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Mouth
Perform mechanical digestion by using teeth. Cut the food into smaller
pieces so that the surface area is larger for digestion. Starch is mainly
digested by salivary amylase into maltose.
Glands: Salivary glands
Secretion: Saliva
Amylase
Starch + water
Maltose
Stomach
Main organ that digest protein. It consists of a mucus inner layer which
protect itself from the action of hydrochloric acid and enzyme. Because
of the mucus layer, absorption of nutrients is limited. The function of
hydrochloric acid is (a) stop the catalysing action of salivary amylase
on carbohydrate (b) prepare an acidic medium for pepsin to
function (c) kill all microorganisms
Glands: Stomach
Secretion: Gastric juice
Pepsin
Protein + water
polypeptide
Rennin
Caseinogen
Casein
Duodenum
It is the first section of small intestine and also the shortest part.
Glands: Pancreas
Secretion: Pancreatic juice
Pancreatic amylase
Starch + water
Maltose
Trypsin
Polypeptide + water
peptide
Lipase
Fat + water
Function of gallbladder
Gallbladder stores bile salt produced by liver. Bile salt emulsifies oil by
breaking down large oil droplets into smaller one. This is to increase the
total surface area which is easy for lipid digestion by lipase. The bile is
alkali so it can neutralise the acid from the stomach.
Ileum
Ileum is the last section of small intestine that is about 2 to 4m long. The
pH is usually between 7 and 8.
Glands: Small intestine
Secretion: Intestinal juice
Maltase
Maltose + water
glucose
Sucrase
Sucrose + water
glucose + fructose
Lactase
Lactose + water
glucose + galactose
Erepsin
Peptide + water
amino acids
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3. Effect
a) The absorption of nutrients decreases
b) Uncomfortable in the abdomen such as nausea, bloating and
frequent burping
c) The release of internal toxins which increase the load to the kidneys,
liver and immune system.
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Assimilation of Food
The Process of Assimilation in the Liver
Amino Acids
Amino acids have to pass through the liver before they reach the blood
circulatory system.
The liver synthesizes plasma proteins from amino acids.
Plasma proteins have various functions, for example, blood clotting and
osmoregulation.
When a short supply of glucose and glycogen occurs, the liver converts
amino acids into glucose.
Excess amino acids connot be stored in the body and are broken down in
the liver through a process called deamination.
During deamination, urea, the common nitrogenous waste product of
humans, is produced and transported to the kidneys to be excreted.
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Glucose
Glucose in the liver is used for respiration. According to the needs of the
body, excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver.
When the blood sugar level falls and the body, the stored glycogen is
converted back into glucose.
Once the glycogen store in the liver is full, excess glucose is converted
into lipids by the liver.
Lipids
Lipids which enter the heart through the subclavian veins are transported
in the bloodstream to body cells.
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Glucose
When the glucose molecules reach the body cells, they are oxidized to
release energy during cellular respiration.
Energy is required for the various chemical processes which take place
in the cell, for example, in muscle contraction and synthesis of proteins.
Excess glucose is also stored as glycogen is a long-chained
carbohydrate molecule that is insoluble in water.
Lipids
Lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol are major components of
plasma membranes
Fats that are stored around organs act as cushions that protect organs
from injuries.
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Excess fats are stored in the adipose tissue underneath the skin as
reserve energy.
When the body lacks glucose, fats are oxidized to release energy.
Rectum
1. The faeces pass to the rectum for temporary storage.
2. As the faeces accumulate, pressure in the rectum increases, causing a
desire to expel the faeces from the body.
Defecation
1. The elimination of faeces is known as defecation.
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2. The muscles around the anus, the opening of the rectum will contract
and eject the faeces via the anus.
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Colon cancer
A type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the colon. It is cause by
carcinogens and eating a high fat, low fibre diet.
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Haemorrhoids
Condition where the veins around the anus or lower rectum is swollen
and inflamed. It can be caused by prolonged constipation or diarrhoea.
Beneficial Bacteria
1. Examples of beneficial bacteria are Bacteroides, Lactobacillus
acidophilus and Escherichia coli.
2. Functions are:
(a) digesting fragments of carbohydrate, protein and lipid that were
not digested in the small intestine
(b) fermenting cellulose fibres that were indigestible in the stomach and
in the small intestine
(c) producing amino acids and vitamins K and B-complex.
(d) producing antibiotic that controls the growth of pathogenic bacteria
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B)
Obesity
1. When a person eats more than the body needs, excess food will be stored
in the body as fats. This can lead to obesity.
2. A person is said to be obese if his/her body weight exceeds the right
weight for his/her height by 20% or more.
3. BMI (Body Mass Index) can be calculated using the following formula:
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C) Anorexia nervosa
1. Anorexia nervosa is characterised by the loss of the desire to eat, due
to an obsession of maintaining a slim body. It is more common among
young single females.
2. An anorexic intentionally starves herself and will therefore become
emaciated over time. She has a low basal metabolic rate and her
mentruation may stop
3. If untreated, an anorexic patient may ultimately die of severe
undernourishment and malfunctioning of organ systems.
4. Treament consists of psychological therapy and regulation of diets.
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Karen Anne Carpenter was an American singer and drummer who died of
anorexia nervosa in 1983. She was believed to be the first known celebrity died of
anorexia.
D) Bulimia
1.
2.
3.
Out of fear of being overweight, a bulimic patient who has been binging
may induce voiting by digging into her throat or by taking purgatives.
Bulimia can cause undernourishment. It can aso lead to kidney and liver
problem and hormonal imbalance.
4.
Stress and depression are among the underlying factors. Thus, the
treatment of bulimia includes medical treatment coupled with
counselling.
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