Grafeno Semiconductor

Graphene
Graphene oxide (GO)
Few-layer graphene (FLG) or multi-layer graphene (MLG)
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
Graphite nanoplatelets; graphite nanosheets; graphite nanoflakes

Graphene oxide (GO)

From Graphite Oxide to Graphene Oxide
While graphite is a 3 dimensional carbon based material
made up of millions of layers of graphene, graphite oxide
is a little different. By the oxidation of graphite using
strong oxidizing agents, oxygenated functionalities are
introduced in the graphite structure which not only expand
the layer separation, but also makes the material
hydrophilic (meaning that they can be dispersed in water).
This property enables the graphite oxide to be exfoliated
in water using sonication, ultimately producing single or
few layer graphene, known as graphene oxide (GO). The
main difference between graphite oxide and graphene
oxide is, thus, the number of layers. While graphite oxide
is a multilayer system in a graphene oxide dispersion a
few layers flakes and monolayer flakes can be found.

Fullereno
Hasta el siglo XX, el grafito y el diamante eran las nicas
formas alotrpicas conocidas del carbono. En
experimentos de espectroscopia molecular, se observaron
picos que correspondan a molculas con una masa
molecular exacta de 60, 70 ms tomos de
carbono. Harold Kroto, de la Universidad de Sussex,
James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl y Richard
Smalley, de la Universidad de Rice, descubrieron el C60 y
otros fullerenos en 1985, en un experimento que consisti
en hacer incidir un rayo lser sobre un trozo de grafito.
Ellos esperaban efectivamente descubrir nuevos
altropos del carbono, pero suponan que seran
molculas largas, en lugar de las formas esfricas y
cilndricas que encontraron. A Kroto, Curl y a Smalley se
les concedi el premio Nobel de Qumica en 1996,

nanotubos

1952 Primera imagen de nanotubos de carbono, por L. V.

Radushkevich y V. M. Lukyanovich.10
1991 Descubrimiento oficial por Iijima (MWCNT).11
1993 Descubrimiento del primer nanotubo monocapa
(SWCNT).12
1991-2000 Producto de inters principalmente
acadmico.
2000-2005 Se investiga su uso industrial.

Sntesis del Grafeno

Mechanical exfoliation of graphene

Mechanical exfoliation is the original method used by Sir Andre Geim and Sir
Kostya Novoselov to isolate a single graphene flake. Scotch tape was used to
remove layers from bulk graphite, these layers are then transferred to a
substrate such as silicon. On removing the tape single layer graphene with large
crystal sizes is left on the substrate.

CVD
Creating graphene using the CVD process
One of the most popular methods to create graphene at this moment in time is by using a process
called chemical vapour deposition (CVD). The benefits of using CVD to deposit materials onto a
substrate are that the quality of the resulting materials is usually very high.

Graphite Oxide

Aplicaciones

MEMBRANES
Imagine clean drinking water for millions in developing countries. The
development of graphene-based membranes at The University of Manchester
brings that possibility closer.

Graphene-based composite materials

Lightest, strongest, safest, greenest
A graphene-based composite aircraft wing could drastically decrease weight,
reduce the detrimental effects of lightning strike damage and increase fuel
efficiency and range. This could result in the world's lightest, strongest, safest,
greenest plane.

Graphene in Energy
Imagine fully charging a smartphone in seconds, or an electric car in minutes.
That's the power of graphene

Graphene supercapacitors could provide massive amounts of power while using

much less energy than conventional devices. Because they are light, they could
also reduce the weight of cars or planes.

Storing wind and solar power

At The University of Manchester we're also investigating graphene's potential in
grid applications and storing wind or solar power with our growing number
of commercial partners.

Medical science
Drug delivery
The lateral dimensions of these two dimensional (2D) materials can be adjusted
between nanometres and millimetres, and their thickness can be tuned from
single to hundreds of monolayers and their flexural rigidity can also be modulated.
The flat surface can be easily functionalized enabling modification of the surface
property (from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity) and this is unprecedented among
other nanomaterials, offering enormous design capabilities as a platform for drug
delivery and ultrasensitive biosensors.

Cancer treatment

Graphene sensors
Graphene is an ideal material for sensors. Every atom in graphene is exposed to its
environment allowing it to sense changes in its surroundings. For chemical sensors
the goal is to be able to detect just one molecule of a potentially dangerous
substance. Graphene now allows for the creation of micrometre-size sensors
capable of detecting individual events on a molecular level.

Una lista sin fin

En el mercado