Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
230-65 Ma:
Dinosaurs
2 Ma:
First Hominids
1 Terminology
4550 Ma:
Hominids
Mammals
Land plants
Animals
Multicellular life
4527 Ma:
Eukaryotes
Formation of the Moon
Prokaryotes
Ma
a
M
2
54
4.6 Ga
The largest dened unit of time is the supereon, composed of eons. Eons are divided into eras, which are in
turn divided into periods, epochs and ages. The terms
eonothem, erathem, system, series, and stage are used to
refer to the layers of rock that correspond to these periods
of geologic time in Earths history.
Ha
de
an
4 Ga
3.8
Ga
ic
zo
leo
ozoic
Mes
Pa
Cenozoic
750-635 Ma:
Two Snowball Earths
65 Ma
1 Ga
oic
oz
ter
Arc
hea
Pro
3 Ga
2 Ga
a
2.5 G
2.1
Early history
The identication of strata by the fossils they contained, pioneered by William Smith, Georges Cuvier,
Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy, and Alexandre Brogniart in the
2.2 Formation of primary principles
early 19th century, enabled geologists to divide Earth hisThe principles underlying geologic (geological) time tory more precisely. It also enabled them to correlate
scales were later laid down by Nicholas Steno in the late strata across national (or even continental) boundaries. If
3
two strata (however distant in space or dierent in composition) contained the same fossils, chances were good
that they had been laid down at the same time. Detailed
studies between 1820 and 1850 of the strata and fossils
of Europe produced the sequence of geological periods
still used today.
2.5
When William Smith and Sir Charles Lyell rst recognized that rock strata represented successive time periods, time scales could be estimated only very imprecisely
since various kinds of rates of change used in estimation were highly variable. While creationists had been
proposing dates of around six or seven thousand years
for the age of Earth based on the Bible, early geologists were suggesting millions of years for geologic pe-
Millions of Years
5 SEE ALSO
4.1
5 See also
Age of the Earth
Anthropocene
Bubno unit
Deep time
Evolutionary history of life
Geological history of Earth
Geology of Mars/areology
Geon
Graphical timeline of the universe
History of the Earth
History of geology
History of paleontology
List of fossil sites
5
Logarithmic timeline
Lunar geologic timescale
Natural history
New Zealand geologic time scale
Prehistoric life
Timeline of the Big Bang
Timeline of evolution
Timeline of the geologic history of the United States
Timeline of human evolution
Timeline of natural history
Timeline of paleontology
[28] References to the Post-Cambrian Supereon are not universally accepted, and therefore must be considered unofcial.
[29] Historically, the Cenozoic has been divided up into the
Quaternary and Tertiary sub-eras, as well as the Neogene
and Paleogene periods. The 2009 version of the ICS time
chart recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as
the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.
[30] NASA Scientists React to 400 ppm Carbon Milestone.
Retrieved 2014-01-15
[31] Royer, Dana L. (2006).
CO2 -forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic (PDF).
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70 (23):
566575.
Bibcode:2006GeCoA..70.5665R.
doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.031.
[32] For more information on this, see Atmosphere of
Earth#Evolution of Earths atmosphere, Carbon dioxide
in the Earths atmosphere, and Climate change. Specic
graphs of reconstructed CO2 levels over the past ~550,
65, and 5 million years can be seen at File:Phanerozoic
Carbon Dioxide.png, File:65 Myr Climate Change.png,
File:Five Myr Climate Change.png, respectively.
[33] The start time for the Holocene epoch is here given as
11,700 years ago. For further discussion of the dating of
this epoch, see Holocene.
[34] In North America, the Carboniferous is subdivided into
Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods.
[35] The Precambrian is also known as Cryptozoic.
[36] The Proterozoic, Archean and Hadean are often collectively referred to as the Precambrian Time or sometimes,
also the Cryptozoic.
[37] Dened by absolute age (Global Standard Stratigraphic
Age).
[38] The age of the oldest measurable craton, or continental
crust, is dated to 36003800 Ma
[39] Though commonly used, the Hadean is not a formal eon
and no lower bound for the Archean and Eoarchean have
been agreed upon. The Hadean has also sometimes been
called the Priscoan or the Azoic. Sometimes, the Hadean
can be found to be subdivided according to the lunar geologic timescale. These eras include the Cryptic and Basin
Groups (which are subdivisions of the Pre-Nectarian era),
Nectarian, and Early Imbrian units.
[40] These unit names were taken from the lunar geologic
timescale and refer to geologic events that did not occur on
Earth. Their use for Earth geology is unocial. Note that
their start times do not dovetail perfectly with the later,
terrestrially dened boundaries.
[41] Bowring, Samuel A.; Williams, Ian S. (1999). Priscoan
(4.004.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern
Canada.
Contributions to Mineralogy and PetrolBibcode:1999CoMP..134....3B.
ogy 134 (1): 3.
doi:10.1007/s004100050465. The oldest rock on Earth
is the Acasta Gneiss, and it dates to 4.03 Ga, located in
the Northwest Territories of Canada.
7 FURTHER READING
[42] Geology.wisc.edu
[43] Van Kranendonk, Martin J. (2012). 16: A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian: Possibilities and
Challenges. In Felix M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, Mark
D. Schmitz and Gabi M. Ogg. The geologic time scale
2012 (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 359365.
ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9.
[44] Goldblatt, C.; K. J. Zahnle; N. H. Sleep; E. G.
Nisbet (2010).
The Eons of Chaos and Hades
(PDF). Solid Earth (Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union) 1: 13.
Bibcode:2010SolE....1....1G.
[45] Chambers, John E. (July 2004).
Planetary
accretion in the inner Solar System (PDF).
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223 (3
4):
241252.
Bibcode:2004E&PSL.223..241C.
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.031.
7 Further reading
Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Van Couvering, John A;
Christie-Blick, Nicholas; Landing, Ed; Pratt, Brian
R; Owen, Donald E; & Ferrusquia-Villafranca, Ismael (2009). Terminology of geological time:
Establishment of a community standard (PDF).
Stratigraphy 6 (2): 100105. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. (2004). A Geologic
Time scale 2004 Why, How and Where Next!
(PDF). Retrieved 18 November 2011.
Gradstein, Felix M., Ogg, James G. & Smith, Alan
G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. New
York; Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0-521-78142-6. Retrieved 18 November
2011 Paperback ISBN 0-521-78673-8
Gradstein, Felix M., Ogg, James G., Smith, Alan G.,
Bleeker, Wouter & Laurens, Lucas, J. (June 2004).
A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference
to Precambrian and Neogene (PDF). Episodes 27
(2): 83100. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
Knoll, Andrew H., Walter, Malcolm R., Narbonne, Guy M., Christie-Blick, Nicholas (30 July
2004). A New Period for the Geologic Time
Scale (PDF). Science 305 (5684): 621622.
doi:10.1126/science.1098803. PMID 15286353.
Retrieved 18 November 2011.
Levin, Harold L. (2010). Time and Geology. The
Earth Through Time. Hoboken, New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38774-0. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
External links
NASA: Geologic Time
GSA: Geologic Time Scale
British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart
GeoWhen Database
International Commission on Stratigraphy Time
Scale
Chronos.org
National Museum of Natural History Geologic
Time
SeeGrid: Geological Time Systems Information
model for the geologic time scale
Exploring Time from Planck Time to the lifespan of
the universe
Episodes, Gradstein, Felix M. et al. (2004) A new
Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene, Episodes, Vol. 27, no. 2
June 2004 (pdf)
Lane, Alfred C, and Marble, John Putman 1937.
Report of the Committee on the measurement of geologic time
Lessons for Children on Geologic Time
Deep Time A History of the Earth : Interactive
Infographic
9.1
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9.3
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