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SOME PROPERTIES
OF BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
function of the first kind In(v) (in which v == kr and n is integral or zero)
is the coefficient of t in the power series expansion of the expression
THE BESSEL
(C.l)
and for this reason (C.1) is known as the generating function. This result 111ay be
appreciated by writing
vt 1 (vt)2
[.1+-+2
21 2
+-3!1 (vt)3
-2 + ... +-n!1 (vt)n
-2 + ... J
v I (V)2
X [1-2t+2!
2l -3!1 (V)3
2t + ...
(-l)n(v)n
2t + ... J
+~
(v/2)n
n!
(v/2)n+2
- l!(n
I)!
(v/2)n+4
2!(n
(v/2)n+2m
(-l)m m.'( n
m.
2)! -
+.
)'
-00
by - - the result is
exp
[~ v ( - ~ + t)]
_I
n-
(-t)-".I,,(v)
-00
[t v (t - D
J _I
=
n-
(-l)"t".L,,(v)
-00
520
APPENDIX
The Bessel function of the second kind, for integral order, may be defined by the
relation
. cos VTrJ (v) - J (v)
(C.5)
Y n (V) == 1an
.
JI
-JI
SIll
v-~n
VTr
and application of L'Hospital's rule to (C.5) leads to the series (3.73). It therefore
follows, since Y n is definable in terms of Bessel functions of the first kind, which obey
(C.4), that
(C.6)
Because of the nature of the defini ng relations (3.76) and (3.77) the Hankel functions
also obey this law. However, the manner in which the modified Bessel functions are
defined leads to the result that
(C.7)
with w == fro These formulas are useful when working with the orthogonal representations (3.85) and (3.87).
When both sides of (C.2) are differentiated with respect to t, one obtains
If the expression on the right is arranged in powers of t and the coefficients of t n equated, it is evident that
are
(C.8)
If any two successive Bessel functions are known, the third in sequence can be deduced
from (C.8) and then this process may be repeated indefinitely.
Alternatively, if both sides of (C.2) are differentiated with respect to v, one obtains
J:(v) ==
t\VO
-klJ n-l(V)
- J n+l(V)]
(C.9)
Equations (C.8) and (C.9) are known as recurrence relations and arc also satisfied by
Bessel functions of the second and third kind. However, because of the nature of the
definitions (3.80) and (3.81), the modified Bessel functions satisfy
nI neW)
2 [In-l(w)
I:(w) = t[In-1(w)
- In+1(w)]
+ I n+
1(w)]
(C.lO)
(C.ll)
APPENDIX
C;
521
and
K:(w) ==
Upon eliminating either I
n- 1
nKn(w) == -
(C.12)
(C.13)
+ nJ n(V) == vJ n-l(V)
vJ: (v) - nJ n(V) = -vJ n+l(V)
vJ~(v)
d
dv [VnJn(v)] == vnJn-l(V)
d
dv [V-nJn(v)] == -v-nJn+1(v)
(C.14)
(C.15)
These differentiation formulas are also obeyed by the Bessel functions of the second and
third kind. For n == 0 the result is simply
(C.16)
Because of the difference in the recurrence relations, the modified Bessel functions
satisfy
(C.17)
(C.18)
and
(C.19)
(C.20)
If v == kr is real, the J n(V) functions oscillate and each has a sequence of roots which
may be designated by l' nJ, I'nZ, . . . , I'nm, . . . ,such that J n( I'nm) = 0,
rn. == 1, 2, 3, . . .
A family of functions
(C.2!)
can be generated with the property that each of these functions has a null at v == Vo; for
the mth function there are m nulls in the interval 0 :s; v :s; vo. That the individual
members of the family (C.2!) are orthogonal to each other 111ay be seen by the following
argument:
APPENDIX
Let
~)
fm(V)
VV J
fp(v)
vi! J Ynp~)
n (
Ynm
n (
be any two members of the family. By direct substitution they are seen to satisfy the
differential equations
Multiplying the first of these by fp and the second by 1m and subtracting furnishes the
identity
'Ynm - 2 'Y
np
Vo
f mp
f =
f"f
- f"!
m
ppm
[f~fpl:
f f~f~dvJ b
[f~fml~
f f~f~dvJ
b
= rf~fp - f~fm]~
_1';_m_-_
_1'--=-~p
2
Vo
f vJ
('Y
=
If m ~ p and
nm
~ [ YnpJ
n=
Vo,
Va
n (
Ynm
~) J: (Ynp~) - -:
n (
Ynp
~) .I: ( Ynm ~) ]
(C.22)
v.In ('Ynm
~) J n('Ynp ~) dv =
Vo
Vo
(C.23)
Vo
(C.24)
APPENDIX C~
523
J: ('Ynm)
and thus
== - J n+l(l'nm)
(C.25)
Combining these last three results, one can express the orthogonality relation in the
form
(C.26)
in which Omp is the Kronecker delta and has the value unity if m == p, but is otherwise
zero.
Some of the roots l'nm for the lower-order Bessel functions are listed in Table C.l.
lIABLE C.l
THE ROOTS
~
1
2
3
4
5
6
l'nm
OF
In(v); ,]n('Ynm) = 0
2.4048
5.5201
8.6537
11.7915
14.9309
18.0711
3.8317
7.0156
10.1735
13.3237
16.4706
19.6159
5.1356
8.4172
11.6198
14.7960
17.9598
21.1170
6.3802
9.7610
13.0152
16.2235
19.4094
22.5827
7.5883
11.0647
14.3725
17.6160
20.8269
24.0190
8.7715
12.3386
15.7002
18.9801
22.2178
25.4303