Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation /makrsft/[5] (commonly 1 History

referred to as Microsoft) is an American multinational
technology company headquartered in Redmond, Main articles: History of Microsoft and History of
Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, sup- Microsoft Windows
ports and sells computer software, consumer electronics
and personal computers and services. Its best known
software products are the Microsoft Windows line of
operating systems, Microsoft Oce oce suite, and 1.1 197284: Founding and company beInternet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its agship
ginnings
hardware products are the Xbox game consoles and the
Microsoft Surface tablet lineup. It is the worlds largest
software maker measured by revenues.[6] It is also one of
the worlds most valuable companies.[7]
Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on
April 4, 1975, to develop and sell BASIC interpreters
for Altair 8800. It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys
1986 initial public oering, and subsequent rise in its
share price, created three billionaires and an estimated
12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Since the
1990s, it has increasingly diversied from the operating
system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype TechPaul Allen (l.) and Bill Gates (r.) on October 19, 1981, in a sea
nologies for $8.5 billion in its largest acquisition to date.[8]

of PCs after signing a pivotal contract. IBM called Microsoft in

July 1980 inquiring about programming languages for its upcoming PC line;[12]:228 after failed negotiations with another company, IBM gave Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the
new line of PCs.[13]

As of 2015, Microsoft is market dominant in both

the IBM PC-compatible operating system (while it lost
the majority of the overall operating system market to
Android) and oce software suite markets (the latter with
Microsoft Oce). The company also produces a wide
range of other software for desktops and servers, and
is active in areas including Internet search (with Bing),
the video game industry (with the Xbox, Xbox 360 and
Xbox One consoles), the digital services market (through
MSN), and mobile phones (via the operating systems of
Nokias former phones[9] and Windows Phone OS). In
June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the rst time, with the launch of the
Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers.

Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972
they founded their rst company, named Traf-O-Data,
which oered a rudimentary computer that tracked and
analyzed automobile trac data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in computer science at Washington State
University, later dropping out of school to work at
Honeywell. Gates began studies at Harvard.[14] The
January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, which Allen
bought at Out of Town News, featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems's (MITS) Altair 8800
microcomputer.[15] Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device; after a call from
Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didn't actually have
one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while
Gates developed the interpreter. Although they developed the interpreter on a simulator and not the actual device, the interpreter worked awlessly when they demon-

With the acquisition of Nokias devices and services division to form Microsoft Mobile Oy, the company reentered the smartphone hardware market, after its previous attempt, Microsoft Kin, which resulted from their
acquisition of Danger Inc.[10]
Microsoft is a portmanteau of the words microcomputer
and software.[11]

strated the interpreter to MITS in Albuquerque, New

Mexico in March 1975; MITS agreed to distribute it,
marketing it as Altair BASIC.[12]:108, 112114 They ocially established Microsoft on April 4, 1975, with Gates
as the CEO.[16] Allen came up with the original name
of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article.[17][18] In August 1977 the company formed
an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in
its rst international oce, "ASCII Microsoft".[19] The
company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington
in January 1979.[16]
Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own
version of Unix, called Xenix.[20] However, it was MSDOS that solidied the companys dominance. After negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a
contract to Microsoft in November 1980 to provide a
version of the CP/M OS, which was set to be used in
the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC).[21] For
this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MSDOS, which IBM rebranded to PC DOS. Following the
release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted
the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to reverse engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC
compatibles, but no such restriction applied to the operating systems. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs
available software selection, Microsoft eventually became the leading PC operating systems vendor.[13][22]:210
The company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a
publishing division named Microsoft Press.[12]:232 Paul
Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing
Hodgkins disease.

1.2

198494: Windows and Oce

Windows 1.0 was released on November 20, 1985 as the rst

version of the Microsoft Windows line.

While jointly developing a new OS with IBM in

1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows,
a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,
1985.[12]:242243, 246 Microsoft moved its headquarters to

HISTORY

Windows Timeline

Redmond on February 26, 1986, and on March 13 the

company went public;[23] the ensuing rise in the stock
would make an estimated four billionaires and 12,000
millionaires from Microsoft employees.[24] Due to the
partnership with IBM, in 1990 the Federal Trade Commission set its eye on Microsoft for possible collusion; it
marked the beginning of over a decade of legal clashes
with the U.S. Government.[25] Microsoft released its
version of OS/2 to original equipment manufacturers
(OEMs) on April 2, 1987;[12]:243244 meanwhile, the company was at work on a 32-bit OS, Microsoft Windows NT,
using ideas from OS/2; it shipped on July 21, 1993, with a
new modular kernel and the Win32 application programming interface (API), making porting from 16-bit (MSDOS-based) Windows easier. Once Microsoft informed
IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated.[26]
In 1990, Microsoft introduced its oce suite, Microsoft
Oce. The software bundled separate oce productivity
applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.[12]:301 On May 22 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0
with a streamlined user interface graphics and improved
protected mode capability for the Intel 386 processor.[27]
Both Oce and Windows became dominant in their respective areas.[28][29] Novell, a Word competitor from
19841986, led a lawsuit years later claiming that Microsoft left part of its APIs undocumented in order to gain
a competitive advantage.[30]
On July 27, 1994, the U.S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division led a Competitive Impact Statement that
said, in part: Beginning in 1988, and continuing until
July 15, 1994, Microsoft induced many OEMs to execute anti-competitive per processor licenses. Under a
per processor license, an OEM pays Microsoft a royalty
for each computer it sells containing a particular microprocessor, whether the OEM sells the computer with a
Microsoft operating system or a non-Microsoft operating system. In eect, the royalty payment to Microsoft
when no Microsoft product is being used acts as a penalty,
or tax, on the OEMs use of a competing PC operating
system. Since 1988, Microsofts use of per processor licenses has increased.[31]

1.4

200711: Windows Vista, mobile, and Windows 7

Bill Gates giving his deposition in 1998 for the United States v.
Microsoft trial.[25]

1.3

In 1996, Microsoft released Windows CE, a version of the operating system meant for personal digital assistants and other tiny
computers.

19952007: Internet and the 32-bit era

as well.[38][39] On April 3, 2000, a judgment was handed
down in the case of United States v. Microsoft,[40] calling
the company an abusive monopoly";[41] it settled with
the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004.[23] On October 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, unifying
the mainstream and NT lines under the NT codebase.[42]
The company released the Xbox later that year, entering the game console market dominated by Sony and
Nintendo.[43] In March 2004 the European Union brought
antitrust legal action against the company, citing it abused
its dominance with the Windows OS, resulting in a judgment of 497 million ($613 million) and to produce new
versions of Windows XP without Windows Media Player,
Windows XP Home Edition N and Windows XP Professional N.[44][45]

Following Bill Gatess internal Internet Tidal Wave

memo on May 26, 1995, Microsoft began to redene
its oerings and expand its product line into computer
networking and the World Wide Web.[32] The company
released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995, featuring preemptive multitasking, a completely new user interface
with a novel start button, and 32-bit compatibility; similar to NT, it provided the Win32 API.[33][34]:20 Windows
95 came bundled with the online service MSN (which
was originally planned to be a competitor to the Internet), and for OEMs Internet Explorer, a web browser.
Internet Explorer was not bundled with the retail Windows 95 boxes because the boxes were printed before the
team nished the web browser, and instead was included
in the Windows 95 Plus! pack.[35] Branching out into new
markets in 1996, Microsoft and NBC Universal created a
new 24/7 cable news station, MSNBC.[36] Microsoft cre- 1.4
ated Windows CE 1.0, a new OS designed for devices
with low memory and other constraints, such as personal
digital assistants.[37] In October 1997, the Justice Department led a motion in the Federal District Court, stating
that Microsoft violated an agreement signed in 1994 and
asked the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer
with Windows.[12]:323324
Bill Gates handed over the CEO position on January
13, 2000, to Steve Ballmer, an old college friend of
Gates and employee of the company since 1980, creating a new position for himself as Chief Software Architect.[12]:111, 228[16] Various companies including Microsoft formed the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance
in October 1999 to, among other things, increase security and protect intellectual property through identifying changes in hardware and software. Critics decry the
alliance as a way to enforce indiscriminate restrictions
over how consumers use software, and over how computers behave, a form of digital rights management; for
example the scenario where a computer is not only secured for its owner, but also secured against its owner

200711: Windows Vista, mobile, and

Windows 7

CEO Steve Ballmer at the MIX event in 2008. In an interview

about his management style in 2005, he mentioned that his rst
priority was to get the people he delegates to in order. Ballmer
also emphasized the need to continue pursuing new technologies
even if initial attempts fail, citing the original attempts with Windows as an example.[46]

4
Released in January 2007, the next version of Windows, 1.5
Windows Vista, focused on features, security, and a redesigned user interface dubbed Aero.[47][48] Microsoft
Oce 2007, released at the same time, featured a
"Ribbon" user interface which was a signicant departure from its predecessors. Relatively strong sales of both
titles helped to produce a record prot in 2007.[49] The
European Union imposed another ne of 899 million
($1.4 billion) for Microsofts lack of compliance with the
March 2004 judgment on February 27, 2008, saying that
the company charged rivals unreasonable prices for key
information about its workgroup and backoce servers.
Microsoft stated that it was in compliance and that these
nes are about the past issues that have been resolved.[50]

HISTORY

2011present: Rebranding, Windows

8, Surface and Nokia devices

2007 also saw the creation of a multi-core unit at Mi- Start screen on Windows 8.1
crosoft, as they followed in the steps of server companies
such as Sun and IBM.[51]
Bill Gates retired from his role as Chief Software Architect on June 27, 2008, while retaining other positions related to the company in addition to being an advisor for the company on key projects.[52] Azure Services Platform, the companys entry into the cloud computing market for Windows, launched on October 27,
2008.[53] On February 12, 2009, Microsoft announced its
intent to open a chain of Microsoft-branded retail stores,
and on October 22, 2009, the rst retail Microsoft Store
opened in Scottsdale, Arizona; the same day the rst store
opened, Windows 7 was ocially released to the public. Windows 7s focus was on rening Vista with ease of
use features and performance enhancements, rather than Surface Pro 3, part of the Surface series of laplets by Microsoft
a large reworking of Windows.[54][55][56]
Following the release of Windows Phone, Microsoft
As the smartphone industry boomed beginning in 2007,
underwent a gradual rebranding of its product range
Microsoft struggled to keep up with its rivals Apple and
throughout 2011 and 2012the corporations logos,
Google in providing a modern smartphone operating sysproducts, services, and websites adopted the principles
tem. As a result, in 2010, Microsoft revamped their
and concepts of the Metro design language.[59] Microsoft
aging agship mobile operating system, Windows Mopreviewed Windows 8, an operating system designed to
bile, replacing it with the new Windows Phone OS; along
power both personal computers and tablet computers, in
with a new strategy in the smartphone industry that has
Taipei in June 2011.[60] A developer preview was reMicrosoft working more closely with smartphone manleased on September 13, and was replaced by a consumer
ufacturers, such as Nokia, and to provide a consistent
preview on February 29, 2012.[61] On May 31, 2012, the
user experience across all smartphones using Microsofts
preview version was released.
Windows Phone OS. It used a new user interface design
language, codenamed Metro, which prominently used On June 18, 2012, Microsoft unveiled the Surface,
simple shapes, typography and iconography, and the con- the rst computer in the companys history to have its
hardware made by Microsoft.[62][63] On June 25, Micept of minimalism.
crosoft paid US $1.2 billion to buy the social network
Microsoft is a founding member of the Open NetworkYammer.[64] On July 31, 2012, Microsoft launched the
ing Foundation started on March 23, 2011. Other foundOutlook.com webmail service to compete with Gmail.[65]
ing companies include Google, HP Networking, Yahoo,
On September 4, 2012, Microsoft released Windows
Verizon, Deutsche Telekom and 17 other companies. The
Server 2012.[66]
nonprot organization is focused on providing support for
a new cloud computing initiative called Software-Dened In July 2012, Microsoft sold its 50% stake in
Networking.[57] The initiative is meant to speed innova- MSNBC.com, which it had run as a joint venture
[67]
On October 1, Microsoft
tion through simple software changes in telecommunica- with NBC since 1996.
tions networks, wireless networks, data centers and other announced its intention to launch a news operation,
part of a new-look MSN, at the time of the Windows 8
networking areas.[58]
launch that was later in the month.[68] On October 26,
2012, Microsoft launched Windows 8 and the Microsoft

5
Surface.[63][69] Three days later, Windows Phone 8 was
launched.[70] To cope with the potential for an increase
in demand for products and services, Microsoft opened
a number of holiday stores across the U.S. to complement the increasing number of bricks-and-mortar
Microsoft Stores that opened in 2012.[71]
On March 29, 2013, Microsoft launched a Patent
Tracker.[72] The Kinect, the motion sensing input devices
by Microsoft, which was rst introduced in November
2010 was upgraded for the 2013 release of the eighthgeneration Xbox One. Its capabilities were revealed in
May 2013. The new Kinect uses an ultra-wide 1080p
camera, it can function in the dark due to an infrared sensor, it employs higher-end processing power and new software, it can distinguish between ne movements (such
as a thumb movements), and the device can determine a
users heart rate by looking at his/her face.[73] Microsoft
led a patent application in 2011 that suggests that the
corporation may use the Kinect camera system to monitor the behavior of television viewers as part of a plan
to make the viewing experience more active. On July
19, 2013, Microsoft stocks suered its biggest one-day
percentage sell-o since the year 2000 after its fourthquarter report raised concerns among the investors on the
poor showings of both Windows 8 and the Surface tablet;
with more than 11 percentage points declining Microsoft
suered a loss of more than US$32 billion.[74] For the
2010 scal year, Microsoft had ve product divisions:
Windows Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division, Microsoft Business Division, and Entertainment
and Devices Division.
<gallery
widths=200
mode="traditional
style=text-align:center;
margin:auto;"> File:Xbox
One Console Set.jpg|Xbox One console File:
Xbox-360-Kinect-Standalone.png|Xbox 360 Kinect
sensor </gallery>

The Alliance for Aordable Internet (A4AI) was

launched in October 2013 and Microsoft is part of the
coalition of public and private organizations that also includes Facebook, Intel and Google. Led by Tim BernersLee, the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more aordable so that access is broadened in the developing world,
where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to
decrease internet access prices so that they fall below the
UN Broadband Commissions worldwide target of 5% of
monthly income.[77]
In line with the maturing PC business, in July 2013, Microsoft announced that it would reorganize the business
into four new business divisions by function: Operating
System, Apps, Cloud and Devices. All previous divisions
will be diluted into new divisions without any workforce
cut.[78]
On February 4, 2014, Steve Ballmer stepped down as
CEO of Microsoft and was succeeded by Satya Nadella,
who previously led Microsofts Cloud and Enterprise
division.[79] On the same day, John W. Thompson took
on the role of chairman, with Bill Gates stepping down
from the position to become more active within the company as Technology Advisor.[80]
On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices
and Services and formed a new subsidiary, Microsoft Mobile Oy.
On September 15, 2014, Microsoft acquired the video
game development company Mojang for $2.5 billion, best
known for its wildly popular agship game Minecraft.[81]
On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced the release
of their rst Interactive whiteboard, The Surface Hub.[82]
(Part of the Surface family)
In Q1 2015, Microsoft is the third largest maker of mobile phones selling 33 million units (7.2% of all), while
a large majority (at least 75%) of them do not run any
version of Windows Phone those other phones are not
categorized as smartphones by Gartner in the same
time frame 8 million Windows smartphones (2.5% of
all smartphones) where made by all manufacturers (but
mostly by Microsoft).[9]

2 Businesses
2.1 Windows Division, Server and Tools,
Online Services Division
The companys Client division produces the agship Windows OS line such as Windows 8; it also produces the
John W. Thompson has been appointed the chairman of MiWindows Live family of products and services. Server
crosoft, taking over from Bill Gates.
and Tools produces the server versions of Windows, such
as Windows Server 2008 R2 as well as a set of develOn September 3, 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy Nokia's opment tools called Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft
mobile unit for $7 billion.[75] Also in 2013, Amy Hood Silverlight, a web application framework, and System
became the CFO of Microsoft.[76]
Center Conguration Manager, a collection of tools pro-

2 BUSINESSES

Toronto Microsoft Store

The Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Ofce including Microsoft Oce 2010, the companys
line of oce software. The software product includes
Word (a word processor), Access (a relational database
program), Excel (a spreadsheet program), Outlook
(Groupware, frequently used with Exchange Server),
PowerPoint (presentation software), Publisher (desktop
publishing software) and Sharepoint. A number of other
products were added later with the release of Oce
2003 including Visio, Project, MapPoint, InfoPath and
OneNote. The division also develops enterprise resource planning (ERP) software for companies under the
Microsoft Dynamics brand. These include: Microsoft
Dynamics AX, Microsoft Dynamics NAV, Microsoft Dynamics GP, and Microsoft Dynamics SL. They are targeted at varying company types and countries, and limited to organizations with under 7,500 employees.[83]
Also included under the Dynamics brand is the customer
relationship management software Microsoft Dynamics
CRM, part of the Azure Services Platform.

viding remote-control abilities, patch management, software distribution and a hardware/software inventory.
Other server products include: Microsoft SQL Server,
a relational database management system, Microsoft Exchange Server, for certain business-oriented e-mail and
scheduling features, Small Business Server, for messaging and other small business-oriented features; and
Microsoft BizTalk Server, for business process manage- 2.3 Entertainment and Devices Division
ment.
Microsoft provides IT consulting (Microsoft Consult- See also: Microsoft Mobile Oy
ing Services) and produces a set of certication programs handled by the Server and Tools division designed to recognize individuals who have a minimal set
of prociencies in a specic role; this includes developers (Microsoft Certied Solution Developer), system/network analysts (Microsoft Certied Systems Engineer), trainers ("Microsoft Certied Trainers") and administrators ("Microsoft Certied Systems Administrator" and Microsoft Certied Database Administrator).
Microsoft Press, which publishes books, is also managed
by the division. The Online Services Business division
handles the online service MSN and the search engine
Bing.

2.2

Business Division

The Entertainment and Devices Division produces the

Windows CE OS for embedded systems and Windows
Phone for smartphones.[84] Microsoft initially entered the
mobile market through Windows CE for handheld devices, eventually developing into the Windows Mobile OS
and now, Windows Phone. Windows CE is designed for
devices where the OS may not directly be visible to the
end user, in particular, appliances and cars. The division also produces computer games, via its in-house game
publisher Microsoft Studios, that run on Windows PCs
and other systems including titles such as Age of Empires, Halo and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series, and
houses the Macintosh Business Unit which produces Mac
OS software including Microsoft Oce 2011 for Mac.
Microsofts Entertainment and Devices Division designs,
markets, and manufactures consumer electronics including the Xbox 360 game console, the handheld Zune media
player, and the television-based Internet appliance MSN
TV. Microsoft also markets personal computer hardware
including mice, keyboards, and various game controllers
such as joysticks and gamepads.

2.4 Future Decoded

See also: Future Decoded

Microsoft Talo, the headquarters of Microsoft Mobile

Future Decoded is an event held every year by Microsoft

that allows business partners of the company sharing their
views on what the future holds for business, society, leadership, technology and more.

3.3

Marketing

Corporate aairs

See also: Criticism of Microsoft

7
and a special one-time payout of three dollars per share
for the second quarter of the scal year.[91][92] Though
the company had subsequent increases in dividend payouts, the price of Microsofts stock remained steady for
years.[92][93]

Standard and Poors and Moodys have both given a AAA

rating to Microsoft, whose assets were valued at $41 billion as compared to only $8.5 billion in unsecured debt.
The company is run by a board of directors made up
Consequently, in February 2011 Microsoft released a
of mostly company outsiders, as is customary for pubcorporate bond amounting to $2.25 billion with relatively
licly traded companies. Members of the board of dilow borrowing rates compared to government bonds.[94]
rectors as of September 2014 are: John W. Thompson, Dina Dublon, Bill Gates, Maria Klawe, David Mar- For the rst time in 20 years Apple Inc. surpassed Miquardt, Mason Mort,[85] Satya Nadella, Charles Noski, crosoft in Q1 2011 quarterly prots and revenues due
Helmut Panke and John W. Stanton.[86] Board members to a slowdown in PC sales and continuing huge losses in
are elected every year at the annual shareholders meeting Microsofts Online Services Division (which contains its
using a majority vote system. There are ve committees search engine Bing). Microsoft prots were $5.2 billion,
within the board which oversee more specic matters. while Apple Inc. prots were $6 billion, on revenues of
[95]
These committees include the Audit Committee, which $14.5 billion and $24.7 billion respectively.
handles accounting issues with the company including Microsofts Online Services Division has been continuauditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, ously loss-making since 2006 and in Q1 2011 it lost $726
which approves compensation for the CEO and other em- million. This follows a loss of $2.5 billion for the year
ployees of the company; the Finance Committee, which 2010.[96]
handles nancial matters such as proposing mergers and
acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Commit- On July 20, 2012, Microsoft posted its rst quarterly
tee, which handles various corporate matters including loss ever, despite earning record revenues for the quarter
nomination of the board; and the Antitrust Compliance and scal year, with a net loss of $492 million due to a
Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices writedown related to the advertising company aQuantive,
which had been acquired for $6.2 billion back in 2007.[97]
from violating antitrust laws.[87]
As of January 2014, Microsofts market capitalization
stood at $314B,[98] making it the 8th largest company in
3.2 Financial
the world by market capitalization.[99]

3.1

Board of Directors

On November 14, 2014, Microsoft overtook Exxon Mobil to become the 2nd most valuable company by market capitalization, behind only Apple Inc. Its total market value was over $410B with the stock price hitting
$50.04 a share, the highest since early 2000.[100]
In 2015, Reuters reported that Microsoft Corp had earnings abroad of $76.4 billion which were untaxed by the
IRS. Under U.S. law corporations don't pay income tax
on overseas prots until the prots are brought into the
United States[101]
Five year history graph of NASDAQ: MSFT stock on July 17,
2013[88]

When Microsoft went public and launched its initial public oering (IPO) in 1986, the opening stock price was
$21; after the trading day, the price closed at $27.75.
As of July 2010, with the companys nine stock splits,
any IPO shares would be multiplied by 288; if one was
to buy the IPO today given the splits and other factors,
it would cost about 9 cents.[12]:235236[89][90] The stock
price peaked in 1999 at around $119 ($60.928 adjusting for splits).[91] The company began to oer a dividend
on January 16, 2003, starting at eight cents per share for
the scal year followed by a dividend of sixteen cents per
share the subsequent year, switching from yearly to quarterly dividends in 2005 with eight cents a share per quarter

3.3 Marketing
In 2004, Microsoft commissioned research rms to do independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership
(TCO) of Windows Server 2003 to Linux; the rms concluded that companies found Windows easier to administrate than Linux, thus those using Windows would administrate faster resulting in lower costs for their company
(i.e. lower TCO).[102] This spurred a wave of related studies; a study by the Yankee Group concluded that upgrading from one version of Windows Server to another costs
a fraction of the switching costs from Windows Server to
Linux, although companies surveyed noted the increased

3 CORPORATE AFFAIRS
that Gmail violates the privacy of its users to place ad
results related to the content of their emails and shopping results which favor Google products. Tech publications like Tech Crunch have been highly critical of the ad
campaign,[110] while Google employees have embraced
it.[111]

3.4 Lay o
Main article: Criticism of Microsoft

Microsoft Press Event at E3 Expo 2012

In July 2014, Microsoft announced plans to lay o 18,000

employees. Microsoft employed 127,104 people as of
June 5, 2014, making this about a 14 percent reduction
of its workforce as the biggest Microsoft lay o ever. It
will include 12,500 professional and factory personnel.
Previously, Microsoft has laid o 5,800 jobs in 2009 in
line with US nancial crisis.[112][113]
In September 2014, Microsoft laid o 2,100 people, including 747 people in the Seattle-Redmond area, where
the company is headquartered. The rings came as a second wave of the layos that were previously announced.
This brings the total number to over 15,000 out of the
18,000 expected cuts.[114]
In October 2014, Microsoft revealed that it was almost
done with the elimination of 18,000 employees which is
its largest ever layo sweep.

Windows 8 Launch Event in Akihabara, Tokyo in 25 October

2012

security and reliability of Linux servers and concern

about being locked into using Microsoft products.[103]
Another study, released by the Open Source Development Labs, claimed that the Microsoft studies were simply outdated and one-sided and their survey concluded
that the TCO of Linux was lower due to Linux administrators managing more servers on average and other
reasons.[104]

In July 2015, Microsoft announced another 7,800 job

cuts in next several months.[3]

3.5 United States Government

Main article: Criticism of Microsoft

Microsoft provides information about reported bugs in

their software to intelligence agencies of the United States
government, prior to the public release of the x. A Microsoft spokesperson has stated that the corporation runs
sharing of such inforAs part of the Get the Facts campaign, Microsoft several programs that facilitate the[115]
mation
with
the
U.S.
government.
highlighted the .NET trading platform that it had developed in partnership with Accenture for the London Following media reports about PRISM, NSAs massive
Stock Exchange, claiming that it provided "ve nines" electronic surveillance program, in May 2013, several
reliability. After suering extended downtime and technology companies were identied as participants, inunreliability[105][106] the LSE announced in 2009 that it cluding Microsoft.[116] According to leaks of said prowas planning to drop its Microsoft solution and switch to gram, Microsoft joined the PRISM program in 2007.[117]
a Linux-based one in 2010.[107][108]
However, in June 2013, an ocial statement from MiIn 2012, Microsoft hired a political pollster named Mark crosoft atly denied their participation in the program:
Penn, whom the New York Times called famous for bulldozing his political opponents [109] as Executive VicePresident, Advertising and Strategy. Penn created a series
of negative ads targeting one of Microsofts chief competitors, Google. The ads, called "Scroogled", attempt to
make the case that Google is screwing consumers with
search results rigged to favor Googles paid advertisers,

We provide customer data only when we

receive a legally binding order or subpoena to
do so, and never on a voluntary basis. In addition we only ever comply with orders for requests about specic accounts or identiers.
If the government has a broader voluntary

4.2

Environment
national security program to gather customer
data, we don't participate in it.[118]

During the rst six months in 2013, Microsoft had received requests that aected between 15,000 and 15,999
accounts.[119] In December 2013, the company made
statement to further emphasis the fact that they take their
customers privacy and data protection very seriously,
even saying that government snooping potentially now
constitutes an "advanced persistent threat, alongside sophisticated malware and cyber attacks.[120] The statement also marked the beginning of three-part program to
enhance Microsofts encryption and transparency eorts.
In July 1, 2014, as part of this program they opened the
rst (of many) Microsoft Transparency Center, that provides participating governments with the ability to review source code for our key products, assure themselves
of their software integrity, and conrm there are no "back
doors.[121]

9
through online Usenet newsgroups, and CompuServe in
the past, monitored by Microsoft employees; there can
be several newsgroups for a single product. Helpful
people can be elected by peers or Microsoft employees
for Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status,
which entitles them to a sort of special social status and
possibilities for awards and other benets.[127]

Noted for its internal lexicon, the expression eating our

own dog food is used to describe the policy of using prerelease and beta versions of products inside Microsoft in
an eort to test them in real-world situations.[128] This
is usually shortened to just dog food and is used as noun,
verb, and adjective. Another bit of jargon, FYIFV or
FYIV (Fuck You, I'm [Fully] Vested), is used by an
employee to indicate they are nancially independent and
can avoid work anytime they wish.[129] The company is
also known for its hiring process, mimicked in other organizations and dubbed the "Microsoft interview", which
is notorious for o-the-wall questions such as Why is a
Microsoft has also argued that the United States Congress manhole cover round?".[130]
should enact strong privacy regulations to protect con- Microsoft is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H1B
sumer data.[122]
visas, which allow companies in the U.S. to employ

4
4.1

Corporate identity
Corporate Culture

certain foreign workers. Bill Gates claims the cap on

H1B visas makes it dicult to hire employees for the
company, stating I'd certainly get rid of the H1B cap
in 2005.[131] Critics of H1B visas argue that relaxing
the limits would result in increased unemployment for
U.S. citizens due to H1B workers working for lower
salaries.[132] The Human Rights Campaign Corporate
Equality Index, a report of how progressive the organization deems company policies towards LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual) employees, rated Microsoft as 87% from 2002 to 2004 and as 100% from
2005 to 2010 after they allowed gender expression.[133]

4.2 Environment

The Commons, located on the campus of the companys headquarters in Redmond

Technical reference for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer
Network (MSDN). MSDN also oers subscriptions for
companies and individuals, and the more expensive subscriptions usually oer access to pre-release beta versions
of Microsoft software.[123][124] In April 2004 Microsoft
launched a community site for developers and users, titled
Channel 9, that provides a wiki and an Internet forum.[125]
Another community site that provides daily videocasts
and other services, On10.net, launched on March 3,
2006.[126] Free technical support is traditionally provided

In 2011, Greenpeace released a report rating the top ten

big brands in cloud computing on their sources of electricity for their data centers. At the time, data centers consumed up to 2% of all global electricity and this amount
was projected to increase. Phil Radford of Greenpeace
said we are concerned that this new explosion in electricity use could lock us into old, polluting energy sources
instead of the clean energy available today,[134] and
called on Amazon, Microsoft and other leaders of the
information-technology industry must embrace clean energy to power their cloud-based data centers.[135] In
2013, Microsoft agreed to buy power generated by a
Texas wind project to power one of its data centers.[136]
Microsoft is ranked on the 17th place in Greenpeace's
Guide to Greener Electronics (16th Edition) that ranks
18 electronics manufacturers according to their policies
on toxic chemicals, recycling and climate change.[137] Microsofts timeline for phasing out BFRs and phthalates in
all products is 2012 but its commitment to phasing out

10

5 SEE ALSO

PVC is not clear. As yet (January 2011) it has no prod- oor has been designed as a pseudo-conference center, as
ucts that are completely free from PVC and BFRs.[138]
it will hold events and meetings.[145]
Microsofts main U.S. campus received a silver certication from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental
4.5 Logo
Design (LEED) program in 2008, and it installed over
2,000 solar panels on top of its buildings in its Silicon
Microsoft adopted the so-called "Pac-Man Logo, deValley campus, generating approximately 15 percent of
signed by Scott Baker, in 1987. Baker stated The new
the total energy needed by the facilities in April 2005.[139]
logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the
Microsoft makes use of alternative forms of transit. It o and s to emphasize the soft part of the name and concreated one of the worlds largest private bus systems, the vey motion and speed.[147] Dave Norris ran an internal
Connector, to transport people from outside the com- joke campaign to save the old logo, which was green, in
pany; for on-campus transportation, the Shuttle Con- all uppercase, and featured a fanciful letter O, nicknamed
nect uses a large eet of hybrid cars to save fuel. The the blibbet, but it was discarded.[148] Microsofts logo with
company also subsidises regional public transport, pro- the "Your potential. Our passion." tagline below the main
vided by Sound Transit and King County Metro, as an corporate name, is based on a slogan Microsoft used in
incentive.[139][140] In February 2010 however, Microsoft 2008. In 2002, the company started using the logo in the
took a stance against adding additional public transport United States and eventually started a TV campaign with
and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to the State the slogan, changed from the previous tagline of "Where
Route 520 and its oating bridge connecting Redmond do you want to go today?".[149][150][151] During the prito Seattle; the company did not want to delay the con- vate MGX (Microsoft Global Exchange) conference in
struction any further.[141]
2010, Microsoft unveiled the companys next tagline, Be
[152]
They also had a slogan/tagline MakMicrosoft was ranked number 1 in the list of the Worlds Whats Next..
[153]
ing
it
all
make
sense..
Best Multinational Workplaces by the Great Place to
Work Institute in 2011.[142]

4.3

Headquarters

The corporate headquarters, informally known as the

Microsoft Redmond Campus, is located at One Microsoft Way in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft initially moved onto the grounds of the campus on February 26, 1986, weeks before the company went public on
March 13. The headquarters has since experienced multiple expansions since its establishment.
It is estimated to encompass over 8 million ft2 (750,000
m2 ) of oce space and 30,000-40,000 employees.[143]
Additional oces are located in Bellevue and Issaquah
(90,000 employees world-wide).

On August 23, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new corporate logo at the opening of its 23rd Microsoft store in
Boston indicating the companys shift of focus from the
classic style to the tile-centric modern interface which it
uses/will use on the Windows Phone platform, Xbox 360,
Windows 8 and the upcoming Oce Suites.[154] The new
logo also includes four squares with the colors of the thencurrent Windows logo which have been used to represent Microsofts four major products: Windows (blue),
Oce (red), Xbox (green), and Bing (yellow).[155] The
logo resembles the opening of one of the commercials
for Windows 95.[156][157]
19851987
19872012
2012present

4.4

Flagship Store

On 26 October 2015, the company opened its agship retail location on Fifth Avenue in New York City. The location features a ve-story glass storefront and is 22,270
square feet.[144] As per company executives, Microsoft
had been on the lookout for a agship location since
2009.[145] The companys retail locations are part of a
greater strategy to help build a connection with its consumers. The opening of the store coincided with the
launch of the Surface Book and Surface Pro 4.[146] Notably, the second oor has a large area designated for
consumers to play Xbox games. The third oor has
been named the Dell Experience at the Microsoft Store,
which showcases various Dell products. The fourth oor
is for employees and administrative operations. The fth

1985-1987: In 1985, Microsoft debuted the third

logo, and made Windows 1.0.
1987-2012: Microsoft "Pac-Man" logo, designed
by Scott Baker and used from 1987 to 2012.[149][150]
2012present: Introduced on August 23, 2012.[158]

5 See also
Bill Gates
Paul Allen
List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft

11

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15

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Retrieved August 23, 2012.

External links
Ocial website
Ocial blog

Business data for Microsoft Corporation:

Hoovers
Reuters
SEC lings

Microsoft companies grouped at OpenCorporates

Coordinates: 473823N 122742W / 47.63972N
122.12833W

16

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Microsoft Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft?oldid=689009340 Contributors: AxelBoldt, TwoOneTwo, Matthew Woodcraft, LC~enwiki, Joakim Ziegler, Brion VIBBER, Eloquence, Mav, Wesley, Robert Merkel, The Anome, Tarquin, Stephen Gilbert, Taw,
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8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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Crashsystems, Team7826, RoseTech, VolkovBot, Adrian90, Maddox rools, Thedjatclubrock, Jamcib~enwiki, Enderminh, RingtailedFox,
Leopold B. Stotch, Carter, Engwiki, Hersfold, Siufaiho, Je G., Kevinkor2, Niceley, Ramkumar venkat, Ponch 316, Firefox guru, Gunnar
Guvararson, X-play, Jacroe, Julian Carter, Barneca, Pvss, Philip Trueman, Eric outdoors, Nosredna, Amother, Davidthejew, TXiKiBoT,
Dreadrx7, WJSProwler, Ushadwa, Third hand smoking, Flyte35, El3mentary, InnovatorM, Muro de Aguas, Harold Flowers, Aschthebloody, Noalslob, Technopat, Mathwiz3141, Jazzwick, Defeatjosh, Rsecker, Kreizhn, Eddyjackson, Naetle hikozaru pochama, Richard 354,
Mosmof, Andy Smells, Rrtrent500, Emilmm, Qxz, Yourshue, FJGhkghjyh, CheesePlease NL, Zunefan, Bsmith201, Jared989, Jason C.K.,
PointSkull, Lradrama, Sintaku, Melsaran, DennyColt, Pompariusliving345, Vinay412, Bob Andolusorn, Herblin, QBasicer, HuskyHuskie,
Takers biggest fan, KD-G722, Krismanx, UnitedStatesian, Je.homme, Mat Wilson, ElliotThomas, Urbanrenewal, Zoef1234, Unreal223,
Certh, Haseo9999, WJetChao, BluejacketT, Purgatory Fubar, Nextrate, Avngd SvenX, Vikrant42, Gepcsirke, Oklahoman, Tuxkicksass,
Linkin.alvin, Twooars, Asim18, Doc James, AlleborgoBot, Eli81993, Anoko moonlight, Olivierdamas, Iammrysh, Javier Donoso~enwiki,
ClarkLewis, PakistanGangster, CJ1158, EmxBot, The Legend of Zelda: Endless Darkness, S.rvarr.S, Demmy, OsamaK, The Random
Editor, Fanatix, Rolltide3738, Ponyo, Patman21, SieBot, Coee, AlasdairBailey, Megaboy1337, Meltonkt, Liamo m, Jake987654321,
Scarian, Sumitomo, Huewt4ever, Mrydude, Gileshacon, Winchelsea, Moon Rising, Gerakibot, Josh the Nerd, Kalayaan, Matthew Yeager,
Erier2003, Triwbe, Sephiroth storm, Macgyver89, Vanished user 82345ijgeke4tg, Andrew Steller, Laurasmith76, Yulu, Mustangddg, Abhishikt, HimMan, Kanisha Mui, The Evil Spartan, Arbor to SJ, Letueros, Kondara4, T3hhax, Wilson44691, Callumunro, Asiliea, Hza100,
Arcanine2k7, Allmightyduck, Devenish1850, Eurovision+rain=sad, Bsherr, Bob98133, Gzgianfreda, Oxymoron83, Aspects, Alinnisawest,
Spock2266, Lightmouse, Hak-k-ngn, Chad Kroeger, Musse-kloge, Mr White, RouterIncident, Masonwheeler, Darkstar416, Anakin101,
Dantheman88, StaticGull, Shivkpr16, Simile, Conrad.pramboeck, Soulrefrain, Maralia, TheHoax, Wiknerd, Mr. Stradivarius, Pem56,
Dabomb87, Florentino oro, Nonerds0, Mcdogit, Xnatedawgx, Blood3, Rogue Commander, Squash Racket, WikipedianMarlith, Secle,
Deepen03, Martarius, Separa, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rodhullandemu, Chrisofgenesis, Skiesofarcadiarulez, Plastikspork, ZippyGoogle, Neelchauhan, Suck12, Bendomac, Czarko, Inuboy1000, Sga, Kellyjdrummer, Drmies, Rahim.Shabbir, Boing! said
Zebedee, Timberframe, Here4thefood, Thegreatglobetrotter, ICaleb.g4, Ottawahitech, Buckinkb, Deanvesuvio, The 888th Avatar, Cavalryman101, Trivialist, Hart90x, ChandlerMapBot, Secret (renamed), Sen amitava, Paulcmnt, Beenagent, Ty9dude, Stepshep, Alexkraegen,
Resoru, Justin545, Agares65, Adimovk5, Tin77, Winston365, Tehjunker, TITAN 069, Wordwright, Old Shadow, Arjayay, Jotterbot,
WalterGR, Jcangell, Tj1235711, M.O.X, Wttheninja, SounderBruce, KennethMPennington, Halo2attack, DanielPharos, Greenhelium,
Thingg, EijdlaG, Nblschool, AntiVanMan, StevenDH, Mike9e92, Piratesmvp04, Akira-otomo, SF007, Ashford11, Mayankgates, MasterOfHisOwnDomain, DumZiBoT, Abcpp, Nathann sc, Jondo220, Sikskill47, Xmcgirk, Huggle, Stickee, BDFun, Blackwatch21, Svgalbertian, WikiRedactor, WillOakland, Networkengine, Rreagan007, NHJG, Ck135667, Sha721, Stanleyivan, Badboycjr, Nathanrs10, Imnath,
Teckdiva, Yfrwlf, Kodster, Punymortalslayer, Carlsueno1, Addbot, Yousou, Ghettoblaster, Cdawwwg, IXavier, MrWacco, Vytheese, Ronhjones, Guy1423, Snailmail334, Scientus, Debloper, Sharnden, Danoyz, Download, Joechua1996, RTG, ShepBot, Laskdfj456, Avtech,
Lihaas, AndersBot, Sgtduty, Debresser, Favonian, Thepoet82, Exor674, Jasper Deng, Tassedethe, St ttb, VASANTH S.N., AlexSh154,
Tide rolls, Verbal, Lightbot, Ross Rhodes, Faunas, Apteva, Zorrobot, Nicolas Love, Blablablob, Sdxvi, Legobot, Luckas-bot, BaldPark,
Yobot, OrgasGirl, Cm001, AmaraBot, Nallimbot, Bugnot, GamerPro64, Wonder, Ericchubb, South Bay, AlexLevyOne, Dickdock,
Wadamja, Retro00064, Synchronism, Examtester, Koman90, AnomieBOT, Pkenriquez, Jidandmarysue, Natsayhi, Dwayne, Hawkskater0,
DanKassem, Csigabi, Piman95, Materialscientist, Broken Fruit, Insomnia2, Citation bot, Astor14, , ArthurBot, Alex T., Quebec99,
Xqbot, Lprd2007, Warmpuppy2, Fenechboy, CoolingGibbon,
, Lulugo, Millahnna, DownAirStairsConditioner, Acdc44, DSisyphBot, VisvambaNathan, Jahaddow, Immental1200, Srich32977, S0aasdf2sf, TWR9930, NocturneNoir, Raganaut, Nasa-verve, GrouchoBot,
Ute in DC, Zevyefa, , Mark Schierbecker, Feral-Golduck, RibotBOT, Mathonius, Basketballkid 11, Demonic-x-Angel, Opagecrtr,
Sesu Prime, Jerrysmp, CarlMosel, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Dmartin969, Jean.artegui, Mark Renier, ZStoler, Peyman Ghasemi, 2toy mora,
Tomtwenty, MGA73bot, DillonLarson, Picture Perfect Guy, Strombolio, Hay264, Vsridhar36, Tracybelle2, Slivicon, BenzolBot, Danhomer, Cannolis, Ahmer Jamil Khan, Citation bot 1, Amplitude101, Winterst, Samuele Rosa, HRoestBot, LittleWink, TeaF, 10metreh,
Rameshngbot, MJ94, Supreme Deliciousness, JLRedperson, Tinton5, Spyke411, Core2012, Serols, Macpl, , Meaghan, Beao, Pcuser42,
Banej, Jaisaacs, FoxBot, Robert Xia, Northside777, Trappist the monk, PiRSquared17, Gfrewq12, Slavon37, Shanerobins, Silentcid,
KehNee, Lotje, Joey Musial, David2032, Stumpfatc, Ansumang, Pborri, Carniolus, Phil A. Fry, Diannaa, Jhenderson777, Casey boy,
Finn Casey, For Loop, Tbhotch, Geebmaster, Mean as custard, Yehiahassan, RjwilmsiBot, Bento00, Wayen, HeinzzzderMannn, Ha us
70, Petermcelwee, DASHBot, Mountainmenace, EmausBot, Sliceofmiami, Interframe, Ashton 29, ScottyBerg, Dewritech, Miniwonder,
Bencbartlett, FreshPrinceOfBrighouse, G&CP, Wiccywawa, Skelatox, Earthh, Trialsman, Kkm010, Ida Shaw, Josve05a, Utar, Bryce Carmony, Alpha Quadrant, Ichthyoid, Dgd, AvicAWB, Everard Proudfoot, Battoe19, Dog1818, Bilbo571, H3llBot, Wiooiw, Railer-man,
Makeitbetter3009, SporkBot, Betweenstations, OnePt618, Alex Neman, Ariesk47, Cake Eater 93, Coasterlover1994, Bjfg897, Jimmy
Sue Landlord, EndlessCoee54, Spencerk96, L Kensington, Jj98, AirWolf, Volt, PeachSlice, Dante8, Gsarwa, Bobby5216971, Jtoddk98,
JeremyMcClean, Trickster123, Rangoon11, Leef5, Troll423, Colejohnson66, Evan-Amos, Danandnathan, Marioluigi98, Egmedina69,
Aikidockd, Milad Mosapoor, Jlatto, Dorsal Axe, Llightex, Heimis90, Navmehta, Mnicolosi, Faramir1138, ClueBot NG, HLachman, NGMan62, JetBlast, Matthiaspaul, Farjankhan, LogX, Koolx, Movses-bot, Doubledose 2, Nico357, Esebi95, YuMaNuMa, Ploca12, Frietjes,
Egg Centric, Jakuzem, Hazhk, NoomBot, Scottonsocks, Miros 0571, Sparty1212, Theopolisme, Zharradaan, Katty368, Helpful Pixie Bot,
Popcorndu, Clare.s.hudson, , Tholme, Calidum, BG19bot, Balachandergopal, Vickyavw, TGilmour, Mohamed CJ, Dalice1,
MKar, TheLoverofLove, Huhshyeh, IraChestereld, Canoe1967, Compfreak7, Mytelecom, Meocjt, Socialmaven1, Bundubillal, Fairlyoddparents1234, Zach Vega, Ijbp2468, VirusKA, Soerfm, P.G.Antolinos, Bkiller1201, Ricordisamoa, Flugaal, Tesssla, WBJB003, AntanO,
Bening1, GermanUser2045, M.Fin.User, The1337gamer, Ayoleol, Anhtrobote, NCISfan2, DemirBajraktarevic, Cyberbot II, Ushau97,
TreboniusArtorius, ChrisGualtieri, Vincent Le Ho, SERutherford, ZappaOMati, Luca Edd Fike, Padenton, Soulparadox, Krystaleen, Enemyusuar, JYBot, Atakuzier, BrightStarSky, Dexbot, Rezonansowy, SantoshBot, Codename Lisa, Listroiderbob, MilfordBoy1991, Mogism,

8.2

Images

19

Piotrusp98, UsefulWikipedia, Coeus24, Bidhan Singh, Zziccardi, Thinker21, Corn cheese, Vinniew12, Palmbeachguy, Mj.fpv, Entlantian,
Ihaveamac-alt, PinkAmpersand, PinnuDas, Seqqis, Pearsejward, CsDix, Smortypi, Parabplus, Shahvr, Miller9904, Nforystek, ThomasMikael, SJRick, Azizurehman007, Limefrost Spiral, Rybec, RaphaelQS, Vegeta, Richferguson1, Comp.arch, , Kajal1234asd, Actionjackson09, The Herald, PrivateMasterHD, SJ 444, Apicomm, FDMS4, ContributionsByBW, Programingcraze007, 636Buster, Ombase, Sourviper, Jora8488, HuTheWeevil, Nick Mitchell 98, Dark Mistress, Kendall rayanne, Lakun.patra, EstebanJals, BrunoMed,
Keijhae, Editor0071, HypedBeaver13, MediaAddict, Angelgreat, Monkbot, Jim Carter, Automobililamborghini, TomLee91, Xbrlus,
Qwertyxp2000, Egyptian445, Iskice, MusikVarmint, Peter238, Kevin1234567891111, Golu7276, Rayna Jaymes, Hoolooh, SuperTuesday589, ChamithN, Jordansocial, TechnologyExplorer, Lara Maigue, Emilyscarr, Esquivalience, Denzel Goh, Neoplan Film and TV,
Hobbes7, STJMLCC, Vaibhav jain13579, Jackery01, Programmer786, Smithr32, Human3015, Mike4992, Teepat sutabutra, KasparBot,
Voloum, PACIFICASIAWiki, Juvey27, Rakoon, Dan9122, Getrobbed, BD2412bot, Aryan hindustan, Marthatcastro, SundayRequiem,
Uldra, Tom29739, Henry Newman, Nlnsnh, TheBeastdot and Anonymous: 1899

8.2

Images

File:1981BillPaul.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/1981BillPaul.jpg License: ? Contributors:

From Microsofts ocial site: http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/presskits/leadership/gallery.mspx Original artist:
Microsoft, who holds the copyright and distributes the image as a press release
File:300lx.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/300lx.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Kajac123
File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0
Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist:
Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
File:Bill_Gates_-_United_States_v._Microsoft.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Bill_Gates_-_
United_States_v._Microsoft.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: The original uploader was Therealview at
Wikimedia Commons
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Desktop_computer_clipart_-_
Yellow_theme.svg License: CC0 Contributors: https://openclipart.org/detail/105871/computeraj-aj-ashton-01 Original artist: AJ from
openclipart.org
File:Decrease2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:E3_Expo_2012_-_Microsoft_Press_Event_-_Call_of_Duty_Black_Ops_II_(1).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/8/87/E3_Expo_2012_-_Microsoft_Press_Event_-_Call_of_Duty_Black_Ops_II_%281%29.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/popculturegeek/7640803198/ Original artist: Doug Kline
File:Factory_1b.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Factory_1b.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: PNG version on the English Wikipedia Original artist: Dtbohrer, updated to SVG by Tomtheman5
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Increase2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:John_Thompson-video-20090529.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/John_
Thompson-video-20090529.png License: Public domain Contributors: Staying Safe Online: The Need for Cybersecurity (Youtube)
Original artist: U.S. government (public domain)
File:M_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/M_box.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work based on: File:Microsoft.svg Original artist: Ariesk47 (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ariesk47' title='User
talk:Ariesk47'>talk</a>)
File:Microsoft_5-Year_Stock_History.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Microsoft_5-Year_Stock_
History.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=MSFT&a=06&b=17&c=2008&d=06&e=17&f=
2013&g=d Original artist: Lprd2007
File:Microsoft_Windows_1.0.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Microsoft_Windows_1.0.png License: Public domain Contributors: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_Windows_1.0_pages2_3.jpg Original artist: Microsoft
File:Nokia_HQ.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Nokia_HQ.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Self-published work by -Majestic- Original artist: -Majestic File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: OpenClipart Original artist: OpenClipart
File:SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/SpaceNeedleTopClose.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MyName (Cacophony)
File:Steve_Ballmer_-_MIX_2008.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Steve_Ballmer_-_MIX_2008.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Le Ballmer Original artist: Jess Gorriti
File:SurfacePro3.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/SurfacePro3.JPG License: CC0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Raysonho @ Open Grid Scheduler / Grid Engine
File:The_Microsoft_Commons.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/The_Microsoft_Commons.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ayoleol

20

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:TorontoMicrosoftStore8.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/TorontoMicrosoftStore8.JPG License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Raysonho @ Open Grid Scheduler / Grid Engine
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
File:Windows_8.1_Start_screen.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Windows_8.1_Start_screen.jpg License:
? Contributors:
Taken by HPD (talk contribs) Original artist: ?
File:Windows_8_Launch_Event_in_Akihabara,_Tokyo.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/
Windows_8_Launch_Event_in_Akihabara%2C_Tokyo.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
File:Windows_Updated_Family_Tree.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Windows_Updated_
Family_Tree.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Made with CorelDraw 16. I tried saving in .SVG but it always showed
bugs when rendering in Wikimedia. Original artist: Kristiyan Bogdanov
File:Xbox_one_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Xbox_one_logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: File:Xbox logo 2012 cropped.svg, http://i.imgur.com/9g0VxZa.png Original artist: Microsoft

8.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0