Diagrama de Un Diseño de Un Humedal de Flujo Vertical

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 3, No 5, 2013
Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article
ISSN 0976 4402
Efficacy of Typha angustifolia based vertical flow constructed wetland

system in pollutant reduction of domestic wastewater
Arivoli A1, Mohanraj R2
1- Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Management, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India-24
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Management, Bharathidasan
University, Tamilnadu, India -24
arivoli82@gmail.com
doi:10.6088/ijes.2013030500020
ABSTRACT
Constructed wetland containing tolerant aquatic macrophytes have been found to remove
contaminants from domestic wastewater more efficiently. In this study, Vertical Flow
Constructed wetland was applied and examined for the removal efficiency of organic and
inorganic pollutants from domestic wastewater by using gravel and sand as substrates planted
with Typha augustifolia (Cattail) and other without plantation which serves as a control. To
evaluate the performance, three different operating Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 12, 24
and 36 hours were maintained. Influent and effluent samples were collected, analysed for
their removal performance. The treatment efficiency was found to be maximum in cattail
planted VFCW with 36 hours HRT followed by 24 and 12 hours. The removal efficiency at
36 hours HRT were found to be 84.66% for TDS, 92.90% for Turbidity, 80.53% for COD,
75.49% for BOD5, 83.51% for PO4, 88.48 % for NO3. The removal efficiency of unplanted
VFCWs were 64.76% for Turbidity,67.26% for TDS, 64.70 % for COD, 56.45 % for BOD5
64.45% for PO4, and 61.80 % for NO3. When compared the removal efficiency of planted
with unplanted constructed wetland, planted VFCWs shows a maximum removal the results
showed that the removal efficiencies of the organics TDS, COD, BOD5, Phosphate and
Nitrate were improved significantly with the extension of HRT.
Keywords: Typha augustifolia, constructed wetland system, domestic wastewater,
Hydrualics Retention Time, vertical flow constructed wetlands.
1. Introduction
Treatment of domestic wastewater in rural and urban India is mostly carried out by activated
sludge or by bacterial process. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) can be used as an alternative
technology for the treatment of wastewater. In most part of the world especially in
industrialized countries, it has been successfully applied for treatment of domestic sewage
(Kivaisi, 2001, Brix et al., 2011: El Hamouri et al., 2007: Konnerup et al., 2009: and Trang et
al., 2010). Constructed wetlands (CWs) are vigorous biological systems that can be applied
for the treatment of several types of polluted water (Brix, 1994: Vymazal et al., 2006). A
good designed constructed wetland should able to maintain the Hydrualic Retention Time and
Loading Rates (Kadlec and Knight, 1996).
CWs are considered the most promising technology to wastewater due to low cost simple
operation and maintenance, and favourable appearance (Shutes, 2001). CWs for wastewater
treatment may be classified according to the life form of the dominating macrophyte, into
Received on March 2013 Published on April 2013
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Efficacy of Typha angustifolia based vertical flow constructed wetland system in pollutant reduction of
domestic wastewater
systems with free-floating, floating leaved, rooted emergent and submerged macrophytes
(Brix, and Schierup, 1989). Further division could be made according to the wetland
hydrology (free water surface and subsurface systems) and subsurface flow CWs could be
classified according to the flow direction (horizontal and vertical) (Vymazal, and Krpfelov.
2008). The most common systems are designed with horizontal sub-surface flow (HF CWs)
but vertical flow (VF CWs) systems are getting more popular at present (Brix, 1994:
Vymazal et al., 1998: Vymazal, 2001a).
VFCW have been used successfully in domestic wastewater over the last five year
(Prochaska et al., 2007), due to the treatment performance to obtained 90% of COD and
nitrogen removal, low operation cost (Brix and Arias, 2005: Tsihrintzis et al., 2007) higher
oxygen transfer capacity, high hydraulic loading rate, good removal nutrients and their small
size( Cooper et al., 1999: Brix and Arias, 2005a: Prochaska et al., 2007: Langergraber
et al., 2009).
In CWs pollutants are reduced from wastewater by physicochemical and biological process.
The pollutant is the wastewater could be removed in VFCW by precipitation as insoluble
salts, plant uptake and microbical metabolism (Lesage et al., 2007).
The wetland plants growing in CWs possess several functions in relation to the water
treatment (Brix, 1997). The most common aquatic plants used in subsurface flow wetland are
bulrush (Scirpus sp.), Cattail (Typha sp.), Reeds (Phragmites sp.), Cattail (Typha angustifolia
L.) is also widely used which is known to be highly tolerant to various types of wastewater
(Koottatep et al., 2001a: Koottatep et al., 2005b). In the present study Typha augustifolia was
employed which is a local aquatic plant. Normally, local aquatic plant is chosen due to its
natural adaptation with the local climate and availability as well as to mitigate the
unnecessary introduction of foreign or new species to the local environment (Calheiros et al.,
2008), it is normally used as a emergent plant because it forms extensive monoculture very
rapidly through vegetative reproduction and maintain its dominance with formation of dense
rhizome mats and litter which can used as a better to remove in wastewater treatment
(Motivans and Apfelbaum, 1987: Calheiros et al., 2008). The main objective of this study
was to assess the ability of vertical flow constructed wetland system. The objectives of the
present study were to assess the ability of vertical flow constructed wetland systems to treat
organic and nutrients present in wastewater, to evaluate the performance of system planted
with and without Typha augustifolia.
2. Materials and methods
Two VFCW were constructed, one was planted with Typha augustifolia and another without
planted which served as a control. Their dimensions were 29 cm diameter, 40 cm height and
total volume ranged in 25 liters (Two beds were maintained, 15 cm with gravel and sand) as
shown in Figure 1. Raw domestic wastewater was collected from the Post Graduate Hostel
of Bharathidasan University, allowed for gravity settlement for 6 hours in a sedimentation
tank and clear supernatant wastewater of 20 liters from the sedimentation tank was sieved
and transferred to the constructed wetland. The wastewater was treated at different
hydraulic retention time of 12, 24 and 36 hours. The experiment was performed from
August 2008 to January 2009. The water samples were collected in a sterile 500 ml plastic
bottle and stored at 4 C and physico-chemical parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity
(E.C), Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, (TDS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Phosphate (PO4) and Nitrate (NO3) were analyzed as
described by APHA (1998).
Arivoli. A, Mohanraj. R
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.5, 2013
1498
domestic wastewater
Treatment efficiency was calculated and expressed in percent removal (R) R = (Ce /Ci) 100,
were Ci and Ce were the influent and effluent concentrations in mg/ L, respectively for each
parameter. Mean effluent values for every batch sampling over each month were used to
calculate removal rates for each parameter. To test the level of significance between the HRT
and the removal percentage statistical test like One Way ANOVA (Tukey method) was
performed at a significant level of P< 0.05.
3. Results and discussion
The characteristics of raw domestic wastewater from the post graduate hostel in
Bharathidasan University and pretreated water (6 hr settled effluent before applied in the
VFCW) are presented in table 1.
The pH of domestic wastewater and influent samples were 8.25 and 7.86 respectively and
the alkaline nature shall be due to washing, bathing etc. The effluent from the planted
VFCW had a mean pH of 7.70, 7.65, 7.57 and unplanted bed had a mean pH of 7.80, 7.74
and 7.70 during different retention time of 12, 24 and 36 hours respectively. The observed
pH reduction is due to CO2 production from decomposing plant litter and other wastewater
components trapped in their root mat (Chalee, 1985: Verhoeven, 1986) and nitrification of
ammonia (Bitton, 1994: IWA, 2000).
The Electrical Conductivity (E.C.) of domestic wastewater and influent samples were
observed to be 1.99 and 1.77 dS/m. The effluent from the planted VFCW had as mean E.C.
of 0.89, 0.80, 0.75 and unplanted bed had a mean E.C. of 1.32, 1.06 and 0.96 dS/m. during
different retention time 12, 24 and 36 hours respectively. Electrical Conductivity were
reduced due to evapotranspiration and/ or movement of substrate by plant roots accumulated
for this effect (Hench et al., 2003). The decrease in conductivity despite significant water
losses is explained by uptake of micro and macro elements and ions by plants and bacteria,
and their removal through adsorption to plant roots, litter and settleable suspended particles
(Bitton, 1994: IWA, 2000: DeBusk and DeBusk, 2001).
The turbidity of domestic wastewater and influent samples were observed to be 22.08 and
18.16 NTU. The effluent from the planted VFCW had a mean Turbidity of 2.54, 1.72, 1.26
NTU and unplanted bed had a mean Turbidity of 6.52, 5.96 and 5.56 NTU during different
retention time 12, 24 and 36 hours respectively. Efficiency of constructed wetland in the
removal of turbidity may depend on the sand granules, soil particle sizes and depth of the
bed (Prasad et al., 2006). VFCW system acted as a mechanical and biological filter and
removed suspended particles from the water and thus decreased turbidity as (Matagi et al.,
1998).
The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of domestic wastewater and influent samples were
observed to be 591 and 477.48 mg/l. The effluent from the planted VFCW had a mean TDS
of 104.04, 85.46, 73.26 mg/l and unplanted bed had a mean TDS of 147.4, 126.5 and
115.1.4 mg/l during different retention time 12, 24 and 36 hours respectively. The TDS
reduced due to the processes of sedimentation, filtration bacterial decomposition and
adsorption (Stowell et al, 1981).
The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of domestic wastewater and influent samples were
observed to be 412.32 and 374.34 mg/l. The effluent from the planted VFCW had as mean
COD of 85.64, 73.90, 63.84 mg/l and unplanted bed had a mean COD of 126.4, 117.78 and
111.70 mg/l during different retention time 12, 24 and 36 hours respectively. This data
1499
domestic wastewater
agrees with the finding of Mashaurai et al., (2000) who found that longer retention time
would reduce COD. The removal of COD is attributed to microbial degradation of substrate
to the plants roots (Greenway and Woolley, 1999: Vymazal, 2002: Steer et al, 2003).
The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) of domestic wastewater and influent samples
were observed to be 157.20 and 128.44 mg/l. The effluent from the planted VFCW had a
mean BOD5 of 38.86, 33.74, 30.74 mg/l and unplanted bed had a mean BOD5 of 66.08,
61.20 and 55.94 mg/l during different retention time 12, 24 and 36 hours respectively.
BOD5 removal between planted and unplanted wetlands may be due to microbial
degradation of organics coupled with root zone oxygen input (Klomjek and Nitisoravut,
2005).
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of vertical flow constructed wetland system

(a. Side view b. Aerial view)
Table 1: Physico-chemical characteristics of raw and influent domestic wastewater
Parameters
Raw
Influent
pH
8.160.00
7.860.01
E.C ( dS/m)
1.990.31
1.770.02
Turbidity (NTU)
22.080.87
18.160.32
TDS (mg/l)
591.062.49
477.480.96
COD(mg/l)
412.323.00
374.342.73
BOD5 (mg/l)
157.200.86
128.442.46
Phosphate (mg/l)
18.160.32
22.080.87
Nitrate (mg/l)
91.502.64
78.981.01
1500
domestic wastewater
Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the

pH of domestic wastewater
7.8
7.75
Planted
7.7
Unplanted
7.65
7.6
7.55
7.5
7.45
12
24
36
Hours
Figure 2: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the pH of domestic wastewater

E.C of domestic wastewater
1.5
dS/m
Planted
Unplanted
0.5
0
12
24
36
Hours
Figure 3: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the EC of domestic wastewater
NTU

turbidity of domestic wastewater
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Planted
Unplanted
12
24
36
Hours
Figure 4: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the turbidity of domestic wastewater
1501
domestic wastewater
200

TDS of domestic wastewater
mg/l
150
Planted
Unplanted
100
50
0
12
24
36
Hours
Figure 5: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the TDS of domestic wastewater
COD of domestic wastewater
mg/l
150
Planted
Unplanted
100
50
0
12
24
36
Hours
Figure 6: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the COD of domestic wastewater
mg/l
80

BOD5 of domestic wastewater
60
Planted
40
Unplanted
20
0
12
24
36
Hours
Figure 7: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the BOD5 of domestic wastewater
1502
domestic wastewater
Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on

the PO4 of domestic wastewater
6
mg/l
Planted
4
Unplanted
2
0
12
24
36
Hours
Figure 8: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the PO4 of domestic wastewater
Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on
30
the NO3 of domestic wastewater
25
Planted
mg/l
20
Unplanted
15
10
5
0
12
24
36
Hours
Figure 9: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the NO3 of domestic wastewater
Table 2: Efficiencies of VFCW system with effluent under HRT of 12, 24 and 36 hours
Parameter
% Removal Efficiencies planted

(HRT hours)
12
24
36
% Removal Efficiencies unplanted

(HRT hours)
12
24
25.42
40.11
36
EC(dS/m)
Turbidity
(NTU)
49.72
54.80
57.63
86.01
90.53
92.90
58.7
60.9
64.76
TDS (mg/l)
78.21
82.10
84.66
62.73
65.15
67.26
COD (mg/l)
74.89
75.05
80.53
61.01
62.86
64.70
BOD5 (mg/l)
69.74
71.96
75.49
48.55
52.35
56.45
PO4 (mg/l)
78.71
81.34
83.51
60.14
62.86
64.45
NO3(mg/l)
78.02
85.72
88.48
47.13
53.46
61.8
45.76
1503
domestic wastewater
The Phosphate (PO4) of domestic wastewater and influent samples were observed to be
18.16 and 22.08 mg/l. The increased phosphate content after the settling period of the
study experiment might be by the conversion of long-chained polyphosphates to short
chained phosphates during the sedimentation (Korkusuz, 2004). The effluent from the
planted VFCW had a mean PO4 of 4.7, 4.12, 3.64 mg/l and unplanted bed had a mean
PO4 of 7.94, 7.26 and 6.76 mg/l during different retention time 12, 24 and 36 hours
respectively. The mechanisms of phosphate adsorption, complexation and precipitation,
plant uptake and biotic assimilation might have reduced the phosphate level in the
wastewater (Watson, et al., 1989).
The Nitrate (NO3) of domestic wastewater and influent samples were observed to be
91.50 and 78.98 mg/l. The effluent from the planted VFCW had a mean NO3 of 17.36,
11.28, 9.10 mg/l and unplanted bed had a mean NO3 of 30.76, 26.76 and 23.17 mg/l
during different retention time 12, 24 and 36 hours respectively. Nitrate removal can be
attributed to any or all the mechanisms-uptake by plants, volatilization of ammonia or
bacterial nitrification/denitrification. Of these, bacterial process has the most effect on the
overall nitrogen removal (Russel et al., 1994: Weisner et al., 1994,). Nitrosomonas and
nitrobacter nitrify ammonia into nitrates which is available for plant and microbial uptake.
Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate into gaseous nitrogen, which gets volatilized (Brady
et al., 2007).
4. Conclusion
The vertical flow constructed wetland system has been proven to be an effective system
which utilizes the interaction of emergent plant, microorganisms and media in the
removal of pollutant. It was also observed that the higher the Hydraulic Retention Time
increased the effectiveness of wetland system. Typha augustifolia and its rhizospheric
microorganisms contributed strongly to the degradation of organic matter and
assimilation of the released nutrients, a good capacity of the plant for absorbing nutrients.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 3, No 5, 2013

ISSN 0976 4402

Efficacy of Typha angustifolia based vertical flow constructed wetland

Received on March 2013 Published on April 2013

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of vertical flow constructed wetland system

Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the

Figure 2: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the pH of domestic wastewater

Figure 3: Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the EC of domestic wastewater

Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the

Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the

Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on the

Effect of planted and unplanted VFCW on

% Removal Efficiencies planted

% Removal Efficiencies unplanted

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