Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Inuoduction
5.1
Objectives
5.2
Equations of a Sphere
5.3
24
Tangcnt Lines
Tangent Planes
Intersection oC.Sphercs
5.4
31
Two In~ersectingSpheres
Spl~eresTlirough a Given Circle
Summary
5.5
5.1
35
INTRODUCTION
With this unit wc start our discussion of three-dimensional objects. As the unit titlcsuggests,
we shall consider various aspcca ofa sphere here. A sphere is not new to you. When you
wcrc a child you musl. have playcd with balls. You must also have oaten several fruits like
limes. oranges and wa~rmelons.All these objccls arc spherical in shnpe. But all of thcrn are
not spheres from the point of vicw of itnalylicnl geometry.
1
In this unit you will scc whal a gcomclcr calls a sphcrc. Wc shall also oblain the general
cqualion ol'a sphere. Then we shall discuss linear and planar sections of a sphere. In
particular, we sllall considcr thc aluations of langcnt lines and plancs 1o.a spherc. Finally,
you will scc what thc intcrscction of two spheres is and how many spheres can pass through
a givcn circle.
Sphcrcs are an integral part ol' the study of thc structure ol'crystals of chemical compounds.
You find their properties u s 4 by architects and engineers also. Thus, an analylicul study of
sphcres is not merely to satisry our mathematicnl curiosity.
A spherc is a particular case of an ellipsoid as ;J
'
will see whcn you study Block 3. So; if
you huvc grasped the contents or this unit, it will bc oT hclp to you while studying the next
block. In othcr words, if you achievc the Following objectives, ii will beeasicr for you to
understand the contents of Block 3.
w
0bjectives
After studying this unit you should be able to
ohmin thc cquation of a sphere if you know its centre and radius ;
check whcthcr a given second dcgree equation in three variables represents a sphere;
Let us now see what a spherc is and how we can represent it algebraically.
5.2
EQUATIONS OF A SPHERE
In 2-space you know that the set of points that are at a fixed distance d from a fixed p i n t is
a circle. A sphere is a generalisation of this to 3-space (see Fig. 1).
Definition : The set of all hose points in 3-space which are at a fixed distance d from a
point C (a, b, c), is a sphere with centre C and radius d.
(4
(b)
Fig 1 : (a) A circle, (b) a spherc, with origln as centre nnd rndius d.
Spheres are, of course, not new to you. A ball and a plum are spherical in shape. However,
whenevcr we mlk of a sphcre in analytical geometry, we mean the surface of a sphere. Thus,
for us a hollow ball is a sphere, and a solid cricket ball is not a sphere.
Let us find the equation of a sphere with radius d and centre C (a, b, c) now. If P (x, y, z) is
any point on thc sphcrc, then, by the distance formula ((I) of Unit 4). we get
11so happcns that if a # 0, then (2) represents a,sphere. (What happens if a = O? Unit 4 will
give you the answcr.)
Lct us rewrite (2) as
Adding
u2 v2 w2
+ + on either sidc of this equation, we obtain
a
a
a2
The Spherc
Comparing this with (I), we see that this is a sphere with centre
-
v
- - - W) and radius
a'
a
Why don't you see if you've taken in what has been said so far?
El)
Find the cenue and radius of the sphere given by x2 + y2+ z2- 2x
E2)
Does 2x + 1 + 2y2+ 3 + 2z
E3)
+ 4y - 62 = 11.
+ 5 = 0 represent a sphere?
Now, if you look at the general equation of a sphere, you will sce that it has 4 arbitrary
constants u, v, w, d. Thus, if we know 4 points lying on a sphere, then we can obtain its
equation.
Lct's consider an examplc.
Example 1: Find the equation of the sphere through the points (0, 0, O), (0, I, -I), (-1,2,0)
and (l,2,3).
Solution : Suppose the equation is
2+2v-2w+d=O
5-2~+3v+d=O
Solving this system of simultaneous linear equations (see Block 2, MTE-W), we get
Note that it can happen that the system obtained by substituting the four points is
inconsistent, that is, it does not have a solution. (Such a situation can occur if three of the
points lie on one line.) In this case there will be no sphere passing through these pints.
You can try some exercises now.
E4) Find the centre and radius of the sphere passing throllgh (1.0.0). (0, 1,0), (O,0,1)
and
E5)
A diameter of a sphere is a line
segment through its centre and
with end points on the sphere,
(&,z*
1
$)a
Is there a sphere passing through (4,0, I), (10, - 4,9), (- 5,6, - 11) and (l,2,3)? If
so, tinct iti equation.
Now if, instead of four points on the sphere, we only know the coordinates of the two ends
of one of its diameters we can still determine its equation. Let us see how. Let A (x,, y,, 2,)
and B (x2,.y2,
h e ends of a diameter of a sphere (see Fig. 2). Then, if P (x, y, z) is any
- %).be
point on the sphere, PA and PB will be perpendicular to each other. Thus, from (10) of unit
4;we see that
.. .(3)
(x -XI)(x - - X I ) + (Y-y1) (Y-y2) + (Z-Z,) (z --z2)=0.
...
This is satisfied by any point on the sphere, and hence is the equation of the sphere.
'*
For example, the equation of the sphere having the points (-3,5,1) and (3,1,7) as the ends
ofadiameteris(x+3)(~-3)+(y-5)(y-1)+(~-1)(~-7)=0,
that is, ~ ~ += 6y
~ +~82 -+ 3. z ~
You can obtain the diameter form of a sphere's equation in the following exercise.
~ l g2..
E6)
Find the equation of the spliere described on the join of (3,4,5) and (l,2,3).
By now you must be familiar with spheres. Let us now'see when a line or a plane intersects
a sphere.
5.3
In this section we shall first see how many common points a line and a sphere can have.
.
Then we shall do the same for a plane and a sphcrc.
~(a2+~2+.;.>t2+2t(~+b~+cy+ua+v~+wy)+(~+b2+ci+ha+2vb+
2wc+d)=O
. ...(4)
..
26
Thisis a quadratic in t. Thus, it gives two values oft. For each value oft, we will geta point
of interseciion.Thus, the line and sphere can intersect in at most two points.
I
Note that (4) can have real distinct roots, real coincident roots or distinct imaginary roots.
~ccordingly,the line will intersect the sphere in two points, in one point, or not at all. This
leads us to the following definitions.
The Sphere
Definitions: If a line intersects a sphere in two distinct points, it is called a secant line to the
sphcre.
I f a line intersects a spherc in one point P,it is called a tangent to the sphere at the point P;
and P is called thc point of contact of the tangent.
For example, the line L in Fig. 3 is a secant line to the sphere; and the line L in Fig. 4 is a
Langent to he sphere at h e point P.
Now, (4) will have coincident roots iff
(aa+ b f i + ~ ~ + u a + v P + w y ) ~ += (P2a ~
+ ~ ) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 u a + 2 v b + 2 w c + d......(
) 5)
Pig. 4 : L intersects the sphere In
only one palnt, P.
y - b = tz - c o be a tangent to
x - a =Thus, (5) is the condition for -
a-
s2+ y2+z2+2ux+2vY+ 2 w z + d = 0 .
Lel us considcr an example.
Example 2: Find the interccpt made by the sphere x2+ y2+ z2 = 9 on the line x - 3 = y = z.
Solution: Ally point on the line is of the form (t + 3, t, t) where E R. This lies on the
sphere if
I t - i - 3 ) 2 + t z + t 2 = 9j 3 t 2 + 6 t = O j t = 0 , - 2 .
Thus, thc points of intersection are (3,O.O) and (1, -2, -2). Thus, the interccpt is the
dislnnce bctween the two points, which is-4
= 2&.
E8)
xi-3 - y + 4
Check if - -= ?is a tangent to the sphere
4
3
5
x 2 + y2 + z2 + 4x + 6y + 10z = 0.
11' we extend the rule of thumb to find the ungent to a conic (see Unit 3) to a sphere,
will we get the equation of a tangent line to a sphere? Why?
5.3.2
Tangent Planes
Consider a sphere and a plane h a t intersects it. PYlat do you expect the intersection to be?
The following result will give you the answcr.
intersect it.
'
I'
Thus, NP=
\/-.
which is a conslanl.
Thus, the intcrseclion of S and I7 is the set of points in TI which are at a fixcd distance from
Jn.
If a = 0 in the proofabovc, Lhe planc passes through thc ccnlrc of lhc sphcrc. In lhis case the
circle of intersection is of radius r and is called a great circle (sec Fig. 6) of thc spherc.
Nole that a sphere has infinilcly many grcat circles, one for cach planc lhal passes throllgh
the centre of the spherc.
,,/
Wc have secn that the planar seclion o l a sphere is a cirdc': Nbw Icl us find ils equation. Lcl
~ h equation
c
of he sphere bc x 2 + y2+ z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0, and that of the plaric
inlersecling it bc Ax + By + Cz + D = 0. Tlicn he equalion or ~ h planar
c
seclion can bc
writLen as
~ ~ + ~ ~ + ~ ~ + 2 u x + 2 v ~ + 2 w z + d = 0 = ~ x + ~ ~ + ~ z + ~ , o r
..... .(6)
x2 + y2+ z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0, Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
2
For example, lhe equalion or [he planar section of h c sphere x + y2 + z2= 1 by [lie planc
1
1
2
3
z=(see Fig. 7) is x2 + y2 + z2- I = z - = 0. This is lhc circlc x + y2= -, in ~ h plane
c
2
2
4
z = - .1
2
Since lhc cenlre of ~ h given
c
sphere is (0,0, O), wc can gct a great circle of h c sphcre by
inle!.secling it will1 z = 0. Thus, onc grcat circle is x2 + y2= 1 in ~ h planc
c
z = 0.
Lct us considcr an cxa~nplcof he usc of Thcorcm 3.
Example 3: Find tlic ccrilrc and radius of lhc circlc
1:ig. 7: I'la~iarsect ions {,I'
s2 + y2 + 2 = I
~~+~~+~~-8x+4~+~~.-43.5=0,x-2~+2z=3.
r = d l h + 4 + 1 6 + 4 5 =9.
The dislancc or thc planc from lhc ccntrc of the sphcrc is
d
m= 4 6 .
The cenlre of thc circle is lhc fool of llic pcrpcndicular from C onio lhc planc. To find this,
we firs1 necd .lo find the cqualions of thc pcrpcndicular. 11s dircclion ratios arc 1, -2,2. Thus,
ils equations are
13
The Sphere
You can do the following exercise on the same lines.
Find the centre and radius of the circle
x2+ y 2 + z 2 + 1 2 ~ 1- 2 ~ - 1 6 z +111 = 0 = 2 x + 2 ~ +
2-17.
E9)
In this case we also say that the plane touches the sphere at P. P is called the point of
tangency, or the point of contact, of the tangent plane.
Remark 1: If you go back to the proof of Theorem 3, you will see that thc tinc joining the
point of tangency to the centre of the sphere is perpendicular to the tangent plane. We will
use this fact to obtain the equation of a tangent plane.
Lci us find the equation ofjhe tangent plane to Llle sphcre x 2 + y2 + z2+ 2ux + 2vy + 2wz +
d = 0 at the point P (a, b, c).
Now, the tangent plane passes through P (a, b, c). Thus, ih quation will be
f (x - a) + g (y - b) + h (z- c) = 0, for some f, g, h E
R.
... ...(8)
Now CP is perpendicular to (a), and hence, is parallel to the normal to (8). Further, f, g, h
:\redirection ratios of the normal to the plane. Therefore, a + u, b + v, c + w and f, g, hare
proportional.
f= - = g =
a+u b+v
.. '
h
c+w
t, say.
~xa+yb+zc+ux+vy+wx=a2+b2+c2+ua+vb+wc.
..... .(9)
xa-+yb+zc+ux+vy+wz=-un-vb-wc-d.
Thus, '
the equation of the tangcnt plane at the point (a, b, c) lo the sphere*
~~+~~+~~+2ux+2~~+2wz+d=0is
xa+yb+zc+u(x+a)+v(y+ b)+w(z+c)+d=O.
I
Is this the equation you got whilc doing Ell? From the equation you may have realised that
there is a similar thumb rule for the langcnt plane (and not tangent line!) to a sphere.
Rule of Thumb: To obtain the equation of the tangent plane to a sphere at the point
(a, b, c), simply substitutc ax for x2, by for y2,cz for z2; and in the linear terms substitulc
x+a
.
z+c
for x, -for y, -for z in the ec$pion of the sphere.
2
2
2
+
Is tangent to
the sphcrc S at the point N.
--
So, what we havc secn so far is that if a plane is at a distance d from the cenae of a sphere
with radius r, thcn
i)
ii)
iii)
Now, if yo1 are given tlie Quations of a sphere and a plane, can you tell if the plane is
tangent to .the spllere'? An obvious way would be to check what the distance of the centre
of the sphere from the plane is. Let us use this method to derive the condition for the
plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 to be a tangent plane to the sphere x2+ y2+z 2 + 2ux + 2vy +
2wz+d=O.
Now, thc radius of the sphere is du2+ v2+ w2 - d .
Thc length of the perpentlicular to the plane from the centre (-u, -v, -w) of the sphere is
This dislancc must equal lhc sphere's radius since Lhe plane is tangent to the sphere.
.:
......(10)
m = 3.
-
9
= - = 3, which is thc same as the radius of the sphere.
~~x,-2)x$(y,+1)y.C..(z,t.1)z-2x,+y1+z,-3=0.
The Sphere
i
'.
:.
x, = 4 and zl = -3.
ri
In this section you will lirst see that the result or intersecting two spheres is the same as that .
obtained by intersecting a sphcre and a plane, that is, a circle. And thcn you will see how to
obtain infinitely many spheres whose intersection is a given circle.
'
Then each point that satisfies S1= 0 as well as S2 = 0 will also satisly the equation
S1 - Sz = 0, that is,
Thus, thc spheres S, = 0 and S2= 0 intersect at 90' iff (13) is satisfied.
The Sphere
Thus, the centres of the two spheres are (0,0,0) and (1,0, O), their radii are 2 and 1,
rcspectivcly, and the distance between their centres is 1.
Therefore, by (12), the angle between the two spheres is
Fig. 11
You can see these spheres in Fig. 11. They intersect in only onc point P, and the x-axis is the
normal from the centres of the spheres to both tangent planes.
You can try some exercises on intersccting spheres now.
1
E13)
E15) Find the equation of the sphere touching he planc 3x + 2y - z + 2 = 0 at P (1, -2.1)
and cutting the sphcre x 2 + y2 + z2-4x + 6y + 4 = 0 orthogonally,
16) a) Two spheres of radius rl and r2 and with centres C1and C2,respectively, will
touch each other iff rl + r2= C1C2.Truc or false? Why?
Undcr what conditions on rl, r2 and ClC2will thc spheres not intersect?
b)
E17)
~howthatthcs~hcrcsx~+~2
~ +~z-~4- ~ - 4 ~ = 0 a n d x ~ + y10x+22+
~+z~+
5.4.2
Supposc we are given a circle. Can we find two distinct sphercs whose intersection the circle
is'? In fact, we can construct many spheres passing through a given circle (scc Fig. 12).
In Fig. 12, the circle is a great circle of the sphen: S1,but not of Sz, SS,etc. Let us see what
the method of construction of this kind of family is.
You know that a circle is the intersection of a sphere and a plane. So its equation is of the
form S = 0, I7 = 0,where
S=x2+
y2
+ ~ ~ + 2 u i ( + 2 ~ ~ + 2 w z + d , a n d I I = ~+ xD.+ ~ ~ + ~ z
/I
~~+~~+~~-~+2~+k(x-~+z-2)=0,thatis,
...,.. (15)
x2+y2+z2+kx-(k+ l ) y + ( k + 2 ) z - 2 k = 0 ,
for some k E R.
Similarly, b e equation of any sphere lhrough he srcond circle is
......(16)
Tor some k, E R.
To get a cornmon sphere containing bolh circles, we must see if (I 5) and (16) coincide for
somc k and k1 in R. Comparing lhe coefficientsof x, y and z, and lhe constant terms in (15)
and (I(,), wc get
Thcse cqualions arc salisl'icd lor k = 3 and kl = 1.
Thus, thcrc is a sphere passing through both the circles and ils equation is
Example 8: Find thc equalion oC the sphere through the circle x2 +
2nd thc origin.
9+ z2 = 9,2x + 3y + 41. = 5
k R.
9.
Since, it passcs through (0, 0, 0), wc get -9 - 5k = 0, thal is, k = - 5
Thus, the rcquired equation is
5(x2+ y2 +z2)= 9 ( 2 +~3y 4- 42).
Example 9: Find the path traced by the centre of a sphere which touches the lines y = x,
landy=-x, z=-1.
Z=
Solution: Let x2 + y2 + z2+ 2ux + 2vy 2wz + d = 0 be the equation of a sphere that
touches ~ h 2wo
c lines. Since y = x, z = 1 touches it, the intersection of the line and the sphere
must bc only one point. Any point on the line is (t, t, I), where t E R. It lies on the sphere if
t 2 +t 2 + 1+2ut+2vt+2w+d=0.
The Sphere
'
E20) Find the equation of the sphere for which the circle 2x - 3y + 42 = 8, x2 + y2 + 2 +
7y - 22 + 2 = 0 is a great circle.
We will stop our discussion on spheres for now, though we shall refer to them off and on in
the ncxt block. Let us now do a quick review of what we have covered in this unit.
5.5
SUMMARY
2)
A line intersects a sphere in at most two points. It is a tangent to the sphere it' it
intersects the sphere in only one point.
3)
A plane intersects a spherc in a circle. When this circlc reduccs to a point circle P, then
the plane is tangent to the sphere at P.
4)
The equation of the tangent plane to the sphere x 2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
at h e point (x,, yl, zl) is xx, + yy, + z2, + u (x + x,) + v (y + y,) i-w (z + z,) + d = 0.
This is perpendicular to the line joining (x,, y,, z,) to the centre or the sphere.
5)
6)
The angle of intersection of the two intersecting spheres x 2+ y2+ z2+ 2ulx + 2vly +
2w,z + d, = 0 and xZ+ y2+ z2 + 2u2x+ 2vzy+ 2w2z+ dz= 0 is cos-'
rf -t r$ - d2
where r1and r, are their radii and d is Ihc distance between their centres.
"
7)
.
Thcrc arc infinitely many sphcres that pass through a givcn circle.
You may now like 6 go back lo Sec. 5.1 and go through the list of unit objectives to see if
you have achievcd them. 1r you wan1 to see what our solutions Lo the exercises in Ihe unit
arc, wc have givcn thcnl in ~ h li)llowing
c
seclion.
Its centre is
(-($1,
(4).
- 2,
-($)')=(I.
+ (-312 - (-1
3).
1) ='5.
E3)
4 )
Lcl the spliere bc x2 + y2 t z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. Then, since thc given
poinls lie on il, wc get
1 +2u+d=O
1+2v+d=O
1+2w+d=O
E )
(x-3)(x - l ) + ( y - 4 ) o ' - 2 ) + ( z - - 5 ) ( z - 3 ) = 0 .
e x 2 t y 2 + z Z -4 x - 6 ~ - 8 ~ + 2 6 = 0 .
7)
Any point on the line is (4t - 3,3t - 4,5t), where t E R. This will lie on the sphere if
(3t -312 + (3t -412 + 25t2 + 4 (4t - 3) + 6(3t -4) + 10 (5t) = 0.
w Sol2+36t- 11 = 0
Since these are real distinct roots, thc line will intersect the sphere in two distinct
poinb. Hence, it will not be a langcnt to the sphere.
E8)
If we extend the rule or lliumb to obhin the tangcnt at a point P (x,, yl, zl)on the
spherex2+y2+~+2ux+2vy+2wz+d=~,weget.
xxl + yyl+ zz, + u (X + xl) + v(y f yl) + w(z + zl) + d = 0.
This is a linear equation, and hence'rcpresents a plane, and not a line. Thus, it cannot
represent the tangent line,
The Sphere
- - ,- 8.
& = 0.
&.
(&
$1
$1.
be d u 2+ v2 + w2 - d = r, SiLy.
(Nole thal I - u I = - u, since lhe centre lies in the oclanl in which the x, y and z
coordinalcs are all posi~ivc.)
Similarly, -v = -w = r,
Thcn u 2 + v 2 + w 2 - d ' = r 2 + d = 2 r 2 .
Thus, Lhe equation of the sphere is
x ~ + ~ ~ 2+r (z~ +~ ~-+ z ) + 2 ? = 0 .
12-31
1
=-
&
47,
El 4)