Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Endocrine System
Beta Cells
Secrete INSULIN
Alpha Cells
Secrete GLUCAGON
INSULIN
Lowers blood sugar by: Transporting glucose into cell
Receptor sites
Converting excess glucose into fat cells, forming lipids from fatty acids
(lipogenesis) and promoting storage in adipose tissue
INSULIN
GLUCAGON
Vocabulary
commonly used terms
Hormones:
Insulin
Glucagon
Sugars
Glucose
Glycogen
Processes
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Active transport of glucose into cells & metabolism (use) of glucose
with release of energy
Storage of glucose
Ketones (Acidic)
Diabetes Mellitus
Statistics
Minority Populations
Types of DM
Secondary
Gestational
Type l
(Type I)
IDDM = Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Juvenile Diabetes
and/or
TYPE 2
Type II
Adult/Maturity Onset
NIDDM = Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
May control blood sugar with diet and exercise alone (but may take
oral meds. or insulin)
Polyuria
Polydypsia
Polyphagia
Weight Loss
irritability
drowsiness
blurred vision
itching
RISK FACTORS
Heredity
Race
Increased Age
Obesity
Stress
Viruses
Diet
Auto-immune
Environment
DM -
Pathophysiology
Lack of Insulin
Glucose
Where?
ECF
Hyperglycemia - - - WHY?
Glycosuria
ECF deficit
Signs of DM
Postprandial glucose
Glycosylated Hgb (Hb A1c)(3 mo)
normal value is 3-8% (text says 6-7)
C-peptide(connecting peptide)
Proinsulin
insulin
c-peptide
beta cells
Control
diabetes in
Glucose Sensor
Placed under skin. It contains particles that give off light when glucose
levels increase. An external sensor, worn like a watch, monitors for
the changes in light and sounds an alarm to warn the client PRN.
Diabetes Management
Diet management
Physical Activity
Medications
Nutrition management
GOALS FOR MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY
1. Maintenance of near normal blood glucose.
FAT
CARBOHYDRATE
***FIBER***
20-35 grams
FAT
15%
25%
CARBOHYDRATE
60%
MILK
VEGETABLE
FRUIT
BREAD
MEAT
FATS
Polyunsaturated, Saturated
and Non Saturated
Medications
Type 1
Insulin
Administered SQ or IV
NOT ORALLY
NOT IN TUBE FEEDINGS
Type 2
Insulin
Insulin
Types of insulin
Duration of action
Action
Insulin - (contd)
Concentration
Expressed in Units
U100
Insulin Order
Dosage
150-200
0 units
201-250
2 units
251-300
4 units
301-350
6 units
351-400
8 units
over 400
call MD
under 50
give 6oz OJ
repeat BS
Insulin
Dosage
Individual requirements
Individual response
Insulin Administration
Check Order
Gather equipment
Insulin - Precipitate
Administration - contd
Combining Insulins
Drawing up
Injecting
Teaching
Pathophysiology
Diet
Exercise
Diabetes Mellitus ID
Sexuality
Community Resources
Stress Management
Health Care
Teaching
Home management
Insulin
administration
storage
travel
exercise
sick days
Insulin pumps
Sub-Q
Complications
Inhaled Insulin!!!
Complication of Insulin
Lipodystrophy
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Cause
Management
Biguanides
metformin - (Glucophage)
enhance sensitivity of receptor sites
Alpha-glucoside inhibitors
acarbose (Precose)
slows absorption of glucose
Meglitinides
repaglinide (Prandin)
stimulates insulin secretion
Thiazolidinedones
rosiglinitazone (Avandia)
decreases insulin resistance and
increases insulin action
used to decrease amount of insulin or
oral meds. For Type 2
(Insulin PRN)
other
Physical Activity
Exercise
Lowers BS levels