7.92
81
3x+5
Sin(x)
(radian
mode)
Interval
Number of
partitions
Upper
Riemann Sum
Lower
Riemann Sum
[1,4]
1.71
1.15
1.54
1.26
12
1.48
1.30
16
1.46
1.32
66
102
75
93
10
78.6
89.4
20
81.3
86.7
1.57
1.57
1.90
1.90
1.82
1.97
16
1.99
1.99
[0, 6]
[0, ]
Note: Care should be taken to remind students that there is no firm "rule" for whether
the left or right endpoint rule will give the best approximation, it depends upon the
function. The goal of this activity is simply to bring out the tools for the use of
Riemann Sums.
82
Appendix
Overview of the Calculator Functions
This is not meant to be an exhaustive tutorial. This overview is to provide
a starting point when beginning to use the Casio fx-9750G Plus graphing
calculator.
Run Function
The Casio fx-9750G Plus is just like any other calculator when in the run
function. There are a few extra functions it offers that other calculators do not.
Fraction calculations:
Using the ab/c key, you can enter numbers as
fractions and do any normal mathematical
operations. The EXE will give you answers
in fraction or mixed number format. You
can change from fraction format to a
decimal format by pressing the FD key
and vice versa. You may also change the
mixed number to an improper fraction by
pressing SHIFT ab/c for d/c. This function
will only work if the expression is entered in
fraction format originally.
d/c
ab/c
Editing:
If you need to make a change in a previous
calculation, use the deep recall to retrieve
the equation. In the Run function, press the
AC/ON to clear the screen. Then use the Up
Arrow key to scroll through the previous
equations until you come to the one you
want to edit. Press the left arrow key to make the changes desired. *Note: The
previous calculations will be lost as soon as you exit the Run function.
Probability:
In the Run function, press the OPTN (option) menu. Press the F6 (arrow right)
for more options. Then press the F3(PROB) function. This will allow you to do
factorials, permutations, combinations, and random numbers.
83
Statistics Function
Entering Data:
If there are statistics in the lists, press F6 for more options, then press
F4(DEL-A) and F1(YES). Enter the data in List 1 by entering the number and
pressing EXE. When you press EXE the number will show up in the list. After
the list is complete, you can begin calculating the statistics.
Statistics:
Press F2 to show the CALC options. Check the F6(SET) for the setup of the
calculations. Make sure that the 1Var XList is set at List 1 by highlighting it and
pressing F1. Press EXIT to get back to the previous screen and press F1(1VAR).
Arrow down to see other statistics.
Exit out:
Press EXIT twice to get back to the statistics lists.
Box and Whiskers:
Using the same data as in a histogram, you can make a box and whiskers graph.
From the graph option menu, press F6(SET). Arrow down to graph type and set
to Box. Press EXIT to get back to the previous screen. Check to see if graph 1 is
selected in the SEL option, and press F6(DRAW). Statistics can be seen from here
by pressing F1(1VAR). SHIFT F1(Trace) will allow you to trace the graph for
quartile ranges using the right arrow key. Press EXIT twice to return to the STAT
window.
Scatter Plot:
Enter data in lists 1 and 2 as done above. Press F1(GRPH) options then F6(SET).
Arrow down to graph type and set at SCATter. Make sure that XList and YList
are set at List1 and List2 respectively. Press EXIT and then press F1 to see
Grph1. If the graph does not appear, EXIT and press F4(SEL) to make sure only
Graph 1 is turned on.
Line of Best Fit:
On the screen with the graph are options for different kinds of regressions. Press
the regression you think will fit the data the best and the calculator will give you
a regression analysis. Notice the choices at the bottom of the screen. If you press
the F5(COPY), it will copy the line to the GRAPH function so that you can see
the graph later, if needed. After you press F5(COPY), press EXE to store the
graph and it will take you back to the regression information. Press F6(DRAW)
function to see the graph.
84
Matrix Function
Entering Matrices:
In the matrix function, you will see a list of matrices you can enter. With the first
available matrix highlighted, enter the number of rows needed first and then the
number of columns. Press EXE after each entry. After the second EXE, the actual
matrix will show up on the screen. When you enter the matrix, the numbers will go
across first and then down to the next row. From this screen, you can do basic
matrix operations by pressing F1(R-OP). You can add and switch rows here.
Matrix Operations:
Most other basic matrix operations can be done in the Run function. Press
OPTN in the Run function and then press F2(MAT) for matrix operations. You
can add and subtract matrices, find the determinant, transpose, augment, send a
matrix to lists, and finding the identity of a matrix. After the function has been
entered, press EXE to see the resulting matrix.
List Function
Sorting data:
The data entered in the statistics lists will show up here as well. If you would like
to erase the lists, highlight the list and press F4(DEL-A). Then enter the new data
as before. You may sort the data by pressing F1. It will prompt you by asking how
many lists, then it will prompt you to select a list. When sorting more than one
list, the calculator will ask for a base list and a second or third list. You can sort
the data in ascending (SRT-A) order or descending order (SRT-D).
Other Operations:
Press the OPTN key for more options in the List function. These options include
moving matrices, finding the minimum, maximum, mean, median, mode, and
product of lists.
85
Graph Function
Entering Equations:
When you enter the graph function, the graph edit screen is up. Type in an
equation using the XT or the letter X button for the variable X. You can change
the Y= to an inequality by pressing F3(TYPE) before entering in the equation.
Press F6 for more options for the equation. Press EXIT to get back out to the
original options. Press F6(DRAW) to see the graph.
View of the Graph:
If the graph cannot be seen, press SHIFT F3(V-window). Press F3(STD) for a
standard 20-interval view, press F1(INIT) for initial settings, and F2(TRIG) for a
standard trigonometry function. You may also set the setting manually and store
that setting by pressing F4(STO). Press EXIT to get back to the graph-edit
screen. You may view more than one graph at a time by pressing F1 on each
graph you want to show. This is how you can solve systems of equations.
Dual Screen:
In the graph function, press SHIFT(SETUP). Arrow down to Dual Screen and
switch it to Graph by pressing F1. Press EXIT to get to the previous screen.
Notice when you press DRAW, whatever picture of the graph was last seen will
be on the left, and the frame on the right will be blank. Zoom in on the graph
and that part of the graph will show up on the right. You may also use the dual
screen for a graph and a table. Go into the setup again and change the dual
screen to G to T for Graph to Table. Press EXIT to get back to the edit screen.
The graph will appear with a blank table. Press SHIFT F1(Trace) to trace values
on the graph. To put those values in the table press EXE. Put multiple values in
the table by pressing EXE repeatedly.
Solving for a Specific Point:
After you graph two inequalities you can find the point of intersection of those
graphs by using the G-solve function. Press F5(G-Solv) (you do not have to press
the SHIFT key if the graphs are already on the screen). Press F5(ISCT). The
calculator will think for a few seconds and then trace the graph to the
intersection point for you. You can also find the roots, maximum, minimum,
y-intercept, y and x coordinates for given values, and definite integrals.
86
Dynamic Function
87
Table Function
Entering Equations:
Equations that have been entered into the graph function or dynamic function
will show up here. To delete the equation, press F2, F1. Enter an equation. Set
the type and range. Press F6(TABL) to see the table. The x-values are located in
the first column and the y-values in the second. In the table you can type any
value for x and press EXE and the calculator will calculate the y-value.
Viewing a Graph of the function:
The two choices at the bottom of the table screen are G-CON and G-PLT. Press
F5(G-CON), a connected graph, and press F6(G-PLT), a scatter graph of the
function.
Recursion Function
88
Conics Function
Graphing a Conic:
In the Main Menu, press 9 for Conics. The first screen you come to will be a
choice of conic equations already input into the calculator memory. Choose one
by arrowing and highlighting the chosen equation and press EXE. Then enter
the values in for the variables in the equation as listed. After each value entered,
press EXE to store and move to the next value. Press F6(DRAW) to see the graph
of the conic equation. Note, the graph of a circle may not necessarily show up as
a circle because the view window needs to be set manually (Choose a X-value that
is twice as large as the Y-value to get a perfect circle).
Equation Function
89
show up on the screen. Enter the known values and press EXE to store each one.
Highlight the unknown value and then press F6(SOLV). The value for the
unknown will be shown as well as the value for the left-hand side and right-hand
side of the equation to show how accurate the answer is.
Program Function
Running Programs:
After you are in the program function, highlight the program you would like to
run and press F1(EXE).
Other Options:
In this function you can also EDIT a program, create a NEW program, DEL a
program, or DEL-All programs. If you press F6 for more options, you can also
find (SRC) a program or rename (REN) a program.
Time Value of Money Function
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Link Function
Transmitting:
The link function is used to transmit and receive data from other calculators.
Calculators can share information from the program list, tables, graphs, lists, and
statistics. By pressing F1 you can transmit data to another calculator. The
calculator will ask for the type of transmission you are making. At this point, F1
will allow you to select what you want to transmit. The calculator will give you a
list that consists of lists, matrices, files, graphs, pictures, variables, and receive 1
and receive 2. The receive options are for receiving 1 list or 2 lists simultaneously.
Select from this list what to transmit and press F6 for the transmission.
Receiving:
The only thing required for receiving data is the press F2(REC). The transmitting
calculator must do all the work!
Image Set Mode:
In the Link function menu, F6 is the image set mode. The images are sent by
pressing the FD key. *Note that the FD key will not change a fraction to a
decimal or vice versa if the image set mode is set to monochrome. The shift between
decimals to fraction can occur only if the image set mode is turned off.
Contrast Function
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Memory Function
Memory Usage:
To check memory usage, select it by highlighting it and pressing EXE. You can
delete entire sections of the memory as listed only. You cannot delete individual
lists or programs from here. This tool is useful to see where you have memory
used and how much memory you have left on the calculator. The calculator will
give you the option of backing out before you erase any section.
Resetting Memory:
Highlight the Reset option and press EXE. This option will reset the entire
memory of the calculator. This will clear all programs and any statistics, graphs,
matrices, lists, tables, and equations you have entered. The calculator will again
let you back out if you accidentally press Reset.
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