ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VOL. 62(4), pp. 569-591 (2013)

DOI 10.2478/aee-2013-0046

Determination of slot leakage inductance

for three-phase induction motor winding using
an analytical method
JAN STASZAK
Department of Electrical Machines and Mechatronic Systems
Kielce University of Technology
al. Tysiclecia PP 7, Kielce, Poland
e-mail: meljs@tu.kielce.pl
(Received: 23.04.2012, revised: 05.04.2013)
Abstract: The article introduced some expressions for self- and mutual slot leakage
inductance of phase windings for the mathematical model of an induction machine in the
natural phase coordinate system and for dq0 model and in an arbitrary coordinate frame.
Calculation of self- and mutual slot leakage inductance have been performed for threephase double-layer, delta and delta-modified winding connections. Introduced expressions may be useful in the design of windings and in the analysis of dynamic states of
AC electrical machines.
Key words: slot leakage inductance, self- and mutual inductances, induction motor

1. Introduction
The analysis of dynamic states of induction machines can be carried out in the natural
three-phase system [6, 7] or in the common arbitrary reference frame. The matrix of mutual
inductances between the stator and rotor windings Lsr in the natural coordinate frame depends
on electric angle between a axes of the stator and rotor windings. Introduction of a common
arbitrary reference frame for the stator and rotor makes that the mutual inductance matrix Lsr
has its coefficients which are angle-independent on the rotor rotation. In the classical theory of
electrical machines we may discriminate inductance of the stator and rotor windings, associated with the main magnetic flux and the inductance associated with leakage flux. The issue
of determining the self- and mutual inductances associated with the main flux has been widely
discussed in the literature [1, 3, 4, 7]. The inductance is determined under the knowledge of
the spatial distribution of the stator magnetic flux and its ampere-turns [1, 6, 7, 9, 11]. However, much of the problem gives rise to the determination of the leakage inductance of
windings. In the monoharmonic model of three-phase induction machine the leakage flux of
each winding consists of slot leakage flux, air-gap leakage flux, end winding and skew
leakage flux. The largest participation in the total leakage flux has the component associated
with the slot leakage one. So far, to calculate the slot leakage inductance are generally used
the complex values [5, 11]. This way the slot leakage inductance is determined for steady state

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J. Staszak

Arch. Elect. Eng.

of an induction machine. The use of complex values does not allow to determinate of self- and
mutual inductances of slot leakage. The book [7] introduced dependencies the self- and mutual
inductances of slot leakage flux for the double-layer winding, using instantaneous values of
stator's currents. This book presents how to determine the self- and mutual inductances of the
slot leakage flux for the mathematical model in natural three-phase system and for dq0 model
in an arbitrary reference frame. Calculations have been performed for three-phase doublelayer, delta and delta-modified windings. In such windings, the common slot has two sides of
different coils, and in some slots, the sides may belong to different phases. This produces
mutual slot leakage inductance for the single-layer winding which equal to zero.

2. A mathematical model of three-phase induction machine

for the natural phase system
Arrangement of the stator and rotor windings in symmetrical three-phase induction machine with one pair of poles is shown in Figure 1. Three-phase induction machine is considered as a system of magnetically coupled stator- and rotor windings. The fixed magnetic axes
as, bs, cs for the stator and the rotating magnetic axes ar, br, cr of the rotor are moving each to
other with angular electric velocity . The stator windings are identical and symmetrical
distributed, by 120 electrical degrees. Similarly, three-phase rotor winding consists of three
identical distributed windings, displaced in space by 120 electrical degrees [6, 7].

Fig. 1. Arrangement of three-phase windings of the

induction machine and the reference stator and
rotor variables within common reference frame

Voltage equations of the stator and rotor's winding in the natural reference frame in the matrix
form are [6, 7]

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Vol. 62(2013)

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

us = Rs i s +

ds
dt

dr
u r = Rr i r +
dt

571

(1)

where: us, ur, is, ir, s, r column vectors of voltages, currents and leakage fluxes associated
stator and rotor windings, Rs, Rr matrix of the stator and rotor winding resistance
u sa

u s = u sb ,
u sc

i sa

i s = i sb ,
i sc

sa

s = sb ,
sc

(2)

u ra

ur = u rb ,
u rc

ira

i r = i rb ,
i rc

ra

r = rb .
rc

(3)

Matrices of stator and rotor resistances are diagonal

Rs 0 0
Rs = 0 Rs 0 ,

0 0 Rs

Rr 0 0
Rr = 0 Rr 0 ,

0 0 Rr

(4)

where: Rs, Rr resistance of one phase winding of stator and rotor

Stator s and rotor r linked fluxes can be expressed by the inductance matrices by the
following equations
s = Ls i s + Lsr ( )i r
r = Lrs ( )i s + Lr i r

(5)

where: Ls, Lr stator and rotor self inductance matrix, Lsr matrix of mutual inductances
between stator and rotor windings, Lrs = LsrT, electrical angle between the rotor and stator
(Fig. 1).
In the above equations, the index s refers to variables and parameters of stator circuits and
index r to variables and parameters of the rotor's circuit. Matrices of self inductance of stator
and rotor consist of a matrix of self inductance associated with the main flux and the matrix
associated with the leakage inductance associated with leakage flux
Ls = Lms + L s ,

Lr = Lmr + L r

(6)

where: Lms, Lmr matrixes of self inductances of stator and rotor, connected with the main flux
in air gap, Ls, Lr matrixes of leakage inductances of stator and rotor. Matrices of leakage
inductance of stator and rotor of (3 H3) dimensions are symmetric matrices and contain their
self inductance leakage flux and the mutual inductance leakage flux

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J. Staszak

L s

L se L ms L ms
= L ms L se L ms ,

L ms L ms L se

L r

L re L m r L m r
= L m r L re L m r ,

L m r L m r L re

(7)

where: Lse, Lre leakage flux self inductance of one phase of stator and rotor's winding, Lms,
Lmr mutual inductance of leakage flux between the stator windings or rotor windings.
In the single-layer and full-pitch double-layer windings the stator and rotor mutual leakage
inductances are equal to zero. Self inductance matrices of stator and rotor connected with the
main flux of (3H 3) dimensions are symmetric matrices with constant coefficients
1 1

1 2 2
1
1
= Lms
1 ,
2
2
1 1 1

2 2

Lm s

Lm r

1 1

1 2 2
1
1
= Lm r
1 ,
2
2
1 1 1

2 2

(8)

where: Lms, Lmr magnetizing inductance of the stator and rotor windings connected with the
main flux.
Magnetizing inductance of stator Lms and rotor Lmr are defined by expressions [6, 9]
2

Lms =

4 0 r l e N s k ws
4 0 r l e N r k wr
1

, Lmr =

= 2 Lms ,
e p
e p
n sr

(9)

where: 0 magnetic permeability of vacuum, r average radius of air gap, e effective

thickness of air gap, le effective length of the stator's core, Ns, Nr number of series connected turns in windings stator and rotor's phase, kws, kwr coefficients of stator and rotor's
windings, nsr turn ratio, whereby
n sr =

N s k ws
.
N r k wr

(10)

The matrix of mutual inductance between the stator and rotor windings Lsr is a matrix with
coefficients depending on electrical angle of rotor rotation
Lsr

cos( ) cos( + 23 ) cos( + 43 )

= Lmsr cos( + 43 ) cos( ) cos( + 23 ) ,
cos( + 23 ) cos( + 43 ) cos( )

(11)

Lmsr maximum mutual inductance between the stator and rotor windings is determined by
relation [6, 9]
Lmsr =

4 0 r l e N s k ws N r k wr
1
Lms .

=
e p p n sr

(12)

Taking into account (5) between the fluxes associated with the stator and rotor windings and

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Vol. 62(2013)

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

573

stator and rotor currents, the voltage equations for the stator and rotor (1) take the following
form
u s = R s i s + Ls

d is
di
d Lsr ( )
ir
+ Lsr ( ) r +
dt
dt
dt

di
di
d Lrs ( )
ur = Rr i r + Lr r + Lrs ( ) s +
is
dt
dt
dt

(13)

Taking into consideration the time derivatives of the inductances

d Lsr ( ) d Lsr ( ) d d Lsr ( )
=
=

dt
d
dt
d
d Lrs ( ) d Lrs ( ) d d Lrs ( )
=
=

dt
d
dt
d

(14)

the matrix Equations (13) can be written as

u s = R s i s + Ls

d is
di
d Lsr ( )
ir
+ Lsr ( ) r +
dt
dt
d

di
di
d Lrs ( )
ur = Rr i r + Lr r + Lrs ( ) s +
is
dt
dt
d

(15)

In order to do the calculations for the dynamic states of an induction motor the stator and
rotor voltage equations (15) should be supplemented by the equation of movement
J

d
= Te Th ,
dt

(16)

where: J moment of inertia, Te electromagnetic torque, Th load torque.

Electromagnetic torque of an induction motor in natural three-phase reference frame is calculated from dependencies [6, 8, 9]
Te = pb i sT

d Lsr ( )
ir .
d

(17)

3. A mathematical model of three-phase induction motor in the arbitrary

reference frame
In order to simplify the analysis it is convenient to take the rotor variables (voltages, currents and fluxes) for stator side according to turns ratio
u'r = n sr ur , 'r = n sr r , i 'r =

ir
.
n sr

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(18)

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J. Staszak

Considering dependencies (18) the voltage and flux equations take the form
us = Rs i s +

ds
dt

d 'r
u'r = R'r i 'r +
dt
s = Ls i s + L'sr ( )i 'r
'r = L'rs ( )i s + L'r i 'r

(19)

(20)

Combining the expressions (18), (9) and (10) with rotor resistance matrix R'r and its inductances L'r , L'sr we obtain
R'r = nsr2 R r ,

L'r = n sr2 Lr = L' r + L'm r ,

L' r = n sr2 L r ,

L'm r

L'sr

= n sr Lsr

1 1

1 2 2
1
1
= Lms
1 ,
2
2
1 1 1
2 2

cos( ) cos( + 23 ) cos( + 43 )

= Lms cos( + 43 ) cos( ) cos( + 23 ) .
2
4
cos( + 3 ) cos( + 3 ) cos( )

(21)
(22)

(23)

(24)

In order to obtain equations with constant coefficients it is needed to carry out the transformation of the stator and rotor variables to a common arbitrary reference frame d, q, 0 which
is rotating with any angular velocity k
u sdq 0 = C u s i sdq 0 = C i s sdq 0 = C s

.
'
'
'
'
'
'
urdq 0 = D u r i rdq 0 = D i r rdq 0 = D r

(25)

The transformation matrix C of stator phases a, b, c to the arbitrary reference frame of d, q, 0

and the inverse matrix C 1 are determined by
2
4

cos( k ) cos k 3 cos k 3

2
2
4

C = sin ( k ) sin k sin k ,

3
3
3

1
1
1

2
2
2

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Vol. 62(2013)

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

C 1

cos( k )
sin ( k )

2
2

= cos k sin k

3
3

4
4

cos k sin k
3
3

1 .

575

(27)

However, transformation matrix D of rotor phases a, b, c to the arbitrary reference frame

of d, q, 0 and the inverse matrix D 1 are determined by
2
4

cos( k ) cos k 3 cos k 3

2
2
4

D = sin ( k ) sin k sin k ,

3
3
3

1
1
1

2
2
2

D 1

cos( k )
sin ( k )

2
2

= cos k sin k

3
3

4
4

cos k sin k
3
3

1 .

(28)

(29)

In the above-mentioned matrices, k angle is an electric angle between stator magnetic axis
a and the axis d of common arbitrary reference frame. However, angle is the angle between
the stator axis a and rotor axis a. The time derivatives of the angles k and angles (as indicated in Fig. 1) give the electrical angular velocity k in arbitrary reference frame and electrical angular speed of rotor

k =

d k
,
dt

d
.
dt

(30)

The flux-voltage Equations (19) and (20) stored in the common arbitrary reference frame
dq0, according to dependence (25) give
usdq 0 = CRsC 1isd 0 + C

d C 1 sdq 0
dt

u'rdq 0 = DR'r D 1i'rdq 0 + D

d D

'rdq 0

dt

sdq 0 = CLs C 1i sdq 0 + CL'sr ( ) D 1i'rdq 0

'rdq 0 = DL'rs ( )C 1i sdq 0 + DL'r D 1i'rdq 0

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(31)

(32)

576

Arch. Elect. Eng.

J. Staszak

After determining the matrix Equations (31) and (32) one can obtain
3
2 Lm s 0
Rs 0 0

3
CRsC 1 = 0 Rs 0 , CL'sr ( ) D 1 = 0
Lm s

0 0 Rs
0
0

0
Rr' 0 0

' 1
0 , DRr D = 0 Rr' 0 ,

0 0 Rr'
0

(33)

3
Lm s 0
0 2
L s 0
3
CLs C 1 = 0 L s 0 + 0
Lm s

2
0
0
L
0
0s

0 ,

(34)

3
2 Lm s 0
L' r 0

0
3

DL'r D 1 = 0 L' r 0 + 0
Lm s
2
0 0 L' 0 r 0
0

0 ,

(35)

,
d sdq 0
= (k ) K r sdq 0 +

dt

d C -1 sdq 0
d sdq 0
= k K s sdq 0 +
dt
dt

d D -1 rdq 0
D
dt

(36)

where:
0 1 0
K s = K r = 1 0 0 .

0 0 0

Diagonal matrix of leakage inductance contains stator leakage inductance Ls and rotor one
Lr as well as stator leakage inductance L0s and the rotor L0r one
L s = L es L ms

L r = L e r L m r

L 0 s = L es + 2 L ms L 0 r = L e r

.
+ 2 L m r

(37)

Leakage inductances of stator Ls and rotor Lr are the difference of self leakage inductance of a particular winding and mutual leakage inductances between the phase windings of
the stator or rotor. Such inductance is winding leakage inductance of the components d, q of
leakage flux. However, the leakage stator inductance L 0 s and rotor L 0 r is winding leakage
inductance for zero leakage flux sequence component. It is the sum of winding self leakage
inductance and double mutual leakage inductance of stator or rotor's windings.

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Vol. 62(2013)

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

577

Taking into account the dependencies (33)-(36) the matrix equations of the stator and rotor
voltages (31) and fluxes (32) in the system of coordinates d, q, 0 (in the arbitrary referenceframe) takes the form of
sq
sd
usd Rs 0 0 isd

d

usdq 0 = u sq = 0 Rs 0 isq + sq + k sd

d
t
0
s 0
u s 0 0 0 Rs is 0

urdq 0

,
'
'
urd
Rr' 0 0 ird

rd
rq
'

' d
'
= urq
= 0 Rr 0 irq + rq + (k ) rd
d
t
'
ur' 0 0 0 Rr ir' 0
r 0
0

sdq 0

'
0
0 isd Lm 0 0 ird
sd L s + Lm

'

L s + Lm 0 isq + 0 Lm 0 irq
0
= sq =

s 0
L s 0 is 0 0 0 0 ir' 0
0
0

rdq 0

'

rd' Lm 0 0 isd Lm + L' r

0
0 ird

'
'
'

Lm + L r 0 irq
0
= rq = 0 Lm 0 isq +

r'0 0 0 0 is 0
L' r 0 ir' 0
0
0

(38a)

where
Lm =

3
Lm s .
2

Figure 2 shows the equivalent diagrams corresponding to expressions (38a) and (38b).

Fig. 2. Arbitrary reference-frame equivalent

diagram for a 3-phase, symmetrical induction
machine

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(38b)

578

Arch. Elect. Eng.

J. Staszak

Electromagnetic torque in the common reference frame dq0 is determined by dependence

[1, 6, 7]
Te =

3
pb Lm (i rd i sq irq i sd ) .
2

(39)

4. Determination of slot leakage inductance of double-layer winding

In the double-layer winding there are slots which are situated in upper and lower layer the
coil sides. One side of the coil is located in the bottom layer of a slot and the second side of
the coil is located upper the slot. In the case of double-layer windings we can distinguish the
slots, in which the lower and upper layers are with different phases. Figure 3 shows the
distribution of coil wires in the slots of stator of the three-phase induction motor of stator with
slot number Qs = 18, the number of pole pairs p = 1, the number of slots per pole and phase
qs = 3 and short pitch ys = 7/9.
1

c+ bb- b-

b- b- a+
a+ a+ a+

a+ a+ cc- c- c-

10

11

12

13

14

c- c- b+ b+ b+ ab+ b+ b+ a- a- a-

15

16

17

a- a- c+
c+ c+ c+

18

c+
b-

Fig. 3. Arrangement of coil sides of a double-layer windings with short pitch ys = 7/9

Slot leakage inductance is determined by the following simplifying assumptions:

C magnetic permeability of ferromagnetic material surrounding the slot is equal to infinity,
C distribution of the magnetic field lines along the width of slot is straight.
Slot leakage inductance is determined from the magnetic leakage flux energy stored in all
slots. If the magnetic field strength changes along slot height, then magnetic field strength,
according to the designations in Figure 4, is calculated from the following dependencies
hQ

1
Wm = 0 bs l e H x2 ( y )dy .
2

(40)

Magnetic energy of an individual slot is the sum of magnetic energies of slot part (Fig. 4).
WmQ =

hd + hi + hd + hg
hd + hi + hd + hg + hs
hd + hi + hd
hd

0 bs l e H x24 ( y )dy +
H x23 ( y )dy +
H x22 ( y )dy +
H x21 ( y )dy
2

hd
hd + hi + hd
hd + hi + hd + hg
0

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Vol. 62(2013)

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

579

Fig. 4. Cross-section of a slot with coil sides

for a double-layer windings with main dimensions to calculate the slot leakage inductance

Magnetic field strength of each slot part filled only with phase winding a (id = ig = ia ) is
equal to
C in part 4
H x4 ( y) =

N d ia y
b s hd

for 0 y hd ,

(42)

C in part 3
H x3 ( y ) =

N d ia
bs

for hd y hd + hi ,

(43)

C in part 2
H x2 ( y) =

N d i a N g i a y h g hi
+
bs
bs
hg

for

hd + hi y hd + hi + h g ,

(44)

C in part 1
H x1 ( y ) =

N d ia N g ia
+
bs
bs

for hd + hi + h g y hd + hi + h g + hs .

(45)

The total magnetic energy of a single slot, filled only with phase winding a is equal to

WmaQ

2
N d 2 hd
h g hi hs N g h g
h
+
+
+ +
+ s +

N c 3bs bs bs bs N c 3bs bs 2
1
= 0 l e N c2
ia .
2

N d N g hg
hs
+

+ 2

N c N c 2bs bs

(46)

Analogous expressions are obtained if the slot is filled in only with phase winding b or c.
Number of slots with conductors carrying the currents of the same winding phase is equal to
2

Qs y s .
3

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Therefore, the total magnetic energy associated with slots where the coil currents concern
the same phases (Fig. 1)
Wma , b, c =

1
2
0 l e N c2 Qs y s
2
3

2
N d 2 hd
h g hi hs N g h g
h
+
+
+ +
+ s +

N c 3bs bs bs bs N c 3bs bs 2 2 2

( i a + ib + i c )

N d N g hg
hs
+

+ 2

N
N
2
b
b
c
c
s
s

(47)

If the slot which contains the sides of coils with different phases and oriented with different directions, wherein the lower layer includes phase sides a and the upper layer include
the phase b, the magnetic energy of a single slot is calculated from the following dependencies

WmQab

2
N d 2 hd
h g hi hs 2 N g h g
h
+
+
+ ia +
+ s ib2

N c 3bs bs
1
N c 3bs bs bs bs
= 0 l e N c2
.
2

N d N g hg
hs
+ i a ib

2
N
N
b
b
2
c
c
s
s

(48)

Similar dependencies are obtained if the lower layer contains the phase c current, while the
upper layer contains the phase current a

WmQca

2
N d 2 hd
h g hi hs 2 N g h g
h
i
+
+
+
+
+ s i a2

c
N c 3bs bs
1
N c 3bs bs bs bs
= 0 l e N c2
.
2

N
h
Nd g g
h
+ s ic ia

2
N c N c 2bs bs

(49)

When the lower layer contains the phase b current and the top layer has the phase current a

WmQbc

2
N d 2 hd
h g hi hs 2 N g h g
h
+
+
+ ib +
+ s ic2

N c 3bs bs
N c 3bs bs bs bs
1
= 0 l e N c2
.
2

N d N g hg
hs
+ ib i c

N
N
b
b
2
c
c
s
s

(50)

The wires inside slots have the coil sides oppositely directed and the coil sides of particular
phase occupy only the lower layer. The wire number is to Qs(1 ys). Thus, the magnetic
energy of slots with different phase sides is equal to

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Vol. 62(2013)

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

Wmab,bc,ca =

581

1
0 l e N c2 Qs (1 y s )
2

2
N d 2 hd
h g hi hs N g h g
h
+ s
+
+
+ +



N c 3bs bs bs bs N c 3bs bs

N N g hg
h
+ s (ia ib + ib ic + ic ia )
2 d

N c N c 2bs bs

2 2 2
(i a + ib + ib )

(51)

Total magnetic energy stored in all stator slots is determined by the expression
1 N d 2 hd
h g hi hs
+
+
+

3 N c 3bs bs bs bs

2 2 2
N
h
1
h
1

g
g
+ s +
Wm = 0 l e N c2 Qs +

( i a + ib + i c ) +
2
3 N c 3bs bs

N d N g hg
hs
2

+ 2 N c N c 2bs + bs y s 3

(52)

N N g hg

h
0 l e N c2 Qs (1 y s ) d
+ s (ia ib + ib ic + ic ia ).

N c N c 2bs bs

The resultant slot leakage self inductance LQ and mutual inductance LQm can be calculated from the energy balance of the magnetic field leakage in all Qs stator's slots. This energy
can be represented as [7]
LQ LQm LQm
1
Wm = { ia ib ic } LQm LQ LQm

2
LQm LQm LQ
=

ia

ib =
i c

(53)

1
LQ (i a2 + ib2 + ic2 ) + LQm (i a ib + ib ic + ic i a .
2

The comparison of dependencies (52) and (53) results in self- and mutual inductance of
slot leakage flux with double-layer short pitch winding

LQ

1 N d 2 hd
hg
+

3 N c 3bs bs
= 0 l e N c2 Qs

N d N g hg
h
+ s

+ 2
N c N c 2bs bs

2
hi hs 1 N g hg
h
+ +
+ s +

bs bs 3 N c 3bs bs

ys

LQm = 0 l e N c2 Qs (1 y s )

N d N g hg
h
+ s .

N c N c 2bs bs

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(55)

582

Arch. Elect. Eng.

J. Staszak

Taking into consideration the expressions

Q = 6 pq s ,

Nc =

Ns
pq s

(56)

and taking into account that for the double-layer winding hd = hg = hc /2 as well as Nd = Ng =
Nc /2, the expression for self- and mutual slot leakage inductance can be written as
LQ = 2 0 l e

N c2 hc
h
h

k Q1 + i + s k Q 2 ,

pq s 3bs
4bs bs

LQm = 2 0 l e

N s2 hc
h

k m1 + s k m 2 ,

pq s 3bs
bs

(57)

(58)

where the coefficients kQ1, kQ2 and km1, km2 are determined by the following formulas
9
1
ys
8
8

kQ2 =

9
9
=

ys
16 16

k m2

k Q1 =
k m1

3
1
ys
2
2
.
3 3
= ys
4 4

(59)

Slot leakage inductance for components d, q as well as the zero sequence component (according to dependence (37)) can be written as
L = LQ LQm = 2 0 l e

L 0 = LQ + 2 LQm = 2 0 l e

hi
N s2 hc
h

k1 +
+ s k 2 ,

pq s 3bs
4bs bs

(60)

N s2
pq s

(61)

hi
h
hc

+ s k 02 ,
k 02 +

b
b
b
3
4
s
s
s

where the coefficients k1 and k2 and k01 and k02 are given by the following formulas
k1 =
k 01

9
7
ys + ,
16
16

3
1
y s + ,
4
4
.
9
5
= ys
4
4

k2 =

27
11
=
y s , k 02
16
16

(62)

The values of the factors for self inductances kQ1 and kQ2 and mutual inductances km1 and
km2 of slot leakage for double-layer winding are given in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the values
of factors k1 and k2 for the dq components, and coefficients k01 and k02 for zero sequence
component.

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Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

583

kQ1, kQ2, km1, km2

0.8

Fig. 5. The factors kQ1, kQ2 and

km1, km2 of coil vs the span ys
values

0.6

Q1

Q2

0.4

m1

0.2

m2

0
0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

k1, k2, k01, k02

0.8

Fig. 6. The factors k1 and k2 for

coil vs the span ys values

k1

0.6

k2
k01

0.4

k02

0.2
0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

ys

0.85

0.9

0.95

5. Determination of slot leakage inductance for delta winding

Location of delta winding in each stator slot are presented in Figure 7. The winding is
characterized by delta distribution of the linear density of the current [2].
1

a+ a+ a+ a+ a+
b- bc- c-

c-

10

11

13

12

b+ b+ b+ b+ b+ ac- ca- a-

14

15

16

17

c+ c+ c+ c+ c+
a- ab- b-

18

b-

Fig. 7. Arrangement of the coil sides for delta winding with the number of slots per pole and phase qs = 3
and the number of pole pairs p = 2

A sketch of a slot with coil sides for delta connecting of the winding with main dimensions
to calculate the slot leakage inductance is shown in Figure 8.
The magnetic field strength for particular slot parts for k-of slot, wherein k = 1, 2, ...., qs 1,
according to the designations in Figure 8, is calculated from the following dependencies

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584

Arch. Elect. Eng.

J. Staszak

C in part 4 (lower part of a slot current flows ib)

qk
N c ib
q
y
H x4 ( y) =

q
k
bs
hc
q

for 0 y

qk
hc ,
q

(63)

C in part 3
qk
N c ib
q
H x3 ( y ) =
bs

for

qk
qk
hc y
hc + hi ,
q
q

(64)

C in part 2
qk
k
N c ib
N c ia
q
q
y
H x2 ( y) =
+
k
bs
bs
hc
q

for

qk
qk
k
hc + hi y
hc + hi + hc , (65)
q
q
q

C in part 1
qk
k
N c ib
N c ia
qk
k
qk
k
q
q
H x1 ( y ) =
+
for
hc + hi + hc y
hc + hi + hc + hs , (66)
q
q
q
q
bs
bs

where: hc the height of the slot occupied by coil sides in the slot.

Fig. 8. A sketch of a slot with coil

sides of delta winding with main dimensions to calculate the slot leakage
inductance (k = 1, 2, ...., qs 1)

The magnetic energy of the k-of such slot, which is the sum of the energies of individual
slot parts, is determined from the following expressions

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Vol. 62(2013)

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

585

WQk = Wm1 + Wm 2 + Wm3 + Wm 4 =

q k 3 hc q k 2 k hc q k 2 hi q k 2 hs

+
+
+

ib2 +
.
q 3bs q q bs q bs q bs
1

= 0le N c2

2
3
2
2

k hc k hs
q k k hc
k hs
2
+
iaib +
+
ia 2

iaib
q q 2bs
q bs

q 3bs q bs

(67)

Magnetic energy for slot 4q-k is calculated in the same way as for k slot exchanging current ia with current ib
WQ ( 4 q k ) = Wm1 + Wm 2 + Wm3 + Wm 4 =
q k 3 hQ q k 2 k hc q k 2 hi q k 2 hs

+
+
+

ia2 +
q 3bs q q bs q bs q bs
.
1

2
= 0le N c

2
2
k 3 hc k 2 hs

q
k
k
h
k
h

s
c
+
iaib +
+
iaib

ib2 + 2
q q 2bs
q bs
q 3bs q bs

(68)

Total magnetic energy for k-of such slot and for slot (4q-k) is equal to
WQk , ( 4 q k ) = WQk + WQ ( 4 q k ) =

1
0le N c2
2

q k 3 q k 2 1 k 3 hc q k 2 hi q k 2 k 2 hs

+
+
+
+ 3
+ (ia2 + ib2 ) .

q q q 3bs q bs q q bs

q k k hc k hs
4

+

ia ib
q q 2bs q bs

(69)

The total energy of slots with the currents ia and ib is determined by the following
dependence
WQ ( a ,b ) =

1
0le N c2
2

q 1

q k 3 q k 2 k k 3 hc q k 2 hi q k 2 k 2 hs

+
+
+
+ (ia2 + ib2 ) .

+ 3

q q q 3bs q bs q q bs

k =1

q k k hc k hs
4

+

ia ib
q q 2bs q bs

Using expressions of finite series of numbers [12]

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586

J. Staszak

Arch. Elect. Eng.

q (q 1)
2

(
1
)
(
2
1
)
q
q
q

12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + (q 1) 2 =

2
2
q (q 1)

13 + 2 3 + 33 + (q 1) 3 =

4
1 + 2 + L + (q 1) =

(71)

and expression (70) we obtain the final form for the total energy

WQ ( a ,b )

(q 1)(3q 1) hc (q 1)(2q 1) hi (q 1)(2q 1) hs 2 2

(ia + ib )
+
+

4q
3bs
6q
bs
3q
bs

1
.
2
= 0 le N c

(q 1)(q + 1) hc (q 1)(q + 1) hs
ia ib
+

bs
4q
3bs
3q

(72)

Similar dependencies for magnetic energy are given for slots which contain pairs of phase
currents (ib, ic) and (ic, ia)

WQ (b, c )

( q 1)(3q 1) hc ( q 1)(2q 1) hi ( q 1)(2q 1) hs 2 2

(ib + ic )
+
+

4q
3bs
6q
bs
3q
bs

1
,
2
= 0 le N c

(q 1)(q + 1) hc (q 1)(q + 1) hs
2
i
i

bc
4
q
3
b
3
q
b
s
s

(73)

WQ (c , a )

(q 1)(3q 1) hc (q 1)(2q 1) hi (q 1)(2q 1) hs 2 2

+
+
(ic + ia )

bs
bs
4q
3bs
6q
3q

= 0le N c2
.
2

(q 1)(q + 1) hc (q 1)(q + 1) hs
+
icia
2

bs
4q
3bs
3q

(74)

The total magnetic energy of slots with the currents of different phases with pair of poles is
equal to

WQ ( a ,b, c )

(q 1)(3q 1) hc (q 1)(2q 1) hi (q 1)(2q 1) hs 2 2 2

+
+
(ia + ib + b )

bs
bs
4q
3bs
6q
3q

2
= 0 le N c 2
.
2
(q 1)(q + 1) hc (q 1)(q + 1) hs

+
(ia ib + ibic + icia )

bs
4q
3bs
3q

(75)

The magnetic energy, for slots which contain only windings with current of the same phase
(two slots of a particular phase for one pair of poles) and the number of coils Nc in a slot can
be calculated from
Wa ,b,c =

1
h
h
0le N c2 2 c + s (ia2 + ib2 + ic2 ).
2
3bs bs

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Vol. 62(2013)

587

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

When the winding is disposed in two layers in a such slots we obtain

Wa ,b,c =

1
h
h
h
0 l e N c2 2 c + i + s (ia2 + ib2 + ic2 ).
2
3bs 4bs bs

(77)

Taking into account the dependencies (75) and (77) total magnetic energy of all slots will
be determined by the following dependence
3q 2 + 1 hc 4q 2 3q + 2 hi
2q 2 + 1 hs 2 2 2
+
+

(ia + ib + b )
4q 3bs
3q
4bs
3q bs

WQ = 0 le pN c2 2
.
2
q 2 1 hc q 2 1 hs

(ia ib + ib ic + ic ia )
3q bs
4q 3bs

(78)

From the comparison of equations (53) and (78), and taking into account the expressions
(37), we can calculate the self- and mutual slot leakage inductance for delta winding
N s2 hc
h
h

k Q1 + i k Q 3 + s k Q 2 ,

pq 3bs
4bs
bs

LQ = 2 0 l e

N s2 hc
h

k m1 + s k m 2 ,

pq 3bs
bs

L m = 2 0 l e

(79)

(80)

where the coefficients kQ1, kQ2 and kQ3 and km1, km2 are given by the following dependencies
3q 2 + 1

k Q1 =

4q 2

kQ2 =

q2 1

k m1 =

k m2 =

8q 2

2q 2 + 1
3q 2

k Q3 =

q2 1
6q 2

4q 2 3q + 2

3q 2

(81)

However, slot leakage inductance for components dq and zero sequence component according to (79) and (80) and (37) amounts to
L = 2 0 l e
L 0 s = 2 0 l e

N s2
pq

h
h
hc

k1 + i k 3 + s k 2 ,

3
4
b
b
b
s

s
s

N s2 hc
h
h

k 01 + i k 03 + s k 02 .

4bs
bs
pq 3bs

(82)

(83)

The coefficients k1, k2 and k01, k02 are given by the following expresions
k1 =

7q 2 + 1

k 01 =

8q

q2 +1
2q 2

k2 =

5q 2 + 1

k 02 =

6q

q2 + 2
3q 2

k3 =

k 03

3q

4q 2 3q + 2
=

3q 2

4q 2 3q + 2

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(84)

588

Arch. Elect. Eng.

J. Staszak

the values of self inductance factors kQ1 and kQ2 as well as the factors for mutual km1 and km2
inductances for the slot leakage of double-layer winding are given in Figure 9. Figure 10
shows the values of the factors k1 and k2 for components dq and coefficients k01 and k01 for
zero sequence component.

kQ1, kQ2, km1, km2

k
k

0.8

k
k

0.6

Q1
Q2
m1
m2

0.4
0.2
0

Fig. 9. Factors kQ1, kQ2 and km1, km2 vs the number of slots per pole and phase qs
1
k
k

0.8
0.6

2
01
02

0.4

01

k ,k ,k ,k

02

0.2
0

Fig. 10. Factors k1 and k2 vs the number of slots per pole and phase qs

6. Determination of delta-modified slot leakage inductance

Spatial distribution of linear density of current for delta winding connection is closer to the
sinusoidal shape than that obtained for the double-layer winding. Delta winding does not allow to eliminate any harmonic belt spatial frequency components in the magnetic field distribution. For example, the fifth and seventh harmonic components in magnetic field. Deltamodified winding, whose we designed has been patented in [10]. It is characterized by scant
higher harmonic spatial content and allows for a significant reduction in the fifth and seventh
harmonics as the most significant. The spatial distribution is similar to the sinusoidal one. It is
obtained for that winding by reducing the number of wires in the coils of delta winding, which
have the maximum number. It concern the coils which are placed in slots 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 in
Figure 7. Distribution of delta-modified winding group can be written as

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Vol. 62(2013)

Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

1
Nc
qs

2
Nc
qs

qs 1
Nc
qs

hN c

qs 1
Nc
qs

2
Nc
qs

1
Nc ,
qs

589

(85)

where: Nc maximum number of windings in a slot, qs number of slots on the pole and
phase.
The coefficient h in the formula (85) comprises a range of 0 < h < 1, wherein for winding
in delta connection we had h = 1. By a suitable selection of coefficient h we may obtain distribution of the magnetic field close to a sinusoidal distribution. Rules for the selection of
coefficient h are given in the patent description [10]. Magnetic energy of slots, where there are
only windings with the same phase (the slots of particular phase per one pair of poles) placed
in two layers, with the number of windings hNc in a slot is equal to
Wa ,b,c =

1
h
h
h

0 l e N c2 2 c h 2 + i h 2 + s h 2 (ia2 + ib2 + ic2 ).

2
3
b
4
b
b
s

s
s

(86)

Taking into account the dependencies (75) and (86), the total magnetic energy of all slots
for delta-modified winding is determined by the following expressions
WQ =

N2
1
2 0 l e c
pq
2

3q 2 4q (1 h 2 ) + 1 hc
4q 2 3q(2q h 2 ) + 2 hi
2q 2 3q (1 h 2 ) + 1 hs 2
2 2 (87)
+
+

(i a + ib + b )
2
2
2
b
b
b
3
4
4q
3q
3q
s
s
s

(q 1)(q + 1) hc
(q 1)(q + 1) hs
(i a ib + ib ic + ic i a )
+

bs
4q
3bs
3q

From comparison of the equations (87) and (53), and taking into account expressions (37),
the results for self- and mutual inductance associated with the slot leakage flux for deltamodified winding can be expressed
LQ = 2 0 l e

N s2 hc
h
h

k Q1 + i k Q3 + s k Q 2 ,

pq 3bs
4bs
bs

L m = 2 0 l e

(88)

N s2 hc
h

k m1 + s k m 2 .

pq 3bs
bs

(89)

Where coefficients kQ1, kQ2 and kQ3 are described by expressions

k Q1 =

3q 2 4q (1 h 2 ) + 1
4q 2

, kQ2 =

2q 2 3q (1 h 2 ) + 1
3q 2

, k Q3 =

4q 2 3q (2q h 2 ) + 2
3q 2

, (90)

however, coefficients km1 and km2 are identical as in delta winding.

Slot leakage inductance for components dq and zero sequence component according to
(88) and (89) and (37) will amount to

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590

Arch. Elect. Eng.

J. Staszak

L = 2 0 l e

L 0 s = 2 0 l e

N s2 hc
h
h

k1 + i k 3 + s k 2 ,

4bs
pq 3bs
bs

(91)

N s2 hc
h
h

k 01 + i k 03 + s k 02 .

4bs
pq 3bs
bs

(92)

Where coefficients k1, k2 and k01, k02 are described by

k1 =

7 q 2 4q (1 h 2 ) + 1

k 01 =

8q

q 2 4q(1 h 2 ) + 1
2q 2

, k2 =

5q 2 3q (1 h 2 ) + 1
6q

k 02 =

, k3 =

q 2 3q(1 h 2 ) + 2
3q 2

, k 03

,
3q

. (93)
2
2
4q 3q (2q h ) + 2
=

3q 2

4q 2 3q (2q h 2 ) + 2
2

The procedure for calculating of slot leakage inductance can be simplified under omitting
small interlayer insulation thickness hi between the two sides of the windings in each a slot. As
a result of such simplification, the slot leakage inductance can be calculated in the same way
as for a single-layer winding, but one should use the two factors taking into account the phase
currents reallocation on both sides of the winding in a slot. The coefficient k1 to the slot part
occupied by the winding and the coefficient k2 to the top of a slot without winding should be
taken into account. The slot leakage inductance is then determined from the following expressions

N s2
(Qa kQ1 + Qb kQ 2 )
pq

,
2

N
= 20le s (Qa km1 + Qb k m 2 )
pq

(94)

,
2

N
= 20le s (Qa k01 + Qb k02 )
pq

(95)

LQ = 20le
L m

L = 20le
L 0 s

N s2
(Qa k1 + Qb k2 )
pq

Magnetic conductivity coefficients Qa and Qb in the formulas above refer to the singlelayer winding of any shape, where in the coefficient Qa refers to the slot part comprising the
winding and coefficient Qb refers to the top of the slot without winding. The coefficients kQ1,
kQ2, km1, km2, k1, k2, k01, k02 calculated for rectangular slot can also be used to calculate the slot
leakage inductance of other shapes [4, 11], committing only a small error. Dependencies on
magnetic conductivity coefficients of single-layer windings of any shape, appearing in
formulas (94) and (95), can be found in the works [3, 4, 5, 11].
Table 1 shows the values of the coefficients k1 and k2 for different types of windings, for
qs = 3.

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Determination of slot leakage inductance for three-phase induction motor winding

591

Table 1. Coefficients k1 and k2 for different types of windings

k1

k2

Type of winding qs = 3

single-layer

0.906

0.875

double-layer ys = 5/6

0.889

0.852

delta

0.845

0.808

delta-modified h = 0.858

7. Conclusions
In this paper, the inductances of the windings for induction motor have been calculated.
The dependence of the magnetic field energy on the arrangement of the motor coils is
overwritten. For the three-phase current values, the author derived the formulas for the slot
leakage inductance of double-layer, delta and delta-modified windings. The method presented
in the paper allows to calculate self- and mutual slot leakage inductance of an induction
machine in a natural system of coordinate and slot leakage inductance for components dq and
zero component. Presented dependencies and graphs show that the placement of the coil in the
slot which are belong to different phases causes a reduction in slot leakage inductance in
comparison to a single layer winding. Comparing coefficients shown in Table 1, we can state
that the greatest reduction in inductance is observed for delta-modified winding, then delta and
the smallest one is for the double-layer winding. Developed analytical dependencies may be
useful in the design of windings and in the analysis of dynamic states of the AC electric
machines.

References
[1] Boldea I., Nasar S.J., The Induction Machine Handbook. CRC Press Bocca Raton, London (2002).
[2] Czeczet J. S., Electric Micro-machines automation (in Polish). WNT, Warszawa (1968).
[3] Dbrowski M., Design of AC electrical machines (in Polish). WNT, Warszawa (1994).
[4] Gowacki A., Electromagnetic calculations of three-phase induction motors (in Polish). WNT, Warszawa (1993).
[5] Kamiski G., Przyborowski W., Windings and parameters of electrical machines (in Polish). Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa (1998).
[6] Krause P.C., Wasynczuk O., Sudhoff S.D., Analysis of Electrical Machinery and Drive System (2nd
ed.). IEEE Press, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2002).
[7] Paszek W., Dynamics of electric alternating current machines (in Polish). WNT, Warszawa (1986).
[8] Piekowski K., Analysis and control of dual stator winding induction motor. Archives of Electrical
Engineering 61(3): 421-438 (2012).
[9] Sobczyk T.J., Methodological aspects of mathematical modelling of induction machines (in Polish).
WNT, Warszawa (2004).
[10] Staszak J., Nadolski R., Winding of low spatial harmonics in the magnetic field. PL 213957 B1,
Patent Republic of Poland (2012).
[11] liwiski T., Methods for calculating the induction motors. T. 1, Analysis. Wydawnictwo Naukowe
PWN, Warszawa (2008).
[12] Zwillinger D., Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton
London New York Washington (2003).

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