Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Salem
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra,
Benha University,
108 Shoubra St.,
Cairo, Egypt
e-mail: me_mohamedreda@yahoo.com
K. M. Elshazly
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra,
Benha University,
108 Shoubra St.,
Cairo, Egypt
e-mail: drkaramelshazly@yahoo.com
R. Y. Sakr
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra,
Benha University,
108 Shoubra St.,
Cairo, Egypt
e-mail: rsakr85@yahoo.com
R. K. Ali
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra,
Benha University,
108 Shoubra St.,
Cairo, Egypt
e-mail: ragabkhalil1971@gmail.com
Experimental Investigation
of Coil Curvature Effect on Heat
Transfer and Pressure Drop
Characteristics of Shell and
Coil Heat Exchanger
The present work experimentally investigates the characteristics of convective heat transfer in horizontal shell and coil heat exchangers in addition to friction factor for fully
developed flow through the helically coiled tube (HCT). The majority of previous studies
were performed on HCTs with isothermal and isoflux boundary conditions or shell and
coil heat exchangers with small ranges of HCT configurations and fluid operating conditions. Here, five heat exchangers of counter-flow configuration were constructed with different HCT-curvature ratios (d) and tested at different mass flow rates and inlet
temperatures of the two sides of the heat exchangers. Totally, 295 test runs were performed from which the HCT-side and shell-side heat transfer coefficients were calculated.
Results showed that the average Nusselt numbers of the two sides of the heat exchangers
and the overall heat transfer coefficients increased by increasing coil curvature ratio.
The average increase in the average Nusselt number is of 160.380.6% for the HCT side
and of 224.392.6% for the shell side when d increases from 0.0392 to 0.1194 within the
investigated ranges of different parameters. Also, for the same flow rate in both heat
exchanger sides, the effect of coil pitch and number of turns with the same coil torsion
and tube length is remarkable on shell average Nusselt number while it is insignificant on
HCT-average Nusselt number. In addition, a significant increase of 33.27.7% is
obtained in the HCT-Fanning friction factor (fc ) when d increases from 0.0392 to 0.1194.
Correlations for the average Nusselt numbers for both heat exchanger sides and the
HCT Fanning friction factor as a function of the investigated parameters are obtained.
[DOI: 10.1115/1.4028612]
Keywords: heat exchanger, experimental, helically coiled tube, curvature, friction
Introduction
moves toward the outer wall and the secondary vortices migrate
closer to the outer wall. Huttl and Friedrich [19,20] numerically
studied the effects of coil curvature and torsion, k, on the characteristics of turbulent incompressible fluid flow in HCTs. They
demonstrated that the effect of torsion on the axial velocity is
much lower than the curvature effect but it could not be neglected.
Gammack and Hydon [21] presented analytic and numerical solutions for flows in pipes with nonuniform curvature and torsion.
They found that as d increases, the axial velocity is forced toward
the outer wall and the secondary velocity field is increased in
strength. In addition, increasing torsion skews the components of
velocity in the direction of increasing torsion. This was confirmed
numerically by Masud et al. [22] for incompressible viscous
steady flow through a curved pipe with circular cross section. Yu
et al. [23] experimentally performed three-dimensional laser
Doppler anemometry measurements on developed laminar flow in
three HCTs (0.0734 d 0.1374 and 0.0793 k 0.193). The
authors reported that d and k are the key parameters to affect the
centrifugal force on fluid in a HCT.
There are several studies in the literature concerning the friction
losses in HCTs. Eustice [24,25] experimentally noted an increase
in resistance to flow for the curved tube compared to the straight
tube and this increase in resistance could be correlated to d. Dean
[26] explained the higher pressure gradient in a curved pipe by
that some of the fluid is in continual oscillation between the central part of the pipe, where the velocity is high, and the outer portion of the pipe, where the velocity is low. This movement is due
to the centrifugal forces caused by the pipe curvature and results
Experimental Apparatus
The first step in collecting data from the system was to fill the
heating and cooling tanks with water from the local water supply.
Then, the heater, the cooling units, and the pumps were operated.
Inlet temperatures of the water in both sides were adjusted by regulating the temperatures of the heating and cooling tanks through
their thermostats. The flow rates were adjusted through the flow
meters and the installed valves, which were regulated to obtain
the required flow rates in the primary lines and the remainder is
bypassed to the tanks. The range of the operating conditions is
given in Table 2.
During the operation, the steady state condition is conducted
when the maximum variation of 0.5 C for each thermocouple
reading is within 20 min. It should be noted that for heat transfer
calculations, the fluid properties of the shell, and HCT sides were
calculated at the bulk temperatures, Tsh;m and Tt;m , respectively.
While for pressure drop calculations, the HCT water properties
were calculated at the film temperature, Tf , as recommended by
Schmidt [33]. The bulk and film temperatures are calculated as
follows:
(1)
Tsh;m Tsh;i Tsh;o =2
(2)
Tt;m Tt;i Tt;o =2
PT
t; s
Tt; s
(3)
20
Tf Tm; t Tt; s =2
(4)
The inner surface temperature of the HCT wall was taken equal to
outer surface due to very low conduction resistance of the tube
wall. The water thermophysical properties were evaluated from
Remsburg [54].
The measurements of the flow rates and inlet and outlet temperatures of both streams of the heat exchanger were used to calculate heat transfer rates on the HCT and shell sides (Qt and Qsh ) as
(5)
Qt m_ t Cpt Tt;i Tt;o
Shell-side
1:7 11:158 (179 Resh 1384)
15, 20, 25 (5:25 Prsh 7:54)
6.018
55
(6)
Table 1 Characteristic dimensions of the used shell and coil heat exchangers
HCT No.
1
2
3
4
5
Dc (mm)
pc (mm)
Lc (mm)
Lsh (mm)
Dsh; i (mm)
Dsh; h (mm)
69.5
105.0
140.5
176.0
211.5
0.1194
0.0790
0.0591
0.0472
0.0392
19.52
29.52
39.52
49.52
59.52
0.0895
405
505
271
205.1
20.21
13.38
10
7.98
6.64
Qave
jQt j jQsh j
2
(7)
The heat load of the heat exchanger, Qave , was used to calculate
the average heat transfer coefficient for the HCT side fluid, ht , and
then the average Nusselt number for the HCT side fluid, Nut , as
follows:
Qave ht At;i Tt;m Tt;s
(8)
Nut
ht dt;i
kt
(9)
The overall thermal conductance was calculated from the temperature data and flow rates using Eq. (10) as
DTLM
Qave
Uo At;o
DTLM
Tt;i Tsh;o Tt;o Tsh;i
Tt;i Tsh;o
ln
Tt;o Tsh;i
(10)
(11)
Nush
(12)
(13)
(15)
4m_ sh
pDsh;h lsh
(16)
Ret
Resh
The Fanning friction factor for the fluid in circulation inside the
HCT, fc , was calculated with the following equation:
fc
5
DPc dt;i DPc p2 qt dt;i
32 Lt m_ 2t
2Lt qt u2
(17)
Uncertainty Analyses
Fig. 6 Variation of shell Nusselt number with shell-side Reynolds number at different HCT-curvature ratios
Fig. 8 Variation of overall heat transfer coefficient with HCTside Dean number at different HCTs
Tti 45; 55, and 65 C. The corresponding dimensionless parameters are 6389 Ret 60; 227 and 0:0392 d 0:1194. Figure
11 presents the effect of coil curvature ratio for three different
inlet temperatures at Tsh;i 20 C and V_ sh 6:018l=min.
From Fig. 11, it is seen that Fanning friction factor increases
noticeably when coil curvature ratio increases at the same Ret .
The average increase in HCT-friction factor is of 33.27.7% when
the coil curvature ratio increases from 0.0392 to 0.1194. This can
be attributed to the higher centrifugal force that induces more secondary flow and consequentially the friction factor inside the
HCT.
Figure 12 shows the effect of HCT fluid inlet temperature on
the Fanning friction factor at d 0:1194 and 0.0392. It is clear
that the effect of Tt;i on fc is nearly insignificant especially at
higher Ret. This may be returned to the low effect of viscous force
compared with the higher centrifugal force, which is the dominant
at HCT Reynolds number.
and coil heat exchanger and the Fanning friction factor inside the
HCT.
The HCT average Nusselt number is correlated as a function of
HCT Reynolds and Prandtl numbers and coil curvature ratio
Nut 0:00241 Re0:9293 Pr2:0177 d0:556
(18)
(19)
Fig. 15 Comparison of experimental values for coiled tubeFanning friction factor with that correlated by Eq. (20)
Conclusions
The present work was carried out to investigate the heat transfer
characteristics in shell and coil heat exchanger, in addition to the
pressure drop inside the HCTs. The influence of coil curvature
and HCT and shell Reynolds numbers for the same coil torsion
were discussed. The investigated ranges are 6471 Ret
62; 085, 2:86 Prt 4:43, 1329 Det 20; 927, 179 Resh
1384, 5:25 Prsh 7:54, and 0:0392 d 0:1194. From the
study, it could be concluded that
Nomenclature
A
Cp
d
D
f
h
k
area (m2)
specific heat (J/kg C)
diameter (m)
diameter (m)
fanning friction factor
average convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 C)
thermal conductivity (W/m2 C)
length (m)
mass flow rate (kg/s)
number of turns of the HCT
pitch of the HCT (m)
pressure (Pa)
heat transfer rate (W)
spacing of HCT (m)
temperature ( C)
mean axial velocity (m/s)
overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 C)
volume (m3)
Greek Symbols
d
k
l
p
q
x
L
m_
N
p
P
Q
S
T
u
U
V
ave
c
f
h
i
LM
m
o
s
sh
t
average
coil/contact
film/fluid/core flow
hydraulic
inner/inlet/internal
logarithmic mean
mean
out/outer
surface
shell
tube
Dimensionless Groups
De
Nu
Pr
Re
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