Book of Abstracts 5th ARC 2 PDF

The Fifth Annual Research Conference of
Jimma University
February 6-7, 2014
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29-30 2006 /
Book of Abstracts
Grand Theme: Leveraging Sustainable Development through Building
a Green Economy in Ethiopia: Challenges and Opportunities"
Plenary Papers
Ethiopias Green Economy Initiatives
What is New in Green Economy and What Challenges Do We Face in Building It?
REDD+ as a Major Pillar of Green Economy Development Strategy of Ethiopia
Ethiopias Strategy for Green Economy: Will it Result in Socially Equitable Outcomes?
Innovative Technology for Sustainable Green Economic Growth
Overview of Environmental Health Interventions to Advance Green Economy and Ensure
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Healthy Citizens in Ethiopia

F e b r University
uary 6-7, 2014
Organized by Jimma
We are in the Community!
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
The 5th ANNUAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Theme:
Leveraging
through
Sustainable
Building
Green
Development
Economy
in
Ethiopia: Challenges and Opportunities"

February 6-7, 2014
Jimma
Organizing Committee
Dr. Fikre Lemessa: Chief Patron of the Conference, President, JU
Dr. Berhanu Belay: Chairman, Senior Director for Research, CBE and PGs
Dr. Tesfaye Refera: Vice Chairman, Director, Publication and Extension Office
Dr. Beyene Wondafrash: Coordinator for Research and Postgraduate Studies, College
of Public Health & Medical Sciences
Dr. Debela Hunde: Coordinator for Research and Postgraduate Studies, College of
Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine
Mr. Ato Kassahun Melesse: Coordinator for Research and Postgraduate Studies, College
of Natural Science
Mr. Dida Abera: Coordinator for Research and Postgraduate Studies, Jimma Institute
of Technology
Dr. Arega Seyoum, Coordinator for Research and Postgraduate Studies, College of
Business & Economics
Dr. Mitiku Bekele: Coordinator for Research and Postgraduate Studies, Institute of
Education and Professional Development
Dr. Lemessa Mergo: Coordinator for Research and Postgraduate Studies, College of
Social Sciences and Law
Dr. Temesgen Mereba: Director of Office of Administration
Mr. Yeshitla Gebretsadik: Finance Team Leader
Mrs. Tigist Waktole: Procurement and Property Administration Team Leader
Mr. Mezemir Seifu: Director for Public Relation and Communication
Mr. Demelash Abebayehu: Transport, Fleet and Maintenance Team Leader
W/O Umi Abdulkadir: Administrator, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
Mr. Fasika Demeke: ICT, JUCAVM
Table of Contents
Contents
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i
Opening Session .................................................................................................................................... 1
Welcoming Address ................................................................................................................................ 1
Opening Speech ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Part 1: Plenary Papers.......................................................................................................................... 6
What is New in Green Economy and What Challenges Do We Face in Building It? ............................ 6
Ethiopias Green Economy Initiatives .................................................................................................... 8
Ethiopias Strategy for Green Economy: Will It Result in Socially Equitable Outcomes? .................... 9
REDD+ as a Major Pillar of Green Economy Development Strategy of Ethiopia ............................... 10
Innovative Technology for Sustainable Green Economic Growth ....................................................... 11
Overview of Environmental Health Interventions to Advance Green Economy and Ensure Healthy
Citizens in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................... 12
Part 2: Parallel Sessions ..................................................................................................................... 14
Parallel Session 1: Organized by College of Public Health and Medical Sciences ........................ 14
Willingness to Join and Pay for Social Health Insurance Scheme among Teachers in Wolaita Sodo
Town Government Educational Institutions, South Ethiopia, 2012...................................................... 14
Primary and Secondary Drug Resistance among HIV Patients in Jimma EthiopiaError!
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not defined.
Nutritional Supplements Improve Immune Recovery in HIV-Patients Initiating Antiretroviral
Treatment .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme and Health Care Utilization: A Case Study among Insured
Households in Kerala, India .................................................................................................................. 17
Impact of Government Sponsored Health Insurance Scheme: Contributing Factors, Lessons, and
Implementation Challenges; a Study in Kerala, South India ................................................................ 18
Bacteriological Methods as Add On Tests to FNA Cytology in Diagnosis of Tuberculous
Lymphadenitis: Can They Reduce the Diagnostic Dilemma? .............................................................. 19
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February 6-7, 2014
Concentration of Lymph Node Aspirate Improves the Sensitivity of Acid Fast Smear Microscopy for
the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia ...................................... 20
Assessment of Glycemic Control among Diabetic Patients using Glycated Hemoglobin in Jimma
University Specialized Hospital ............................................................................................................ 21
Drug Resistance Patterns of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex and Associated Factors among
Retreatment Cases at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, South West Ethiopia .......................... 22
Anemia and Risk Factors in HAART nave and HAART Experienced HIV Positive Participants in
South West Ethiopia: A Comparative Study......................................................................................... 23
Parallel Session 2: Organized by College of Natural Sciences ........................................................ 24
Water Resources Developments in Ethiopia: Benefits and Negative Impacts on the Environment,
Food Security and Vector-Borne Diseases ........................................................................................... 24
Assessment of the Status and Challenges of the Developments of Institutional Repository: The Case
of Jimma University.............................................................................................................................. 25
Analytical Method Development Based on Ion-Paired Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction Combined
with High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Selective Determination of Ten Multiclass
Residues of Pesticide in Water Samples ............................................................................................... 26
Assisted Regeneration of Coffee Shade Trees Using Micro-Exclosures in Southwestern Ethiopian
Coffee Forests ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Assessment of Electronic Information Sources Access and Use for Healthcare Services in
Governmental and Non-Governmental Hospitals in Western Oromia, Ethiopia .................................. 28
Comparative Study of Knowledge Management Practices on Academic Performance in Adama and
Jimma Universities................................................................................................................................ 29
Effect of Different Feeds on Growth Performance of Niletilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) in Concrete
Ponds ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
Effects of PGPR and Antagonistic Fungi on the Growth, Enzyme Activity and Fusarium Root-Rot of
Pea ......................................................................................................................................................... 31
Effects of Rhizobium Isolates on Black Root rot of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L) caused by Fusarium
solani (Mart.) Appel and Wr ............................................................................................................... 31
Kinetics and Thermodynamic of Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Using
Chemically Activated Carbon Prepared From Locally Available Waste of Bamboo (Oxytenanthera
Abyssinica) ............................................................................................................................................ 33
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The Satellite Television Broadcast Learning Situations in Mathematics and Science Subjects in
Ethiopian High Schools: A Comparative Study.................................................................................... 33
Some Potential Natural Products Isolated from Plants of Africa - A Review ...................................... 34
Studies on Diversity and Distribution of the Fauna of Sof Omar Cave, Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia
.............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Parallel Session 3: Organized by Institute of Education and Professional Development Studies36
University-TVET Synergy: Exploration of Research Works in University on TVET with Special
Focus on Two Reputable Journals of Education ................................................................................... 36
Practices and Challenges of School Improvement Program in Secondary Schools of Assosa Zone .... 37
The Practice of Teachers Performance Appraisal in Secondary Schools of Metekel Zone ................ 38
Practices and Challenges of Leadership in Teacher Education Institutions of Oromiya Regional State
.............................................................................................................................................................. 39
The Role of Supervisors in Implementing School Supervision ............................................................ 40
Secondary School Teachers Perception of the Role of Media in the Class Room: the Case of Jimma
Zone Secondary Schools ....................................................................................................................... 41
Predicting the Efficacy of Practicing Teachers: The Role of Perceived Coursework Quality and
Practicum-School Context Factors........................................................................................................ 42
Parallel Session 4: Organized by Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Value Chain Analysis of Potato: The Case of Kombolcha District in Oromia Region, Ethiopia ......... 43
Value Chain Analysis of Tomato: The Case of Habro District in Oromia Region, Ethiopia ............... 44
Challenges and Opportunities for Micro and Small Agribusinesses .................................................... 45
Financial Constraints and Entrepreneurial Activity Choice among Clients of Micro Finance
Institutions in Jimma Area .................................................................................................................... 46
Impacts of Joint Land Rights Titling on Women Empowerment: Evidence from Ethiopia ................. 47
Factors Influencing Adoption of Mirte Fuel Efficient Injera Baking Stove: The Case of Agarfa
District, Oromia Region of Ethiopia ..................................................................................................... 48
The Determinants of Rural Households' Vulnerability to Food Insecurity in Jimma Zone, South
Western Ethiopia................................................................................................................................... 49
Assessment of Survival and Reproductive Performance of Glossina Pallidipes Maintained Under
Blood of Different Animals at Kality Tsetse Rearing and Irradiation Center ...................................... 49
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Outbreak of Tuberculosis in a Flock of Sheep Kept in-contact with a Dairy Farm with a Known
History of Tuberculosis in Central Ethiopia ......................................................................................... 51
Determinants of Intensity of Adoption of Maize Technology Package in Semen Bench District, Bench
Maji Zone, Ethiopia .............................................................................................................................. 52
Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation on Biological Resources and Ecosystem Functions and Mitigation
Measures ............................................................................................................................................... 53
Altitude-associated Differences in the Balance between Feed Resources and Dietary Requirement for
Free-ranging Cattle in Southwestern Ethiopia ...................................................................................... 54
Effect of Drying Temperature and Duration on Biochemical Composition and Quality of Black Tea
(Camellia Sinensis (L).O Kuntze at Wush Wush, South Western Ethiopia ......................................... 55
Cryopreservation of Buffalo oocytes by Vitrification and their Post-thaw Potential for in vitro
Fertilization ........................................................................................................................................... 56
Study on the Major Health Problems That Causes Carcass and Organs Condemnation at Hashims
Export Abattoir, Debrezeit, Ethiopia .................................................................................................... 57
Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Lumpy Skin Disease in West Wollega, Ethiopia .... 58
Multicriteria Based Plant Species Selection to Stabilize Riverbanks and Gullies in Gilgel Gibe
Catchment, Southwest Ethiopia ............................................................................................................ 59
Quality Assessment of Bleached Topsoil of Vertic Planosols for Brick Making in the South-Western
Ethiopian Highlands.............................................................................................................................. 60
Parallel Session 5: Organized by Jimma Institute of Technology .................................................. 61
Optimization of Nanopours Layered Wick and Nanofluids Concentration for High Performance Heat
Pipe Applications: A Review ................................................................................................................ 61
Modeling Plastic Deformation of Metal Forming by Hydrostatic Extrusion Process .......................... 62
Comparing the Efficiency of Various FPM Algorithms in Data Mining.............................................. 63
Assessing Streamflow Sensitivity to Climate Change in the Upper Awash River Basin Ethiopia.... 64
Modeling Runoff and Sedemnet Yield Response to Land Cover and Rainfall Change in Gilgel Gibe
Watershed Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................ 65
Development and Testing of Pyrolysis Cook Stove Configurations for pH Specific Biochar
Production ............................................................................................................................................. 66
Thermomechanical Simulation of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger .................................................... 67
Query Search Result Optimization for Entomological Meta-Search using Query Logs ...................... 68
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Development of Weaning Food Using Sprouted Haricot Bean, Oat, Barley and Carrot ...................... 69
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Water Pumping System for Water Supply (Case Study of Wogdi
Town, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region) ......................................................................................... 70
Studies on Adsorption Behavior of Heavy Metal onto Low-Cost Adsorbents: Nickel Removal ......... 71
A Rule-Based Afan Oromo Grammar Checkera ................................................................................... 72
Optimization of Resource Recovery from the Sewage Sludge ............................................................. 73
Modeling of Creep in Heat Exchangers Accounting for Fluid-Structure Interactions ......................... 74
Parallel Session 6: Organized by College of Social Sciences and Law ........................................... 75
Effective Parenting Skills for Ethiopian Parents and Caregivers: Important but Overlooked Business
.............................................................................................................................................................. 75
Linguistic Sexism as Religious Offence among the Oromo ................................................................. 76
Ethiopian Law on Transfer Pricing: Critical Examination ................................................................... 77
Indigenous Natural Resource Management and Exploitation in Horro Guduru, Western Ethiopia ..... 77
Crime Situations, Criminal Behavior and Criminal Justice Response in Oromia, 2011/12 ................. 78
The practice of Good Urban Governance in Jimma and Debre Berhan City Administrations ............. 79
Employability and Good Learning in Higher Education: What Lessons can be drawn? A Review ..... 80
How Green are our Stories? Ecocritical Explorations of Environmental Subjectivities in Ethiopian
Childrens Literature ............................................................................................................................. 80
A Descriptive Grammar of Meen ........................................................................................................ 82
The Role of Micro and Small Enterprises in Enhancing Local Economic Development in Jimma
Town, Oromia Regional State............................................................................................................... 83
An Investigation of the Relationship between Safer Sex Communication and Sexual Behavior of
College Students: Focus on Jimma University Undergraduates ........................................................... 84
Child Vulnerability in Selected Towns and Woredas in Jimma Zone .................................................. 85
Classroom Goal Perception and Students Goal orientations in the Eye of the Revised Goal Theory of
Motivation: the Case of Middle Schools Students at Jimma Zone ....................................................... 86
The survival and revival of Waliso Liban Gadaa.................................................................................. 87
Parallel Session 7: Organized by Business and Economics College ............................................... 88
The Effect of Currency Devaluation on Output: The Case of Ethiopian Economy .............................. 88
The Quantity-Quality Trade-off in Children Investment in Ethiopia ................................................... 89
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Sustainability and Performance of MFIs and Their Impact on Poverty Reduction: The Case of
Selected Urban and Rural Centers in Ethiopia .................................................................................... 90
Determinants of Export Demand for Ethiopian Live Animals and Meat ............................................. 91
Conference Program ........................................................................................................................... 92
Plenary Papers Presentation Session ................................................................................................. 92
Parallel Sessions................................................................................................................................ 93
Closing Session ............................................................................................................................... 100
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Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University
Opening Session
Welcoming Address
By
Dr. Berhanu Belay
Senior Director for Research, Community Based Education and Postgraduate Studies
Dear the guest of honor of this conference

Dear Dr. Fikre Lemessa President of Jimma University,
Participants of this workshop
Our key stakeholders and Jimma University Community
The Media
Ladies and Gentlemen
It is with great sense of a privilege, but with due humility that I have the honor to welcome all of you
in this august and most relevant workshop that address Green Economy. I am extending my welcome
speech on the behalf of the fifth ARC organizing committee and myself. I would first of all, like to
welcome and acknowledge everyone's presence at this event related to the fifth Annual Research
Conference of Jimma University with grand theme Leveraging sustainable development through
building a Green Economy in Ethiopia : Challenges and Opportunities.
Dear participants of the conference
Universities in this country are criticized for not being assertive in disseminating research output and
reach various stakeholders and beneficiaries. There is also bold critic that, universities are still
shelving their research outputs, duplication of efforts and fragmentation of research design and
implementations is not curbed.. The good news is that, universities have identified and sensed the
problem and paved the way to deliver research outputs by setting proper institutional arrangement and
policy directions. Jimma University is not exceptional from poor research dissemination effort. To
curb this problem, Jimma University is extensively using community based education to disseminate
research outputs generated in Jimma University and other research institutes. We have also
recognized that, a research proposal is funded, if and only if the proposal has a clear research
dissemination strategy. We have also introduced thematic research that accommodated both staff and
PG research to avert the fragmentation of research undertakings. The research policy of Jimma
University demands each researcher to produce a policy brief and jargon free research product to
disseminate research output. The organization of ARC is part of the number of options to disseminate
research output and forge collaborations and partnership.
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February 6-7, 2014

Dear participants of the workshop
It is customary that, in convening Annual Research Conferences, selecting a grand theme that reflects
contemporary issues is vital. In this year, we selected through participatory approach a grand theme
Leveraging Sustainable Development through Building a Green Economy in Ethiopia:
Challenges and Opportunities. The grand theme is in line with Ethiopian effort which has planned
to achieve middle-income status by 2025 while developing a green economy. Ethiopia believes,
following the conventional development path would, among others, adversely result in a sharp
increase in green house gas emissions and unsustainable use of natural resources. To avoid such
negative effects, the government has developed a strategy to build a green economy. Therefore, there
is good reason to select the topical issue and direct ourselves to contribute to the government effort in
all means such as research, teaching and learning and community services. There is always a big
question that needs to answer in mainstreaming green economy. How can we produce a competent
workforce who can handle the green economy initiatives? How can we re-orient our research agenda
and direction to suit the efforts of green economy? How can we create policy environment and
institutional arrangements to deliver green economy? The debate and effort will continue till green
economy initiatives is fully mainstreamed in targeted areas such as: Improving crop and livestock
production practices for higher food security and farmer income while reducing emissions; protecting
and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as carbon stocks ;
expanding electricity generation from renewable sources of energy for domestic and regional markets;
leap fogging to modern and energy-efficient technologies in transport, industrial sectors, and
buildings. Hence, we re-affirm that, the theme is relevant and will direct us for more effort to realize
the Ethiopian green economy plan.
In this conference seven invited and cross cutting papers will be presented and serve as a background
and/or lead papers. The background papers are strategically selected to address the theme of the
conference. Furthermore, more than 75 papers shall be presented in parallel sessions covering a wide
range of disciplines such that: 14 papers in Social Sciences and Law, 4 papers in Business and
Economics, 13 papers in Natural sciences, 11 papers in Public Health and Medical Sciences, 11 papers
in Engineering and technology, 7 papers from Institute of Education and Professional Development
and 18 papers in Agriculture and Veterinary medicine. The participants are free to join any of the
syndicate group by tracking the topics relevant to their discipline. As a sequel to our previous
endeavor, in this conference the outstanding issues picked in each parallel session and the issues that
may need immediate research and development effort shall be presented by the organizers of each
college. The presentation is aimed at sharing the deliberations of each of the parallel session and also
identifies and plan areas that needed a multidisciplinary research and cement the linkage of colleges,
departments and our key stake holders. There shall be also a general discussion to address cross
cutting issues so as to advance research culture and dissemination of the outcomes in Jimma
University in the years to come. We will recognize the best presentation in each of the syndicate
groups and present award of recognition.
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In organizing this workshop, we will have tangible output and outcomes in which some outputs will
be realized in a short run and few will be achieved in a long run. We are anticipating filtering and
picking issues that can reach policy makers for action. Researchable and actionable issues shall be
picked to advance collaborative and multidisciplinary research. The partnership and collaboration
shall be enhanced among stakeholders. The book of abstract and later the proceeding of the
conference shall be disseminated to key stakeholders and our libraries as a dissemination strategy.
Above all, we will ignite a discussion point which will continue till we fully mainstream green
economy initiatives in every sector.
The conference has involved participants from more than 40 institutions such as Ministries, NGO,
private and public higher learning institutions, regional Bureaus and Agencies all having rich
experience in research and development. It is my great believe that, we will complement each other to
advance economic development through research, teaching and community services. As a sequel of
these conferences the proceedings of the conferences shall be produced and distributed to the key
stake holders before the next year conference.
May I know call up on Dr. Fikre Lemessa president of Jimma University to officially open this
Annual Research conference of Jimma University.
Thank you!
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February 6-7, 2014
Opening Speech
By
Dr. Fikre Lemessa
President of Jimma University
Guest of Honor
Distinguished Guests
Invited participants
It is indeed a great honor and privilege for me to welcome you all to Jimma University to attend the
5th Annual Research Conference on the Grand theme Leveraging Sustainable Development by
Building Green Economy in Ethiopia: Challenges and Opportunities.
As you may all know, research is a driving force for the development of nations and questions of
research are even more critical in developing nations. Thus, relevant attention should be given for
research undertaking and innovation taking its decisive role in the economic and social development
of a country.
One of the most distinguishing features of Higher Education Institutions is to encourage its academic
staff and students to acquire knowledge through research and scientific investigation, which can
certainly help us to properly address the needs of our society. We feel that Jimma University has more
responsibility in this regard given its philosophy of Community Based Education (CBE).
Ladies and Gentlemen!
Though decades of economic stagnation and misguided economic policies left our country in a
desperate economic situation, Ethiopia has been making significant strides over the last two decades
with remarkable achievements, becoming one of the fastest growing economies recently. Especially,
the current growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) has laid rather ambitious targets of making
Ethiopia a middle income country within a short period.
Higher Education Institutions like Jimma University and scholars like us should always stand still in
shouldering the responsibility to realize the national economic goal put forward by the government
and functioned half way to its accomplishments. Jimma University has laid down the policy directives
for research and the guidelines and procedures for the implementation of the directives. These
documents indicate how to develop need based researches and how they have to be carried out with
clear implementation procedures. The exercise we have passed through in developing the policy
document and the guidelines, procedures is one of the resources we are now sharing to higher
education institutions in the country.
In the past few years, the University has been mainly devoting its research budget in nurturing the
research skills of its staff along with tackling societal problems. This approach did not bring the
impact a higher learning institution is expected to bring about. Hence, starting from this year, the
trend has started to change by implementing thematic based research approach. The university has
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February 6-7, 2014

identified thematic research areas and set out implementation strategies. The main implementation
strategy we have set out are: integration of postgraduate research with staff research, initiating
thematic based research by organizing proposals from staff and postgraduate students either by the
top-down or bottom-up approaches and discouraging fragmented and individual based research
projects. We are committed to excel in research by implementing thematic based research because we
believe that it will bring significant impact on the life of the society. Even though financial constraint
is challenging for the implementation of the strategy, we are determined to allocate the meager
resources to bring impact on the existing societal problems.
In the coming two days several scholarly researches are going to be presented and thoroughly
discussed from across disciplines. Such scholarly endeavor is quiet necessary and nurtures exchange
and sharing of knowledge. However, I would also like to underline the importance of doing our level
best to scale up our scientific findings to addressing community related problems like poverty,
environmental degradation, epidemics like HIV-AIDS etc. That should exactly be our ultimate
goal and should derive us the maximum pleasure from our professional endeavor.
The grand theme of this conference which is achieving sustainable development through green
economy is similarly the pillar principle of development efforts in our country and worldwide.
Maintaining equilibrium between these two conflicting but equally important goals is a matter of
survival and necessity than a simple choice. Jimma University strongly commits itself to promoting
green development and advocates it as the right path to uplift the poor to a better life and bright
future.
Cognizant of this, in the upcoming two days this conference will be a platform where core issues
relevant to green development will be discussed. Such core issues include, the policy environment for
green economy in Ethiopia, innovating technology to advance green economy, green economy and
health, combating land degradation to advance green economy, social equity and shouldering burden
in green economic growth and the economic feasibility of green economy in Ethiopia.
Distinguished guests and dear participants;
Your presence here is an immense intellectual input and adds invaluable contribution to Jimma
Universitys goal of addressing community problems through relevant scholarly researches. We are
really honored and pleased to have you amongst us.
Once again I would like to welcome you all to this Annual Research Conference to be held for the 5 th
consecutive time in JU. Saying this I officially declare the opening of the Conference.
Thank you!
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February 6-7, 2014
Part 1: Plenary Papers
What is New in Green Economy and What Challenges Do We Face in

Building It?
By
Habtemariam Kassa
CIFOR-Ethiopia Office, Addis Ababa
Abstract
The presentation begins with reviewing attempts made to justify and define green economy, including
some of the critiques on Green Economy (GE), the key economic sectors to invest in, enabling
conditions to support shift to GE, some experiences, and concludes by pointing at some of the
challenges in building GE. The current model of economic development, sometimes referred to as the
brown economy model, has not properly addressed resource depletion and social marginalization
challenges that have been associated with wealth creation in most countries. GE is understood as one
which is low carbon and resource efficient but also pro-growth and pro-poor as it also aims at
improving human well-being and social equity. As the emphasis is on maintaining and rebuilding
natural capital as critical economic asset, investment in and recovery of stocks of renewable natural
capital is the major feature of GE. The key economic sectors on which the investments should focus
to expedite transition to a green economy are energy, agriculture, forestry, buildings, transport, water,
fisheries, manufacturing, waste management/recycling, and tourism. The enabling conditions to
support shift of the global economy towards a more pro-growth, pro-equity and pro-environmental
green economy are categorized as those to be undertaken by national governments and those to be
implemented at a higher/global level. National governments are expected to take measures that range
from regulatory and economic instruments to public-private partnerships and voluntary initiatives.
Above all they need to level the playing field for greener products by phasing out harmful subsidies,
and if possible provide new incentives and make targeted public expenditure, policy reforms and
regulation changes. Improve national capacity to generate access and use cleaner energy technologies
and efficient production and manufacturing mechanisms. At international level, measures to be taken
by global actors include: mobilizing and making funds available to invest into greening the key
sectors; Improving the generation, accessibility and affordability of cleaner energy technologies (by
developing countries); supporting poor countries to have access to emerging new markets for green
goods and services since international trade is another enabling instrument that fosters the exchange
of environmentally friendly goods and services; negotiating in detail international marketing, legal
infrastructure, trade and aid protocols with developing countries that encourage green products; and
building individual and institutional capacity (marketing, policy) of institutions in developing
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February 6-7, 2014

countries to design and implement GE in developing countries. Though there are few good practices
to build on, one may argue that widespread transformation at economic sector level (e.g. energy,
agriculture, construction,) or a country or region in a country where major shift towards GE have been
achieved are difficult to find. This illustrates the difficulties associated with such transformation and
need to do more collectively. The challenges in building GE include: operationalizing it, heavy
dependence of the poor on the natural capital, the challenges associated with managing subsidies in
the developed world, devising equitable responsibility and benefit sharing schemes, technological
challenges, difficulties in valuing nature, low purchasing capacity of the public in developing
countries and declining willingness of consumers in developed countries to pay of environmental
services, and challenges related to funding as the amount of fund needed to green the global economy
is not known. To conclude, transition to GE requires collaborative engagement of world leaders, civil
society and businesses. But operationalizing the transition remains a challenge. Huge initial financial
investment and limited availability of affordable eco-friendly technologies are constraints. Thus
enabling conditions must be met both international and national levels.
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Ethiopias Green Economy Initiatives

By
Selamawit Desta Wubet
Environmental Law Expert at the Ministry of Environment and Forest
Abstract
Ethiopia is among the most vulnerable countries to climate change in the world. The direct impacts of
climate change such as an increase in average temperature or a change in rainfall patterns have caused
serious problems in the country. Recent studies indicate, unless steps to build resilience are effective,
climate change will reduce Ethiopias GDP growth by between 0.5 and 2.5% each year.
The constitution of Ethiopia clearly states the right to development and the right to a clean and healthy
environment in article 43 and 44 respectively.
Ethiopia aims to achieve middle-income status by 2025 while pursuing development in a green
economy and in doing so the country aims to avoid the traps of business-as-usual development.
Following the conventional development path to achieve its ambitious targets would, among other
adverse effects, result in a sharp increase in GHG emissions and unsustainable use of natural
resources. Therefore, to tackle these problems the government has made green economy its priority
and to this effect has incorporated its guiding principles into all of its development policies and
programs.
The Growth and Transformation Plan reflecting this iterates the vitality of environmental conservation
for sustainable development and sets an objective to formulate policies, strategies, laws and standards.
The legal framework is to foster social and economic development enhancing the welfare of the
populace in conjunction with ensuring the effectiveness of their implementation. The transformation
plan also aims to build a Carbon Neutral Climate Resilient Economy (CNRE) by 2025.
Moreover, the government of Ethiopia through the Ministry of Environment and Forest, the former
Environmental Protection Authority, initiated a Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy (CRGE)
to improve the living conditions of the people by building a climate resilient green economy by the
year 2025. The Strategy was officially launched at COP 17 in Durban, South Africa.
In doing these, the strategy has identified six sectors for green economy (under mitigation and
adaptation). These are agriculture, forestry, transport, electric power, industry, green city and
building.
The Ministry is putting in place the building blocks necessary to implement the CRGE strategy. The
action plan includes setting up a permanent financial mechanism, continuing the stakeholder
engagement process, and prioritizing and sequencing sector specific initiatives in detail. The CRGE
Facility will be responsible for attracting, allocating and channeling international climate finances and
will also look to leverage public and private finances, from both multilateral and bilateral sources.
Furthermore, different mechanisms like, use of appropriate technologies and acquiring finance from
private investment, civil society, carbon trading schemes (REDD +, CDM) and the like are
considered.
The key challenge, however, has been translating these policies and programs at national and regional
levels. Building local capacity as well as coordination among sectors is another challenge.
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February 6-7, 2014
Ethiopias Strategy for Green Economy: Will It Result in Socially

Equitable Outcomes?
By
Mulugeta Mengist Ayalew (PhD)
Office of the Prime Minister, Ethiopia
Abstract
Immediately following the Copenhagen climate conference, Ethiopia embarked upon the development
of a vision and strategies for what it called climate resilient green economy. Two years later, in the
Durban climate conference, Ethiopia unveiled its vision to become a middle income economy by
2025, by building a climate resilient green economy. In addition, it adopted its green economy
strategy. The strategy for building a climate resilient economy is being developed as we speak.
The green economy strategy of Ethiopia states the vision of the country: to become middle income by
2025 by building a climate resilient green economy. The green economy target involves growing the
economy by maintaining the current level of emissions. The baseline year for the purpose of the
strategy is 2010. It was estimated that by 2010 the total annual emissions of the country was about
150Mt CO2e. Much of the current emissions come from the land use sector. Agriculture and forestry
account 50% and 37% of the current emissions. Power, transport, industry and buildings each account
for 3% of the total emissions. It is projected that by 2030 emissions will grow to 400Mt CO2e under
business as usual scenario. For the purpose of achieving the middle income status without increasing
the current levels of emissions, several interventions were identified and a short-list of initiatives was
drawn following a prioritization exercise.
There are many definitions of green economy. However, many agree on one element: that green
economy, among others, results in inclusive growth. This paper critically analyzes Ethiopias green
economy strategy; in particular it examines whether and the extent to which it ensures equitable
outcomes and builds on a fair burden-sharing scheme. In doing so, it critically looks at the official
case for green growth. In other words, it examines the extent to which equity is relied as a narrative to
justify green economy in Ethiopia. It will also looks at to what extent equity has been used to
prioritize green economy initiatives.
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February 6-7, 2014
REDD+ as a Major Pillar of Green Economy Development Strategy of

Ethiopia
By
Yitebitu Moges Abebe (PhD)
National REDD+ Secretariat and Process Coordinator, Ministry of Environment
and Forest, Addis Ababa, P O Box 62347, Email: yitebitumoges2004@yahoo.com
Abstract
Climate change caused by human induced emissions of greenhouse gases is now recognized as one of
the major medium to long term threats to human welfare and development. About 15% of greenhouse
gas emissions result from deforestation and forest degradation. In response, a series of measures have
been proposed to reduce these emissions globally. Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation-plus (REDD+) is a set of policies to prevent or slow down deforestation and forest
degradation and to increase forest carbon stocks in developing countries. Integral to most models of
REDD+ is the idea of an incentive mechanism through which rewards are provided to developing
countries which take action to reduce emissions from forest lands. The forest sector in Ethiopia is
responsible for the emission of 65 million tons of CO2e, about 40% of the national GHG emissions
which is estimated at 150 million tons of CO2e. As one of the four pillars of the Green Economy
strategy of Ethiopia, REDD+ is envisaged to avoid emissions from the forest sector while absorbing
greenhouse gases from other sectors. By providing the largest abatement potential of estimated 130
million tons of CO2e, REDD+ helps in achieving a carbon neutral economy by 2025. Ethiopia has
been in a REDD+ process since 2008 and is currently in REDD+ Readiness Phase. In this phase,
major activities include capacity building, consultations, developing REDD+ strategy, establishing
national emissions baseline, design MRV system, and assessment and establishment of the necessary
legal and administrative frameworks. REDD+ implementation activities are muti-sectoral, and target
interventions that address drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and that increase carbon
stocks in forest biomass such afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry and forest rehabilitation. In this
forum, REDD+ as a global climate change mitigation mechanism and as a pillar of the Green
economy development in Ethiopia, and status of the REDD+ readiness process in Ethiopia will be
presented.
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Innovative Technology for Sustainable Green Economic Growth

By
Teketel Yohannes (Prof.)
Chemistry Department/Materials Science Program, College of Natural
Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
E-mail: teketel.yohannes@aau.edu.et
Abstract
The fossil fuel based global economy is not sustainable. Rising costs of conventional fuel,
environmental concerns and finite reserves are forcing to look at alternative clean energy
sources for sustainable global green economy. The quest for alternatives has been undertaken
through the development of renewable (solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal, etc.).
Science and technology will play a pivotal role in helping the world meet these pressing
energy challenges. Research and development on new energy technologies may be our only
lasting hope to reverse the global climate crisis. We must therefore support the responsible
development of these sources for a sustainable future Earth. Working together, scientists and
industry can achieve the required understanding and control of the performance limitations of
clean energy technology, accelerate innovation in its development, and help build the
workforce needed to implement the growing clean energy economy. This will require new
technologies for producing; storing and using energy with performance levels far beyond
what is now possible. Such technologies spring from scientific breakthroughs in new
materials and chemical processes that govern the transfer of energy between light, electricity
and chemical fuels.
In this presentation we will discuss on innovative technologies related to renewable energies
for sustainable green economic growth from both current and future perspectives. Examples
from the research work done at Addis Ababa University related to solar energy conversion
will be given.
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February 6-7, 2014
Overview of Environmental Health Interventions to Advance Green

Economy and Ensure Healthy Citizens in Ethiopia
By
Kebede Faris
Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist in the World Bank (formerly Associate
professor in Environmental Health, Jimma University), Email:kfaris@worldbank.org
Abstract.
Human beings are one of the life forms that is supported and nurtured by Planet earth. The
human environment is however, changing from time to time. This change is triggered either
from population explosion, industrialization, mechanization or the combination of all.
Whether people are healthy or not, are determined by the social and economic environment,
the physical environment, and the persons individual characteristics and behavior.
According to UNEP, 21012 Green Economy is one that results in increased or improved
human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and
ecological scarcities. In its simplest expression, a green economy can be thought of as one
which is low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive. What the green economy
strives at is the creation of a sustainable economy and society with zero carbon emissions and
a one-planet footprint where all energy is derived from renewable resources which are
naturally replenished.
On the other hand Environmental Health is the control of all those factors in mans physical
environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical
development, health and survival.; health as defined by World Health Organization being a
state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity.
Looking at the definitions alone one can see that environmental health practices to the fullest
possible level and with dedication can be an important link that supports the green economy
movement because Environmental health like green economy rigorously applies the
protection of peoples health and the natural environment ultimately safeguarding planet
earth.
The environmental problems faced by the world today are so complex and widespread that
solution requires a holistic approach. At the beginning of human settlement the waste
generated by humans was not exaggerated because of low population density. Besides,
humans were not too demanding on the natural resources and use only what the environment
provides. The type and amount of waste produced was a type that was small and totally
biodegradable and that when thrown into the environment actually supports the environment.
Because of this the environment remained intact and continues to support and nurture human
and animal population until the onset of industrialization and the sustained urban growth of
large population centers in America and Europe and now in Asia and Africa. This resulted in
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February 6-7, 2014
the accumulation of waste which this in turn causes a rapid deterioration of the environmental
sanitation conditions and the general quality of life especially in urban areas. The
accumulation of waste- solid and liquid, hazardous and toxic, biodegradable and nonbiodegradable are causing great damage to the air we breathe, the water we drink, the earth
we till and play and deteriorate quality of buildings and historical sites. The end result of all
this environmental disaster is the onset of disease burdens from filth, poisoning, allergic
reactions and the like
The biosphere (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere) is the same size it was thousands of
years ago but the population and the need or desire have greatly increased, demanding more
resources and consequently producing more effluent, a greater demand is being placed on the
environment every day. Our demands from our living environment are twofold: 1) the
environment must provide food, water, air, building materials, and other resources. 2) The
environment must also dispose of the effluent (sewage, solid waste, hazardous and toxic
waste) effectively. Thus the protection of health and the promotion of human comfort and
wellbeing through the control of mans environment are responsibilities which modern
conditions have forced upon us.
The doubling time of the world population (urban and rural )is getting shorter and shorter
especially in most developing countries . The extent of industrial development, agriculture
and population explosion is resulting in complex environmental pollution problem. The finite
resources of the earth (water, land, minerals, and gases such as oxygen) which are limited in
quantity are areas of concern. These complex scenarios demands a holistic approach or the
use of co-evolution of technology and society so that with innovation, clear mind and
involving societies will advance mitigation factors and enhance the wellbeing and
safeguarding of our environment and society from adverse effect of water, air and land
pollution, climate change and scarcity of the renewable natural resources.
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Part 2: Parallel Sessions
Parallel Session 1: Organized by College of Public Health and Medical

Sciences
Willingness to Join and Pay for Social Health Insurance Scheme among
Teachers in Wolaita Sodo Town Government Educational Institutions, South
Ethiopia, 2012
By
Tesfamichael A*, Mirkuzie W, and Shimeles O
*College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University,
Email: tesfamichaelalaro@yahoo.com
Abstract
Background: Cost sharing between beneficiaries and government in the health sector is critical to
achieve universal health care coverage.
Objective: To assess willingness to join and pay for social health insurance scheme among teachers
in Wolaita Sodo town government educational institutions, South Ethiopia, 2012.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during February 5 to March 10, 2012 among 335
teachers. A stratified simple random sampling technique was used and the data were collected by
using structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Binary and multiple logistic regressions
were used to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratios for the willingness to pay.
Results: Three hundred twenty eight teachers participated in the study with response rate of 98%.
One hundred eighty one (55.2%) of the teachers have never heard of any type of health insurance
scheme. However, 174(74.4%) of the teachers were willing to pay for the suggested insurance
scheme. Eighty-two (47.1%) of those willing to pay, agreed to contribute greater than or equal to 4%
of their monthly salary. Willingness to pay was more likely among those who have heard about health
insurance, had previous history of inability to pay for medical bills and achieved higher educational
status.
Conclusion: More than half of the teachers in this study have never heard about the health insurance
scheme. Hence, policy makers should market the scheme so that every employee of all government
institutions will be conversant with it for successful implementation.
Key words: Social health insurance, South Ethiopia, willingness to join, Willingness to pay
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Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme and Health Care Utilization: A

Case Study among Insured Households in Kerala, India
By
Dr. Devi Nair
Asst. professor Health Economics, Department of Health Planning and Management, Faculty of
Public Health and Medical Sciences
Abstract
Background: Financial burden due to health care costs are high in India and a small
percentage of the population are protected through any health insurance program. To protect
people from high economic cost of illness, and reduces inequality in health care access
government of Kerala introduced a comprehensive health insurance scheme.
Objectives: This study tries 1. To explore the factors affecting the enrollment in
Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme, 2. To find out the health care utilization pattern
among insured and associated factors.
Methods: Exploratory Case study, both quantitative and qualitative Methods used to track
the objectives of the study. An interview conducted on 150 insured households. In-depth
interviews conducted on 10 kudumbasree (women support groups) groups and 10 key
informants interviews were also done.
Results: In addition to education and health risk, awareness about the scheme is high
especially among females. About 97.4% of respondents were from poor families and, 40.7 %
dont have any permanent income. APL family (above poverty line) registration is negligible
(2.6%) only. Around 91.3% dont have any other form of health insurance coverage. 42%
respondents utilized the scheme and 34.0% of households have had history of chronic
diseases. Majority of respondents (97.3%) registered through kudumbasree group. All
respondents reported that coverage is not enough and out patients care should be included.
Qualitative interviews revealed that many eligible members were excluded, and delay in
settling of claims, provider choice is limited .Women empowerment in health related matters
and enrollment is appreciable through Kudumbasree groups.
Conclusion: poor people are benefited through the scheme, but delay in settling claims. More
APL families should be encouraged to enroll. Concerted effort is needed for the successful
implementation and sustainability of the scheme.
Acknowledgements: Dr.Devi done this study, supported by Monash University ASCEND fellowship
program funded by NIH, Award No.D43TW008332 under the guidance of Professor Brian Oldenburg, Dean,
Global Health, Monash University, Australia. Published in SSRN, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2275752
Key words: CBHI, Financial protection, Health care utilization, Kerala
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February 6-7, 2014
Impact of Government Sponsored Health Insurance Scheme: Contributing

Factors, Lessons, and Implementation Challenges; a Study in Kerala,
South India
By
Dr.Devi Nair
Asst. Professor Health Economics, Department of Health Planning and Management, College of
Public Health and Medical Sciences
Abstract
Background: Financial burden of diseases are creating suffering to households as well as it leads to
out of pocket expenditures to patients and their families. High out of pocket payments is well marked
in non communicable chronic diseases and undermines income generation and future economic
welfare. The impact of out of pocket expenditure on economic welfare receives more attention
recently and become the theme for discussion in many international forums. In recent years because
of liberalization and globalization health care costs are escalating in both high and low income
countries. Increasing number of NCDs especially cardiac diseases, diabetes, Cancer etc is a major
public health challenge in India and the prevalence is shifting from more affluent to less affluent.
When people are poor and out of pocket payments are high, it can lead to debt. Consequently the poor
either do not reach the health system or go for sub standard care. So Government and Policy makers
are looking a way to reduce the burden of out of pocket expenditure for health care and financial
protection to poor when they are ill. Government supported community based health insurance
schemes are receiving more policy attention in the last few years in India and expanding their
coverage to larger population than any other demand side health insurance schemes.
Objectives: This study is trying to document 1.the demand side and supply side factors related to
implementation of Comprehensive Health Insurance scheme (CHIS) in Kerala, 2.To Explore the
Impact of CHIS on equity concerns and moral hazard.
Methods: Qualitative descriptive case study method. In depth interviews conducted on 10
kudumbasree groups (120participants) to document the demand side factors, equity issues and moral
hazard etc. 10 key informants interviews also done with the officials of insurance company, nodal
agency, hospital authorities etc to explore the supply side factors.
Results: The major demand side factors explored through in-depth group interviews are lack of
awareness regarding the benefits of the scheme, outpatient care is excluded, coverage is not enough,
provider choice is limited, not happy with the public health facilities etc. the supply side factors are
delay in getting funds from government , less incentives, over work load etc. The positive factors of
the scheme are women empowerment, patient autonomy, solidarity and public health facilities are
becoming more attractive and more competitive etc. Moral hazards were less compare to other
schemes
Conclusion: poor people are benefited through the scheme, but delays in settling finds are the major
issue. Equity issues especially gender equity; more women were attracted and enrolled through the
scheme.
Acknowledgements: working paper series, ASCEND research fellowship program, Monash,
Australia
Key words: CBHI, factors related to enrollment, moral hazard, India
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February 6-7, 2014
Bacteriological Methods as Add On Tests to FNA Cytology in Diagnosis of

Tuberculous Lymphadenitis: Can They Reduce the Diagnostic Dilemma?
By
Gemeda Abebe1, Ketema Abdissa1, Mulualem Tadesse1, Mesele Bezabih1,Alemayehu
Bekele1, Ludwig Apers2, Robert colebounders 2,3
1
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Ethiopia

2
Deaprtment of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Abstract
Background: The diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspirate (FNA) cytology for the diagnosis
of tuberculosis lymphadenitis is confounded by other pathologic processes with mimicking
cytomorphology. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of FNA cytology for
the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis.
Methods: A total of 200 patients suspected for tuberculous lymphadenitis were included. FNA
specimen was collected and examined for cytomorphological changes, AFB microscopy, and
culture. Culture was done using Lwenstein-Jensen (LJ) media and BACTEC MGIT 960 TB
detection system. Identification of mycobateria was done by using 500 g/ml Para- nitrobenzoic
acid (PNB) susceptibility testing.
Result: Tuberculous lymphadenitis was detected among 75.5% (151/200) of the suspects by
cytomorphology. Culture result was obtained for 188 cases. Culture confirmed cases were 78%
(147/188) of which M. tuberculosis complex constituted for 97.3% (143/188), while 2.7% (4/188)
were non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM). Among suspects classified as abscess, 11 were
culture positive cases. Of the 4 NTM strains 3 were identified from patients without BCG scar.
Zeihl-Nelson microscopy detected 31.3% (46/147) of culture confirmed mycobacterial
lymphadenitis of which 11 %( 4/37) were diagnosed non-suggestive for tuberculosis by FNA
cytology. Compared to culture as composite gold standard, FNA cytology had sensitivity of
88.4% and specificity of 48.8%. The positive predictive value was 86.1% while the negative
predictive value was 54.1%. Confirming power and ROC curve area was 1.73 and 0.69
respectively.
Conclusion: Using AFB and culture as add on test for caseous samples and non-specific abscess
cases improves the specificity of FNA cytology, reduce the diagnostic dilemma and improves
patient management.
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Concentration of Lymph Node Aspirate Improves the Sensitivity of Acid

Fast Smear Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in
Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia
By
Mulualem Tadesse *, Gemeda Abebe , Ketema Abdissa1, Alemayehu Bekele1, Mesele Bezabih1,
Ludwig Apers2 , Bob Colebounders 2,3
1
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Ethiopia, Emails:
1
MT: mulualemt.tadesse@gmail.com, GA: gemeda.abebe@ju.edu.et, KA:
ketema.abdissa@ju.edu.et, AB: alemayehub@gmail.com, MB: mesele_bezabih@yahoo.com

2Department
of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Email of LA:

lapers@itg.be
3Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Email: bcoleb@itg.be
Abstract
Background: Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) is the most common forms of extrapulmonary
tuberculosis. The cytomorphological features seen in lymph node smear have reduced specificity for
tuberculosis. The diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis with direct smear microscopy lacks
sensitivity due to the paucibacillary of the bacilli in lymph node aspirate. Thus, this study aimed to
assess whether concentration of lymph node aspirate improves the sensitivity of acid fast smear
microscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis.
Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 200 patients clinically suspected for
tuberculous lymphadenitis in Jimma, Ethiopia. Lymph node aspirate was collected and the first two
drops were used for cytomorphological study and direct acid fast staining. The remaining aspirate was
treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC) and concentrated by centrifugation at 3000g for 15 minutes.
The sediment was used for acid fast 2 staining and culture. Identification of mycobacterial species
was done by para-nitrobenzoic acid susceptibility test.
Result: Complete data was available for 187 persons with presumptive TBLN, of which 131(70.1%)
were positive for M. tuberculosis on culture. The detection rate of direct smear microscopy was
25.1% and that of concentration method was 49.7%. Cytomorphologically,79.7% of cases were
classified as TBLN. Using culture as gold standard, the sensitivity of different methods was as
follows: direct smear microscopy 35.1%, concentrated smear microscopy 65.6%, and cytomorphology
89.8%. Majority (76.4%) of positive cases on concentration method showed grades of AFB positivity
that was above scanty; making the bacilli easily visible with shorter screening time. Two AFB
positive cases were not
mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Concentration method yield a positive result from seven cases
diagnosed as suppurative abscess by cytology. Both for direct and concentration method the highest
rate of AFB positivity was observed in smears showing caseous necrosis alone and smear positivity
rate decreased with appearance of epithelioid cell aggregates.
Conclusion: The concentration of lymph node aspirates for acid fast smear microscopy had
significantly higher sensitivity and increased grades of AFB positivity.
Key words: Tuberculous lymphadenitis, lymph node aspirate, M. tuberculosis, Jimma, Ethiopia
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February 6-7, 2014
Assessment of Glycemic Control among Diabetic Patients using Glycated

Hemoglobin in Jimma University Specialized Hospital
By
Waqtola Cheneke (BSc, MSc) , Sultan Suleman (Bpharm, MSc)2, Tilahun Yemane (MD)1, Gemeda
Abebe (BSc, MSc, PhD)1
1
Jimma University, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Medical
Laboratory Sciences and Pathology.
2
Jimma University, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy.
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a group of metabolic diseases resulting in
hyperglycemia, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not
respond to the insulin that is produced or both. Globally, DM has risen dramatically over the past two
decades and is expected to keep rising the next 20 years. It is predicted that sub-Saharan Africa will
have the highest growth in the number of people with diabetes of any region in the world.
Uncontrolled DM may lead to acute and/or chronic complications. Diabetic complications can be
prevented or delayed to happen by controlling hyperglycemia. Blood glucose level and glycated
hemoglobin determination can be used for diagnosis and then monitoring of diabetes. Glycated
hemoglobin can also tell the hyperglycemia of the last 2-3 months period and so can predict the risk
of diabetic complications. The aim of this study was thus assessing glycemic control among diabetic
patients using glycated hemoglobin in Jimma University Specialized Hospital.
Methods and Materials: Cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted on 148 diabetic patients
from diabetic clinic of JUSH from 1 31 May 2012. Glycated hemoglobin from whole blood and
random blood sugar, creatinine and urea from plasma was taken from every consented diabetic
patients coming for routine follow up visit during the study period. Interviewer collected the sociodemographic data and clinical information after ethical approval. Five percent of the total sample size
was used as a pretest before the actual commencement of data collection.
Results: The whole study participants were on treatment with mean glycated hemoglobin level
(HbA1) and RBS of 7.6% and 280mg/dl, respectively. Using HbA1, 88 (59.5%) of patients had poor
glycemic control and thus were at higher risk of developing diabetic complications. Among all the
study subjects with poor glycemic control, 17 (70.8%) were those with the age range from 15-30
years; 38 (62.3%) were female patients; 56 (60.8%) were urban dwellers; 31 (67.4%) were illiterate,
16 (69.6%) were those with BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2 and 46 (61.4%) were those taking injectable
drugs. Among 136 patients whose clinical history were reviewed, 72 (52.9%) had one or more
documented history of major microvascular complications majority of which were visual disturbance
accounting for 29 (21.3%), nephropathy 26 (19.1%) and peripheral neuropathy 18 (13.2%). Eightyfour (61.8%) had poor glycemic control out of which 46 (54.7%) had already documented history of
one or more diabetic complications but the remaining 38 (45.2%) had no documented history.
Conclusion and Recommendations: Even if all of the diabetic patients were on treatment, the mean
HbA1 level as well as random blood sugar level of the study subjects were above the normal range
indicating poor glycemic control. More than half of diabetic patients in JUSH had poor glycemic
control and were at higher risk of developing diabetic complications or already developed the
complications. Accordingly it was recommended to trace the cause of such alarming rate of poor
glycemic control by conducting different researches so that to alleviate the problem.
1
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February 6-7, 2014
Drug Resistance Patterns of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex and

Associated Factors among Retreatment Cases at Jimma University
Specialized Hospital, South West Ethiopia
By
Kedir-Abdella1(BSc,-MSc),- Ketema Abdissa1(BSc, MSc),Gemeda-Abebe1(MSc,PhD-Assistantprofessor)
1
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Pathology, College of Public Health and Medical
sciences, Jimma University, Ethiopia
Abstract
Background: The global burden of tuberculosis(TB) has been accompanied with the emergence
of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB).The rate of MDR-TB is five times higher among
previously treated tuberculosis cases than new cases.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine drug resistance patterns of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates and associated factors among retreatment
cases.
Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in from March 2012 to April
2013. A total of 79 sputum smear positive retreatment cases were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical data of patients were collected using questionnaires.
Sputum specimens were collected, cultured and drug susceptibility testing (DST) was done for
four first line drugs of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol system using indirect
proportion method. Statistical analysis of the data (Chi-square and logistic regression) was done
using SPSS V-20.
Results: DST was conducted for 70 MTBC isolates. Any drug resistance was detected in 58.6%
of isolates. The overall prevalence of MDR-TB was 31.4%. Place of residence (p=0.032, 95% CI
=1.11, 10.60), duration of illness (p=0.035, 95%CI= 1.10, 10.62) and multiple treatment
(p=0.048, 95%CI=1.01, 8.86) were associated with any drug resistance. The history of treatment
failures (p=0.028, 95% CI: =1.14, 10.28) was found to be predictor for MDR-TB.
Conclusion: The prevalence of MDR-TB was higher than the world health organization
estimation for Ethiopia. The rate of MDR-TB was higher in patients with the history treatment
failures. Hence, patients with the history of treatment failures should timely be identified and
referred for culture and drug susceptibility testing.
Key words: Tuberculosis, MDR-TB, Drug resistance, drug susceptibility
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February 6-7, 2014
Anemia and Risk Factors in HAART nave and HAART Experienced HIV
Positive Participants in South West Ethiopia: A Comparative Study
By
Lealem Gedefaw1 (BSc, MSc), Tilahun Yemane1 (MD, MSc, Assistant professor), Zewdineh
Sahlemariam1 (BSc, MSc), Daniel Yilma2 (MD, Assistant professor)
1
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Pathology, College of Public Health and
Medical sciences, Jimma University, Ethiopia

2
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma
University, Ethiopia
Abstract
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its treatment cause a range of
hematological abnormalities. Anemia is commonly observed and multifactorial in origin in HIV
positive people and has been associated with increased mortality rates and disease progression.
Objective: We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of anemia in highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) nave and HAART experienced HIV positive people.
Methods: A facility-based comparative cross sectional study was conducted in Jimma University
Specialized Hospital from February 1 to March 30, 2012. A total of 234 HIV positive persons, 117
HAART nave and 117 HAART experienced, were enrolled in this study. Blood and stool specimens
were collected from each participant for hematological, immunological and parasitological
investigations. Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical data of patients were collected using
pre-tested questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the data (Chi-square, students t-test, logistic
regression) was done using SPSS V-16.
Results: The overall prevalence of anemia was 23.1%. The prevalence of anemia in HAART nave
and HAART experienced people was 29.9% and 16.2% respectively (P=0.014). Presence of
opportunistic infections (P=0.004, 95%CI=1.69-15.46), CD4+<200 cells/l (P=0.001, 95%CI=2.5736.89) and rural residence (P=0.03, 95%CI=1.12-10.39) were found to be predictors of anemia for
HAART nave participants. On the other hand, HAART regime (ZDV/3TC/NVP) and the duration of
HAART were found to be predictors of anemia for HAART experienced groups.
Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in HAART nave patients was higher than HAART
experienced patients. Risk factors for anemia in HAART nave and HAART experienced HIV
positive persons were different. Hence, there is a need for a large scale and longitudinal study for
further characterization of the type of HIV associated anemia.
Key words: Anemia, HIV, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
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February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Session 2: Organized by College of Natural Sciences
Water Resources Developments in Ethiopia: Benefits and Negative Impacts

on the Environment, Food Security and Vector-Borne Diseases
By
Yewhalaw D1*, Hamels S2, Getachew Y3, Torgerson PR4, Anagnostou M5, Legesse W5, Kloos H6,
Duchateau L7, Speybroeck N8
1
Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical

Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Horticulture and Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT

USA
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University,

Ghent, Belgium
Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Universit Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Abstract
To satisfy the growing demand for electricity, Ethiopia plans to increase its electricity production
five-fold between 2010 and 2015, mainly through the construction of dams. A literature review
shows that while dams can boost power and agricultural production, promote economic development
and facilitate flood control, they can also lead to environmental, ecological and socioeconomic
changes. Several case studies show that dams may alter the composition and density of vectors and
intermediate host species, increase the incidence of malaria schistosomiasis and possibly lymphatic
filariasis and lead to eutrophication of reservoirs, soil erosion and earthquakes. There is evidence that
dams and commercial irrigation schemes can increase soil and water degradation, vulnerability to
drought and food insecurity in riverine and lacustrine areas downstream of dams. It appears that dams
in Ethiopia are also vulnerable to high soil erosion rates and earth quakes. Consequently, the current
and proposed large-scale dam construction program in Ethiopia requires in-depth research to improve
our understanding of the unintended negative effects of projects and to guide the location, design and
implementation of appropriate preventive and remedial programs .
Keywords: Dams; Environment; Food security; Vector-borne diseases, Ethiopia
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February 6-7, 2014
Assessment of the Status and Challenges of the Developments of

Institutional Repository: The Case of Jimma University
By
Tadele Mulat *, Getachew Bayissa and Worku Jimma
*Jimma University Library System, P.O.Box 378, Email: tadele.mulat@ju.edu.et,
tadele.66@gmail.com
Abstract
Institutional repositories are emerged to facilitate preservation and to disseminate research outputs in
any academic institutions. These days the world is changing from manual/analog to digital services,
so it is very important to collect, store, disseminate and create accessibility to imperative documents,
research reports and publications produced by faculty and graduate students in the universities. The
importance of institutional repositories is to offer collaborative production and dissemination of
scholarly information towards assisting academic and research institutions. Due to the absence of
Institutional Repository (IR) in Jimma University (JU) local resources are scattered everywhere in the
campus without reaching the communities easily plus it was disorganized, deteriorated, torn out and
covered with dusts on their placement. The main objective of this study was to assess the status and
challenges of institutional repositories development in Jimma University and instigate the need for the
successful implementation of institutional repository in the university. The method used for the study
was survey method; stratified sampling technique and different instruments like questionnaire,
interview and observation was used. The study result shows that there is no institutional repository
and policy in the university. The major barriers of implementing IR were found to be training,
awareness, administrative support and skills. In order to implement institutional repository effectively,
it needs faster Internet connectivity, availability of up-to-date hardwares and software's, training of
the researchers and awareness creation. It is recommended that the establishment of IR supported with
policy is vital. In addition to that upgrading of the librarians education, training of the researchers and
the university community to submit their resources to the institutional repository willingly is very
influential so that information and knowledge can properly be shared without time and distance
impediment. In addition to that university libraries shall follow and establish national digitization
standards and consortium in the country. Jimma University is not an exceptional and should have a
well developed and effective institutional repository to fully satisfy its own researchers, students, and
the community. So, to implement IR and to continue with that pace, the university should have to
create commitment to the concerned body to implement IR, so that local resources can be available
for the entire community.
Keywords: Institutional Repository, Local Content, Scholarly Communication, Digital Library
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February 6-7, 2014
Analytical Method Development Based on Ion-Paired Assisted LiquidLiquid Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid
Chromatography for Selective Determination of Ten Multiclass Residues of
Pesticide in Water Samples
By
AberaGure*, NegussieMegersa, NegussieRetta
Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
*Email: aberagure@gmail.com
Abstract
The use of synthetic organic pesticides has been increased over the past decades in order to prevent,
control and destroy pests. Although pesticides increase agricultural productivity, their extensive use
has resulted into contamination of the various environmental components including water resources.
Consequently, pesticides of different chemical structures and properties including sulfonylurea (SU)
and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides can be found in ground and surface waters, with quantities
exceeding the maximum residue levels (MRL) set by several legislative authorities. For these reasons,
development of easy, cheap and environmentally benign analytical methods for selective trace levels
determination multiclass residues of pesticides in environmental waters is mandatory.
Therefore, in this study, a new analytical method based on ion-paired assisted liquid-liquid extraction
(IPA-LLE) in combination with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector
(HPLC-DAD) has been proposed for the determination of ten multiclass residues of pesticides: six
sulfonylurea (SU) and four organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, in environmental water samples. In the
IPA-LLE procedure, the ion-pairing reagent tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TBAHS) and the
organic solvent, acetonitrile were used for extraction of the target analytes.Various parameters
influencing the extraction efficiencysuch as the type, composition and volume of ion-pair (IP),
volume of acetonitrile, sample pH, type and composition of the salt and effect of sonication time were
studied and optimal conditions were established. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of
detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the proposed method were in the ranges of 0.53.0 g/L
and 1.810.0 g/L, respectively and the calibration curves were linear withinthe range of 2450 g/L,
with coefficient of determination of 0.993 or better. Intra- and inter-day precision studies, expressed
as relative standard deviations (RSDs), at three concentration levels, were in the range of 0.49.4. The
relative recoveries of the spiked environmental water samples were in the range of 73105 %, except
for NS in lake water. The results of the study revealed that the developed method involves efficient
sample preparation technique allowing the preconcentration of analytes followed by the use of HPLCDAD is suitable for the accurate determination of these compounds in water samples.
Acknowledgements: Addis Ababa University is greatly appreciated for the laboratory facilities and consumables used in this
work. Prof Ana M. Gracia-Campaa, Head of the research group of Quality in Food, Environmental and Clinical Analytical
chemistry, FQM-302 Granada University, Spain is gratefully appreciated for the generous donation of pesticide standards.
The equipment, reagent and solvents were from the former Pesticide Pollution Analysis project funded by SIDA/SAREC and
the generous financial support of the International Science Program (ISP). Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia, is also
greatly acknowledged for sponsoring the doctoral studies of A. Gure.
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February 6-7, 2014
Assisted Regeneration of Coffee Shade Trees Using Micro-Exclosures in

Southwestern Ethiopian Coffee Forests
By
Kitessa Hundera1, 3, Olivier Honnay2, Bart Muys1
1
Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan

200E-2411, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
Plant Conservation and Population Biology, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark

Arenberg 31-2435, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgiu
Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
Abstract
Ethiopian Afromontane moist forests are traditionally managed by the local communities for coffee
production through thinning of the shade tree canopy and slashing of competing undergrowth. This
common management practice of the forest has a negative impact on coffee productivity in the long
term, because the removal of shade tree saplings and seedlings reduces the succession potential of the
shade tree canopy, which is threatening the very existence of the shade coffee production system. We
assessed the functionality of micro-exclosures (defined as fenced areas of less than 100m2 without
management) to initiate shade tree canopy restoration through natural regeneration. Our result show
that micro-exclosures have a strong restoration potential for the coffee shade trees preferred by
farmers (Albizia schimperiana, Albizia gummifera and Millettia ferruginea), as evidenced from their
seedling abundance, survival and growth. Seedling abundance in the exclosures was positively
correlated with adult tree abundance of the same species in the fragments. The regeneration of latesuccessional tree species of the moist Afromontane forest was not successful in the micro-exclosures,
most probably due to the low abundance or absence of adult trees as seed sources for regeneration.
Therefore, temporary establishment of micro-exclosures in the degraded coffee forest fragments
where shade trees are getting old or dying is recommended for sustainable shade coffee production
but seedling planting or sowing seeds are probably more suitable options to assist restoration of the
late successional species .
Key words: Coffea arabica, coffee management, dispersal limitation, seedling survival
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February 6-7, 2014
Assessment of Electronic Information Sources Access and Use for

Healthcare Services in Governmental and Non-Governmental Hospitals in
Western Oromia, Ethiopia
By
Senait Samuel*, Getachew Bayissa and Selam Assamnew
*Jimma University Collage of Natural science, Department of Information Science,
P.O. Box 378, Email: senaits73@gmail.com
Abstract
Access to and use of electronic information sources for clinical decision is the key to the
attainment of health related millennium development goals. Therefore, the aim of this study
was to assess electronic information sources access and use for healthcare service in
governmental and non-governmental hospitals in Western Oromia, Ethiopia, 2013. A
descriptive study design was used. Data were collected by self administered structured
questionnaire. Study subjects were selected by using simple random sampling technique.
Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. A total of 590 health professionals
participated on the study and the response rate was 95%. Forty two percent of health
professionals among the total respondents use electronic information sources; of which more
than half of the respondents use to get latest health information and support their clinical
decisions. More than three fourth of health professionals have no information literacy
training. Furthermore, there is statistically significant association between the use of
electronic information sources and access of computers in the hospitals (X2= 30.7, P- value 0.
007), access to internet connection (X2= 27.67, P- value 0. 004), computer literacy (X2= 4.66,
P- value 0. 001) and information literacy training (X2= 8.32, P- value 0.001). Therefore, to
increase the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare services, an important strategy is to
improve access and use of electronic information sources for better clinical decisions. Hence,
regional health bureau, board of hospitals, and medical directors should provide uninterrupted
facilitating and further analytical research on determinant factor is recommended.
Keywords: Electronic Information, Information Sources, Information Access, Health
Professionals, Healthcare Services
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February 6-7, 2014
Comparative Study of Knowledge Management Practices on Academic

Performance in Adama and Jimma Universities
By
Abu Santure1, Dr. Lawrence Abraham Gojeh2 and Worku Jimma2
1
Arba Minch University, Institute of Technology, Department of Computer Science and

Information Technology, email- visitmeat.santure81@gmail.com,
Jimma University, College of Natural Science, Department of information Science,

P.O. Box 378 Jimma, Ethiopia
Abstract
Knowledge is the most important resource in these days to improve the organizations performance.
Knowledge management (KM) and its practices like knowledge generation, codification, sharing and
utilization have significant importance for academic performance. But KM has not been adequately
examined in education. It is plenty but the ability to use it is inadequate. The aim of this study was to
carry out a comparative study of knowledge management practices and academic performance in
Adama and Jimma Universities, Oromia, Ethiopia. This study was done using mixed (quantitative and
qualitative) method of research and a cross-sectional survey design was employed. Questionnaire and
interview were used as a main data gathering tool. A questionnaire was distributed to 290 respondents
in both Jimma and Adama Universities. Out of these, 250 were returned and response rate is 86%.
Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages and inferential
statistical t-test namely independent sample t-test was used to find out significant difference in
knowledge management practices namely knowledge generation, codification, sharing and utilization
and academic performance like teaching and research between academic staff of Adama and Jimma
Universities. To determine the relationship between knowledge management practices and academic
performance, the Pearsons correlation was used. The study found that there is a significant difference
between JU and ASTU on the four knowledge management practices (p<.05). However, there is no
significant difference found on AP exhibited by knowledge management practices (p>.05). The study
further found that there is a positive and significant correlation between AP and KMPs. All four
knowledge management practices were in practice both in Adama and Jimma Universities.
Knowledge management practices should not be done only among individuals but also between
different institutions or organizations. To further advance the academic activities of staffs like
teaching and research there should be a regular forum for knowledge management practices.
Keywords: Knowledge, Knowledge management, Knowledge management practices, Academic
performance, University
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February 6-7, 2014
Effect of Different Feeds on Growth Performance of Niletilapia

(Oreochromisniloticus) in Concrete Ponds
By
Tokuma Negisho1*, Megerssa Endebu and Daba Tugie
1*
Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology,

P.O.Box. 378, Email: tokknag@yahoo.com
Zeway Fisheries Resources Research Center, Zeaway, Ethiopia, P.O.Box.229
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of locally available feeds on the growth performance
of Oreochromisniloticusin concrete ponds at zeway fisheries resources research center. The feed
effect experiment was conducted in three ponds of having a surface area of 35m2 each for seven
months between July 2012 and January 2013. All treatments were run in triplicate with stocking
density of 3fish/m2. The supplemental feeds were given at 5% of the fish body weight with respective
test feeds and the reference treatment was without any supplemental feed. The initial weight and
length of O. niloticus, in all treatments was not statically different. The results of study indicated that,
the final weights were significantly different among the treatments. Generally, fish fed with
supplementary feeds grew significantly higher than the unfed (Uf) treatment (ANOVA,
P<0.001).Similarly, growth of the fish fed with wheat flour + nuag cake (WF+NC) showed
significantly higher growth performance than the fish fed with Maize flour + Naug cake (MF+NC)
(ANOVA, P<0.05). Fish raised in WF+NC (0.35 g/day) showed better growth rate than MF+NC
(0.15g/day). Variation in growth rate between fed treatments and unfed treatment as well as among
fed treatments might be attributed to both direct and indirect effects of supplementary feeds given to
the fish. Direct intake of feeds by the fish provides more nutrients resulting in better growth and
production. Moreover, addition of supplementary feeds can elevate the level of organic nutrients that
favour the growth of flagellate phytoplankton which are good quality food for the fish. We therefore
concluded that all supplementary feeds nearly doubled the growth of O. niloticusin ponds.
Key words: Feed effect, Oreochromisniloticus, Growth performance, Pondexperiment
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February 6-7, 2014
Effects of PGPR and Antagonistic Fungi on the Growth, Enzyme Activity

and Fusarium Root-Rot of Pea
By
Mohd Sayeed Akhtar1, Tanweer Azam2
1
Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma-378,

Ethiopia, E-mail: sayeedbot@gmail.com
Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo

University, Ambo 19, Ethiopia
Abstract
The effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas
putida) and antagonistic fungi (Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum)
were studied alone and in combination in glasshouse experiments on the growth, chlorophyll catalase
and peroxidase activity and on the Fusarium root-rot of pea caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi.
Application of PGPR and antagonistic fungi caused a significant increase in growth, chlorophyll,
catalase and peroxidase activities of both root-rot fungus inoculated and un-inoculated pea plants. Use
of P. putida was more effective in reducing disease severity and improving the growth of root-rot
fungus-inoculated plants than A. niger and T. harzianum. The greatest increase in growth, chlorophyll,
catalase and peroxidase activities of root-rot fungus-inoculated plants and reduction in disease
severity was achieved when A. awamori or B. pumilus was used with P. putida compared to other
tested combinations.
Keywords: Catalase; Fusarium solani; Peroxidase; Pisum.
Effects of Rhizobium Isolates on Black Root rot of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L)
caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel and Wr
By
1
Gedyon Tamiru , Diriba Muleta2, Fikre Lemessa1

1
Department of Horticulture & Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, JU
2
Departments of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, JU
Abstract
Ethiopia is the largest producer of Faba bean in world next to Chain. In spite of huge importance, the
productivity Faba bean remains far below the crops potential. Black root rot caused by Fusarium
solani is the major threat to Faba bean production in Ethiopia and world. The use of fungicides against
the disease has been shown to induce negative impact on environment and results in the appearance of
fungicide resistant pathogen biotypes. It is also unaffordable for farmers in countries like Ethiopia.
Thus it is important to look eco-friendly management strategies of the disease. The main purpose was
31 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014

to evaluate for potential biocontrol agent by assessing rhizobial isolates for in vitro inhibitory
efficacy, probable mechanisms to inhibit fungal pathogen and effect on growth of faba bean infected
with Fusarium solani. In PDA medium, the effect of 41 Rhizobium isolates on the radial mycelium
development of F. solani were tested in vitro. The experiments were achieved by applying the dual
culture techniques. In total, 27 isolates showed remarkable inhibitory effect against Fusarium solani
under in vitro conditions were tested to assess hydrolytic enzymes and growth promoting traits.
Subsequently, the three most inhibitors under in vitro Rhizobium isolates and their combination were
tested to determine their effect on germination against F. solani on Faba bean seeds. These three
isolates and combination were again tested under in vivo conditions against root rot disease on
seedlings by applying the cell suspension at three different times of application on the pathogen. In
dual culture, 27 Rhizobium isolates remarkably inhibited the mycelia growth of F. solani more than
25% and the most were Rh26(1), Rh15(2) and Fb-1WG, which inhibited fungal mycelial growth
70.58 %, 64.70% and 63.72%, respectively. Among the 27 Rhizobium isolates tested for hydrolytic
enzymes 7(26.15%), 12(44.40%), 4(14.81%) were positive to chitinase, protease and lipase
production, respectively and showed significant fungal mycelial inhibition (26.47-70.58%), (25.4970.58%), (39.21-62.74%), respectively. A total of 8(29.63%) produced hydrogen cyanide. From 17
isolates tested for growth promoting traits, 24(88.88%) were positive for IAA production and over
50% were formed visible dissolution haloes on phosphate solubilizing medium. Rh21(4) isolate
produced the largest (1.90 cm) solublisation indices. Concurrent production of protease, lipases,
chitinase, IAA and phosphate solubilisation coupled with anti-fungal activity suggest the plant growth
promotion and broad spectrum biocontrol potential of these isolates. The highest significant
germination percent observed in combination and fb-1WG (79.69%) followed by Rh26(1) (60.00 %)
compared to the control (45%.). Maximum significant radical length (5.92 cm,) plumule length (5.25
cm), and vigor index (889.87), reported in combination, followed by (4.41), (3.77cm) (652.40) by fb1WG compared to the control. Furthermore, combination and fb-1WG consistently reduced disease
severity and incidence and increased growth parameters on seedling in greenhouse at all times of
application compared to the control. The study indicates the possible use of rhizobial isolates as a
supplementary means of black root rot management of faba bean but further study at various
pathosystems and of the interactions between microorganisms and host plant is needed.
Key words: Black root rot, Faba bean, Fusarium solani, Inhibition effect, Rhizobium isolates
Addresses
32 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Kinetics and Thermodynamic of Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption from

Aqueous Solution Using Chemically Activated Carbon Prepared From
Locally Available Waste of Bamboo (Oxytenanthera Abyssinica)
By
Tamirat Dula, Khalid Siraj and Shimeles Addisu Kitte
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, P. O. Box 378, Jimma,
Ethiopia.
Abstract
This study reports on the adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium ion from aqueous solutions using
activated carbon prepared from bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) waste by KOH activation.
Bamboo was carbonized and activated by treating with KOH solution followed by heating in an
electrical furnace at 800 oC for 3 hrs. Batch adsorption experiments were also carried out as a function
of pH, contact time, initial concentration of the adsorbate, adsorbent dosage and temperature of the
solution. Kinetic studies of the data showed that the adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order
kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (H), entropy change (S), and Gibbs
free energy change (G) were also calculated for the uptake of Hexavalent Chromium ion. These
parameters showed that adsorption on the surface of BWAC were feasible, spontaneous in nature, and
exothermic between temperatures of 25 and 45 oC. The equilibrium data better fitted the Freundlich
isotherm model for studying the adsorption behavior of Hexavalent Chromium by BWAC. IR
spectrum for loaded and unloaded BWAC was obtained using FT-IR spectrophotometer. Adsorption
efficiency and capacity of Hexavalent Chromium was found to 98.28% at pH 2 and 59.23 mg/g at 27
o
C, respectively.
Keywords: Activated Carbon; Bamboo Waste; Kinetics; heavy metal; hexavalent chromium
The Satellite Television Broadcast Learning Situations in Mathematics and

Science Subjects in Ethiopian High Schools: A Comparative Study
By
Kassahun Melesse, Zelalem Teshome, Addis Simachew, Akalewold Eshete
Abstract
This study compared the perceptions of students and teachers in learning situations of satellite plasma
lessons in Mathematics and Science subjects in 22 secondary schools of four regional states of
Ethiopia. The design of this comparative study was cross-sectional mainly following quantitative
approach in the four subjects; questionnaires administered to high school students and teachers
followed by descriptive analysis. The result of this study shows that students and teachers agreed in
most of the merits and challenges of plasma television (PTV) lessons and activities. The two parties
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February 6-7, 2014

agreed that there was a new conceptual change in quality improvement on the delivery system when
PTV was added to support quality of teaching, presenting variety of teaching aids, laboratory
demonstrations, content coverage and the like. They also agreed that PTV does not consider
individual differences, no opportunity for direct question and answer between students and the PTV
teacher. Based on the results, it is recommended to revise the overall PTV delivery system, emphasis
on scheduling in such a way that school teachers could have sufficient time and space in order to
make the learning situations plausible and
fill in the gaps that could not be handled by the
technology.
Key words: Plasma Television, Government Schools, Science, Mathematics
Some Potential Natural Products Isolated from Plants of Africa - A Review

By
Getahun T and Renela P.
Jimma University, College of Natural sciences, Department of chemistry
Email:Getahun.tadesse@gmail.com
Abstract
Throughout the history and across the globe, the plant kingdom has provided a variety of medicines.
In modern times plants have been a source of analgesics, anti inflammatory, anti neoplastic drugs, anti
arrhytsthmic agents, antibacterial agents, and antifungal agents and antihypertensive agents.
According to WHO (2003) about 80% of worlds population relies mainly on herbal medicine for
primary health care. In certain African countries, up to 90% of the population still relies exclusively
on plants as a source of medicines. Plants from African have long been the source of important
products with high nutritional and therapeutical value. For example, Entadaabyssinica is used for the
treatment of bronchitis, coughs and used to alleviate arthritic pains, Strophanthusspecies are among
the strong arrow poisons and supply cardenolides for use against cardiac insufficiency, the
Catharanthusroseus alkaloids are well-known antileukaemic agents, coffee and kola nut are also other
potentially used medicinal plants in Africa . Research is continuing on the vegetable material from
this continent in an endeavor to find new compounds of therapeutic interest. Therefore in line with
promising idea the present
work focuses on listing some potential natural products isolated from
plants of Africa.
Keywords: Natural products, traditional medicine in Africa and Medicinal plants.
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February 6-7, 2014
Studies on Diversity and Distribution of the Fauna of Sof Omar Cave, Bale
Zone, Southeast Ethiopia
By
Feto Haji Burka1, Tilaye Wube2 and K. K. Subhash Babu3
1
Dept. of Biology, Madawalabu University, Bale Robe
Dept. of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University
Dept. of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University
Abstract
A preliminary investigation on diversity and distribution of cave fauna was carried out in the Sof
Omar cave Bale zone, south east Ethiopia from July, 2012 to December, 2012. Three different study
sites were randomly selected and the samples were collected from cave floor, cave stream and cave
walls. Random hand picking, pitfall traps and quadrat methods were also used for qualitative and
quantitative estimation of these fauna. The abundance, distribution and diversity of fauna were
evaluated. In each of the three site, three quadrates of 1m x1m were taken along fixed transects at the
estimated centerline of the cave at a distance of 25m from each other. A baited pitfall trap was placed
in all three sites in addition to hand collection and other mode of collection practice. A total of 21
species were recorded of which, 10 species were invertebrates and 11 species were vertebrates.
Majority of the invertebrate species were recorded from the Order Coleoptera under the Class Insect
and Order Araneae under the Class Arachnidan. These includes: Tenebrinoid sp. (9.53%), Embaphion
constum (12.89%), Pristoceuthophilus sp (17.57%), Nocticola sp.(2.05%) Trogloraptor marchingtoni
(4.67%), Meta bourneti (3.73%), Flexicrurum flexicrurum (1.49%), Oonops sp.(1.87%),
Hemiscorpiida sp. (1.49%) and Cirolanidae sp.(2.42%). 11 species of vertebrates (42.18%) which
includes three species under the order: Chiroptera, Cardioderma cor (5.98%), Coleura afra (5.23%),
Rhinolophus blasii (9.90%); Order: Anura, Phrynobatracus natalensis (3.73%); Phrynobatracus
inexpectatus (2.61%). Order: Hyracoida, Procavia capensis (6.16%). Order: Squamata, Hemigactylus
brookii (2.05%), and four species of Pisces, Labeobarbus bynni (2.42%), Labeobarbus intrmeidius
(2.05%), Labeo boulengeri (1.49%), Anguilla bengalensis labiata, (0.56%). Of this, Anguilla
bengalensis labiata recorded first time from Ethiopia. The distribution of species varied from site to
site and season to season. The species diversity was rich in the dry season compared to wet season.
Among invertebrates (Arthropods) were the dominant cave dwellers on bats guano. The results of this
study clearly indicated that, this wet cave is a good biotope of many invertebrates and vertebrates.
Key words: Sof Omar, Cave fauna, Bale, Diversity
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February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Session 3: Organized by Institute of Education and Professional

Development Studies
University-TVET Synergy: Exploration of Research Works in University

on TVET with Special Focus on Two Reputable Journals of Education
By
Ewnetu Hailu Tamene
Institute of Education and Professional Development Studies, Jimma University
Abstract
Research in technical and vocational education and training undergone major development in the last
three to five decades in the world for the rising of political economical and social priority of Technical
and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has been primarily responsible for the development.
It is fair to think that this holds true in Ethiopian not only because of globalization but also due to the
reform and development in the TVET sub-sector since last decade. This paper is therefore intended to
find out how universities and TVET colleges work together, what are the contribution of research
works to the area. This point out my understanding that research in general and educational research
in particularly could have addressed some of the issues related to teaching/training and learning in
TVET. In addition, cooperation and working link between the two institutions could create synergy
that contributes a lot to the economic development. Descriptive study method was used in which
review of articles followed by interview with key participants, informed by lived experience. Two
reputable journals of education: Ethiopian Journal of Education (EJE) of Addis Ababa University and
Ethiopian Journal of Education and science (EJES) of Jimma University. The assessment was made
by listing all articles published in the last ten years on EJE, and in last six years on EJES (2005,its
inception). The articles were clustered based on the topic into primary-secondary-tertiary and TVET.
The findings show that there is little or no article about TVET, while there are some articles on other
education subsectors published on these journals within the scope of the study. The finding from
interview shows there is no formal link between TVET and Universities, and there is no systemic
working link. Moreover, the TVET sub-sector is rapidly changing that some researchers are not
considering it for research endeavour.
Key words: TVET, synergy, cooperation
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February 6-7, 2014
Practices and Challenges of School Improvement Program in Secondary

Schools of Assosa Zone
By
Jemal Haji, Getachew Heluf, Worku Fentie
Institute of Education and Professional Development Studies, Department of Educational Planning
and Management
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the practices and challenges of school improvement program
in secondary schools of Assosa Zone. Hence, it examined the core activities of SIP: preparation made
for school improvement program implementation, teaching-learning practices, safe and health school
environment, school leadership and management, and community participation domains, and
challenges encountered during SIP implementation in the study area. To accomplish this purpose, the
study employed a descriptive survey method, which is supplemented by qualitative research. The
study was carried out in randomly selected eight (50%) secondary schools of Assosa Zone. Then, 111
teachers were selected using random sampling techniques particularly lottery method. 40 school
improvement program committee members were included in the study by using census. 75 students
representatives and 6 Woreda and Zone education supervision coordinators were involved in the study
by using purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaire was the main instrument of data collection.
Interview, document analysis, and observation were also utilized to substantiate the data gained
through the questionnaire. Percentage, mean, standard deviation and one way analysis of variance
were employed to analyze the quantitative data, while qualitative data which was obtained through
open ended questions, interview, document analysis, and observation were analyzed using narration.
The results of the study revealed that, the preparation made for school improvement program
implementation and school improvement program domain practices were not satisfactory.
Stakeholders were involved in the difficult task of school improvement program implementation
without having prior trainings. Its implementations were also inadequate in enhancing student
achievement and reducing educational wastage (repetition and dropout). Furthermore, lack of training
and experience sharing session, shortage of budget, and inadequate communication skill of school
principals, inadequate monitoring and evaluation, shortage of support from community, lack of
participatory decision making, lack of team work and collaboration, lack of school level policy and
guidelines, inadequate willingness and commitments of stakeholders, and lack of school facility
hinder proper implementation of school improvement program. From the result of the findings, it
possible to conclude that, there is gap between policy intentions and actual practices. Finally,
recommendations were drawn based on the findings. The point of the recommendations include:
training opportunities on school improvement program for stakeholders through seminars, workshops
and discussion forums about the program, develop school level policy and guidelines, participatory
decision making and create and maintain a properly scheduled and organized formal monitoring and
evaluation to enhance the school improvement progress and student achievements. Moreover,
suggestions were forwarded to alleviate/solve the factors that hinder proper implementation of school
improvement program.
Key words: school, improvement, leadership, management, community involvement
37 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
The Practice of Teachers Performance Appraisal in Secondary Schools of

Metekel Zone
By
Mekonen Tessema, Deslegn Beyene, Tadesse Abera
Institute Of Education and Professional Development Studies, Department of Educational Planning
and Management, Jimma University
Abstract
The major purpose of this research was to assess the practice of teacher performance appraisal
whether or not it was serving as a means of effective teacher performance managements approach and
to identify the major challenges. Proposing possible solutions which will help the schools to improve
their practice was also the concern of this study. In doing so, six basic questions which helped the
researcher to assess practice of teacher performance appraisal and to identify the major problems were
formulated. To conduct this research descriptive survey research design was employed as the study
covered large area. Again, quantitative and qualitative research methods giving more emphasis to
quantitative one were used in conducting this research. The study was delimited to only ten randomly
selected secondary schools of the zone. For collecting necessary data for this research, 10 principals,
10 vive principals, 50 students who were usually involved in teacher performance appraisal and 50
Parent Teacher Association members of the sample secondary schools were selected using purposive
sampling technique. Whereas, 85 teachers and 40 department head teachers were selected as
respondents by using lottery method of simple random sampling technique. The researcher has used
questionnaire consisting of both close-ended and open-ended questions to gather data from principal,
vice principal, department head teachers and teacher respondents and focus group discussion was
conducted among sample students as well as PTA respondents. In addition, the important documents
related to teacher performance appraisal practice and implementations were consulted. The data
collected using close-ended questions of the questionnaire were analyzed mainly using quantitative
data analysis method. In doing so, frequency and percentage were used. Chi-square test was used to
test the presence of significant statistical difference between responses of two respondent groups. But
the responses obtained through open-ended questions of the questionnaire, focus group discussion and
results of document analysis were analyzed qualitatively for the sake of validating and triangulating
the quantitatively analyzed data. Accordingly, the finding of the research has indicated that teacher
performance appraisal in secondary schools of the study area was poorly practiced due to problem in
its design, the purpose it was served, negative perception of practitioners, lack of pre-appraisal
meetings, classroom observation, feedback and discussion, lack of necessary skill and knowledge of
appraisers, unable to use relevant information in appraising teachers and generally inconsistency of
the practice. Therefore, the issue of planning, assigning students who are going to appraise teachers at
the beginning of academic year, practicing consistent and ongoing classroom observation, designing
consistent feedback system, providing trainings for appraisers, creating awareness on both appraisers
and appraisees, developing comprehensive appraisal criteria which includes all school programs,
involving peers in teacher performance appraisal and using self appraisal as one source of
performance information are recommended by the researcher for secondary schools of the study area
to practice.
Key words: performance, appraisal, effective performance, management design, staff development
38 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Practices and Challenges of Leadership in Teacher Education Institutions

of Oromiya Regional State
By
Mitiku Dibessa, Mitiku Bekele, Alemselam Fekadu
Abstract
The major purpose of this research was to assess the practice of teacher performance appraisal
whether or not it was serving as a means of effective teacher performance managements approach and
to identify the major challenging problems. Proposing possible solutions which will help the schools
to improve their practice was also the concern of this study. In doing so, six basic questions which
helped the researcher to assess practice of teacher performance appraisal and to identify the major
problems were formulated. To conduct this research descriptive survey research design was employed
as the study covered large area. Again, quantitative and qualitative research methods giving more
emphasis to quantitative one were used in conducting this research. The study was delimited to only
ten randomly selected secondary schools of the zone. For collecting necessary data for this research,
10 principals, 10 vive principals, 50 students who were usually involved in teacher performance
appraisal and 50 PTA members of the sample secondary schools were selected using purposive
sampling technique. Whereas, 85 teachers and 40 department head teachers were selected as
respondents by using lottery method of simple random sampling technique. The researcher has used
questionnaire consisting of both close-ended and open-ended questions to gather data from principal,
vice principal, department head teachers and teacher respondents and FGD was conducted among
sample students as well as PTA respondents. In addition, the important documents related to teacher
performance appraisal practice and implementations were consulted. The data collected using closeended questions of the questionnaire were analyzed mainly using quantitative data analysis method. In
doing so, frequency and percentage were used. Chi-square test was used to test the presence of
significant statistical difference between responses of two respondent groups. But the responses
obtained through open-ended questions of the questionnaire, FGD and results of document analysis
were analyzed qualitatively for the sake of validating and triangulating the quantitatively analyzed
data. Accordingly, the finding of the research has indicated that teacher performance appraisal in
secondary schools of the study area was poorly practiced due to problem in its design, the purpose it
was served, negative perception of practitioners, lack of pre-appraisal meetings, classroom
observation, feedback and discussion, lack of necessary skill and knowledge of appraisers, unable to
use relevant information in appraising teachers and generally inconsistency of the practice. Therefore,
the issue of planning, assigning students who are going to appraise teachers at the beginning of
academic year, practicing consistent and ongoing classroom observation, designing consistent
feedback system, providing trainings for appraisers, creating awareness on both appraisers and
appraisees, developing comprehensive appraisal criteria which includes all school programs,
involving peers in teacher performance appraisal and using self appraisal as one source of
performance information are recommended by the researcher for secondary schools of the study area
to practice.
Key words: leadership, transformational, models, constructs assessment

39 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
The Role of Supervisors in Implementing School Supervision

By
Olana Debel, Abeya Geleta and Abebe Hunde
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the role of supervisors in implementing school supervision in
government secondary schools of the East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional National State. To this
end, the study employed mixed method which involves both quantitative and qualitative data
gathering tools. Accordingly, 104 teachers, 68 school based supervisors and 7 secondary school
supervisors from WEO were selected as sample using purposive and cluster sampling techniques.
Data were collected from participants (school principals, supervisors from Woreda Education Office,
school-based supervisors and teachers) using questionnaire (open and close-ended) interview, and
document analysis. Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (chisquare, percentage and ANOVA) and qualitative analysis (narration). Hence, the result of this study
revealed that supervisors were not capable enough to implement supervisory practices in the school.
The study further revealed that supervisors failed to collaboratively utilize the procedures and
strategies of clinical supervision. In addition, school supervisors were also inefficient in promoting
professional development of teachers. As well, the shortage of budget and lack of strong inbuilt
supervision to provide immediate support were among the major challenges that supervision services
faced currently. Finally, the researcher recommended that supervisors need to have a working
knowledge of the curriculum and pedagogy; supervisors should work collaboratively with teachers
and open to discussion. Furthermore, in-service training in the form of workshops, symposia,
experience sharing, seminars and conferences are crucial for the professional growth of teachers.
Key Words: supervision, inspection, scientific, collegial, school-based
40 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Secondary School Teachers Perception of the Role of Media in the Class

Room: the Case of Jimma Zone Secondary Schools
By
Woldu Asefa
Department of Teacher Education, Institute of Education and Professional
Development Studies. Jimma University
Abstract
This study is an assessment of teachers perception of the role of media in Jimma Zone secondary
Schools A total of 120 teachers from 8 sample secondary school of Jimma Zone participated in the
study: The target population in this study was Jimma zone secondary school teachers, and school
principals. Descriptive survey method was employed to conduct the study. The study result in general
has noted that the teachers perception of the role of media in the classroom is paradox. This has been
addressed by their responses as they have seen emphasizing the role of media in facilitating students
understanding in the teaching learning process by enhancing teachers effectiveness in the classroom.
Their response have also emphasized that the effectiveness of any teaching-learning situation depends
on the collaboration of teacher and media, students learn best when media are used with teacher
because the teacher is in the classroom and hence there is interpersonal relationship between the
teacher and media. On the contrary it has seen that teachers to neglect the role of media in promoting
students learning by considering some of the media like that of Television, Radio, Video cassette, etc
are manufactured not for learning but for relaxation, thinking that the use of media presentation makes
teacher redundant, media do not specify what the role of teacher, media threatens the position of
teachers, the use of media presentation does not make better use of teachers time and sooner or later
the teacher maybe declared unwanted, media dictates to the teacher, and thus it limit his freedom .
Hence, teachers are hesitating on the role of media as if they may be substituted by media.
Consequently, it has seen the importance of capitalizing the role of media in facilitating students
learning and there is a need by stalk holders to work in the area of promoting the importance of media
by raising awareness of the secondary school teachers.
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February 6-7, 2014
Predicting the Efficacy of Practicing Teachers: The Role of Perceived

Coursework Quality and Practicum-School Context Factors
By
Ayalew Beza
Jimma University, Institute of Education and Professional Development Studies, Department of
Educational Research and Development
Abstract
Teacher efficacy is recognized as a decisive indicator of teacher behavior, motivation, performance,
and commitment. Despite the importance of practicum experiences, little is known about the aspects
of pre-service learning experiences and context variables that support or undermine efficacy in the
early years. The purpose of this correlational study was to explore the extent to which perceived
coursework quality and practicum factors are related to the efficacy of prospective teachers enrolled
in PGDT teacher preparation program (N = 139). Data was collected through a close-ended survey
questionnaire from all practicing teachers (N=97) assigned in Oromiyaa, SNNR, and Gambella
regions in south western Ethiopia during 2013 (2005 E.C.) academic year. Simple descriptive
statistics, multiple linear regression, and ANOVA were computed with the help of SPSS version 16.
The result indicated that the regression model was moderate fit (R2 =0.331, SE=0.964), showing
33.1% of the variance in teacher efficacy was able to explained by the predictor variables together.
Perceived coursework quality (CWQ) and satisfaction with Job conditions (JoS) were the two
significant (P<0.01) and strong predictor variables in explaining variance in the criterion variable
(Teacher Efficacy), followed by practicum site/region and gender. The model also resulted in a
slightly higher fit (R2 = 0.341) for the Instructional Strategy (IS) subscale accounting for 34.1 % of
the variance while it showed modest fit to the Student Engagement (SE) and Classroom Management
(CM) subscales, explaining 27.1% and 27.4% of their respective variances. Implications of the results
and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Key words: efficacy, course work quality, practicum, context
42 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Session 4: Organized by Jimma University College of Agriculture

and Veterinary Medicine
Value Chain Analysis of Potato: The Case of Kombolcha District in

Oromia Region, Ethiopia
By
1
Abraham Tegegn , Lemma Zemedu2 and Mengistu Ketema2

1
M.Sc. in Agricultural Economics, Haramaya University, E-mail: abrahamtg1@gmaail.com
Assi.
Professors
in
Agricultural
Economics,
Haramaya
University,
E-mails:
zemedul@yahoo.com, mengistuket@gmail.com
Abstract
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of potato in Kombolcha disrict of Oromia Region with
specific objectives of identifying potato value chain and examining the performance of actors in the
chain; analyzing the determinants of potato supply to the market in the study area; and identifying
marketing channels. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary
data for this study were collected from 97 farmers, 23 traders and 18 consumers through application
of appropriate statistical procedures. The study result showed that potato producers are faced with
lack of modern input supply and high postharvest losses. On marketing side, limited access to market,
low price of product, lack of storage, lack of transport, low quality of product and lack of policy
framework to control the illegal Ethio-Somalia trade route are the major problems. The value chain
analysis revealed that the major actors in the district are input suppliers, potato producers, collectors,
wholesalers, retailers, exporters and consumers. Accordingly, the value chain activities were input
supply, production, marketing and consumption. The chain is governed by wholesalers and exporters
who have capital advantage over the other chain actors. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a
lower share of profit margin. The result of the multiple regression model indicated that marketable
supply of potato is significantly affected by access to extension service, access to market information,
potato farming experience and quantity of potato produced. Therefore, policy aiming at increasing
farmers access to modern inputs, developing and improving infrastructure, gender consideration,
cooperative development and improving extension system are recommended to accelerate the chains
development.
Key words: Value chain analysis, Potato, Actors, Multiple regression model.
43 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Value Chain Analysis of Tomato: The Case of Habro District in Oromia

Region, Ethiopia
By
Abraham Tegegn1, Lemma Zemedu2 and Mengistu Ketema2
1
M.Sc. in Agricultural Economics, Haramaya University,
E-mail: abrahamtg1@gmaail.com
2
Assi. Professors in Agricultural Economics, Haramaya University,
E-mails: zemedul@yahoo.com, mengistuket@gmail.com

Abstract
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of tomato in Habro district of Oromia Region with
specific objectives of identifying tomato value chain and examining the performance of actors in the
chain; analyzing the determinants of tomato supply to the market in the study area; and identifying
marketing channels. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary
data for this study were collected from 65 farmers, 14 traders and 12 consumers through application
of appropriate statistical procedures. The study result showed that tomato producers are faced with
lack of modern input supply and high postharvest losses. On marketing side, limited access to market,
low price of product, lack of storage, lack of transport and low quality of product are the major
problems. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the district are input suppliers,
tomato producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, exporters and consumers. Accordingly, the value
chain activities were input supply, production, marketing and consumption. The chain is governed by
wholesalers who have capital advantage over the other chain actors. Therefore, farmers are forced to
capture a lower share of profit margin. The result of the multiple regression model indicated that
marketable supply of tomato is significantly affected by access to market information and quantity of
tomato produced. Therefore, policy aiming at increasing farmers access to modern inputs, developing
and improving infrastructure, cooperative development and improving extension system are
recommended to accelerate the chains development.
Key words: Value chain analysis, Tomato, Actors, Multiple regression model
44 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Challenges and Opportunities for Micro and Small Agribusinesses

By
Gedam Brhane Hailay Gebretinsae (PhD)2
1
Jimma University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Email:
gehiba@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Mekelle University, Email: Hailaygg@yahoo.com
1
Abstract
Despite the tremendous economic importance and increase in number of micro and small
agribusinesses, little research exists that examines challenges and opportunities of these businesses in
developing countries like Ethiopia. More specifically, even if there are many Micro and Small
Agribusinesses (MSABs) in Tigray, there are no studies conducted specific to this issue. The
objective of this study was to assess the challenges and opportunities of Micro and Small
Agribusinesses in Endaselassie. The study used cross-sectional data collected through semi-structured
questionnaire filled by MSABs owners and personal interview was made with representatives of Shire
Agricultural College Industrial Extension Department and Endaselassie Micro and Small Enterprises
Agency in order to triangulate the data collected through questionnaire. Both primary and secondary
data are used. Descriptive and statistical tools have been employed to select the sample respondents
and both probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques were used. To analyze collected data
the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16 is employed. Micro and small
agribusinesses in Endaselassie are male dominated ownership with less experience, skills and
educational level due to limited training services. Even if most of the business operators began their
enterprises because of the opportunity they understood from the sector, the level of preparation made
before business operation start-up was limited and equipment used were less advanced, poor business
location and sub-sector specific problems are also reported. The findings also indicated that MSABs
face different challenges; among which the top 5 are lack of adequate supply of inputs, marketing
related problems, lack of physical working premise/land, lack of business skills and lack of up-to-date
information. In addition, the existing increasing trend demand for agribusiness products was the core
opportunity reported in the study. The findings of the study have important implications for MSABs,
support agencies and future research to be conducted by academic institutions, consultants and
researchers.
Key Words: Challenges, Opportunities, Micro and Small Agribusiness Enterprises,
45 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Financial Constraints and Entrepreneurial Activity Choice among Clients

of Micro Finance Institutions in Jimma Area
By
Misginaw Tamirat
Department of Agricultural Economics, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, P. O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia, Email: misgina.tamirat@gmail.com,
misginaw.tamirat@ju.edu.et
Abstract
The research is intended to assess the small holder entrepreneurs enterprise choices under financial
constraint. Adapting economic model of household-production interactions, results from a survey of
140 smallholders was used on multinomial logit regression techniques. The paper makes the case that
the access to finance has limited effect on the choice of entrepreneurial activity than individual
differences did. It was also found that majority of the problems the entrepreneurs faced have no
significant association with access to credit rather with macroeconomic and institutional factors.
There has also been strong association of human capital, physical and social capital with
entrepreneurial activity choice, implying enhancement of smallholders entrepreneurship need to take
into account other socio-economic factors besides the access to credit. The activity analysis has also
showed that there is an out-flock of entrepreneurs from agriculture to non agricultural sector which
would have a critical implication on the countrys endeavor to food security. Generally, the study
reveals sets of key variables relevant to the smallholders entrepreneurial activity choice, and provides
an evaluation of intensity of the effects of the variables. The paper concludes by bringing these critical
insights to bear on possibilities for designing microfinance programs that would help flourish
smallholder entrepreneurship which would gear towards realization of the countrys long run
development plan.
Key words: Entrepreneurship, activity choice, micro finance.
46 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Impacts of Joint Land Rights Titling on Women Empowerment: Evidence

from Ethiopia
By
Adane Dabissa1, Mequanint Biset2, Prof. dr. ir. Erwin Bulte3
1
Jimma University, Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Rural

Development, Email: adane.bulo@yahoo.com
2
PhD fellow - Wageningen University, Development Economics group, and

3
Wageningen University, Development Economics group
Abstract
This study examines the impacts of joint land titling in Ethiopia on women empowerment.
The study employees a combination of propensity score matching (PSM) and experimental
approach, using cross-sectional data of 325 households from three districts (Womberma,
Bure and Jabi Tehnan) of Amhara region. The findings of this study reveal a robust, positive
and significant impact of joint titling of land rights for women on different dimensions of
women empowerment measures. Generally, from the PSM analysis, the empirical result
indicates that joint titled women are more likely to be empowered in most dimensions of
women empowerment, but not all, compared to untitled women. Considering specifically, the
results also imply that joint titled women are more likely to participate in community
activities, to have local organizational capacity, to be aware of their land rights, to feel tenure
security and dare to protect their land rights, and to have freedom of physical mobility and
autonomy than untitled women. However, no difference in household decision making power
is observed between the two groups of women. The tobit regression result of field experiment
data also supports the results of the propensity score matching.
Key words Ethiopia, joint titling, land rights, impact assessment, propensity score
matching, experiment
47 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Factors Influencing Adoption of Mirte Fuel Efficient Injera Baking Stove:

The Case of Agarfa District, Oromia Region of Ethiopia
By
Biruk Fikadu1, Eric Ndemo Okoyo (PhD.)2, Daniel Temesgen (PhD.)3
Emails: birukfe@gmail.com, ndemoerick100@gmail.com, daniel_temesgen2002@yahoo.com
Abstract
The national energy balance indicates that traditional fuels (wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and
animal waste) meet 94% of the total energy supplied and that the household sector accounts for 90%
of the total energy consumed in the country. The vast majority of Ethiopian households depend on the
open fire stoves with very poor fuel efficiency. Due to the shortage of firewood in Ethiopian
communities, baking injera on open fire is becoming increasingly expensive. Currently, mirte Fuesl
Efficient Injera Baking Stove (FEIBS) has been produced and promoted to improve the livelihoods of
the rural and urban households in the country. The major concern of this study was to identify factors
influencing adoption of mirte fuel efficient injera baking stoves: the case of Agarfa district, Oromia
region. A three stage random sampling procedure was employed to draw 150 sample households from
four sample PAs. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in the study. Binary logit
econometric model was utilized to analyze the factors which influence adoption of mirte FEIBS. The
results of the study also showed the existence of limitations of mirte FEIBS technology. The results of
the econometric model indicated that, age, education, injera baking experience, and fuel shortage of
the household were some of the important variables and which were found to be significant in
relationship with adoption of mirte FEIBS. The overall findings of the study underline the importance
of strengthening institutions related to production of affordable, accessible and multipurpose (baking
and cooking) stoves, in addition to mirte FEIBS, emphasis on increasing awareness of households to
promote the technology; and research should re-examine the limitations of the technology. Therefore,
policy and development interventions should give emphasis to improve such institutional support
system so as to achieve wider adoption of mirte FEIBS.
48 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
The Determinants of Rural Households' Vulnerability to Food Insecurity in

Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia
By
Amsalu Mitiku
Email: amse2001@gmail.com
Abstract
This study analyzes the determinants of rural household vulnerability to food insecurity in in Jimma
Zone, South Western of Ethiopia. For this study both secondary and primary data were employed. The
study was based on the survey of a total of 200 households randomly selected using a three-stage
sampling technique. Analytical tools used include descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke
(FGT) and Logit model. The findings revealed that about 42% rural households were vulnerable to
food insecure.The finding of this study showed that factors such as education level, family size,
cultivated land size, total number of livestock, off-farm/nonfarm income,crop yield, and access to
credit service were significant variable that influence vulnerability to food insecurity. The findings
suggest that in identifying and understanding factors those are responsible for rural households
vulnerability to food insecurity and to combat food security problems at the household level. The
study findings suggest that in selecting priority intervention areas, the food security strategy should
consider statistically significant variables of the above as the most important areas.
Key words: Food security; Food insecurity; rural households and Vulnerability
Assessment of Survival and Reproductive Performance of Glossina

Pallidipes Maintained Under Blood of Different Animals at Kality Tsetse
Rearing and Irradiation Center
By
Assefa Kebede1, Hagose Ashenafi2 and Terezu Daya3
1
Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma
Addis Ababa University, Faculuty of Veterinary Medicine, Deber Zeit
Ethiopian Veterinary Drug and Feed Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa
Abstract
Survival of fertile female tsetse flies and their fecundity, the emergence rate of pupae they produce
and the survival of sterile males are important for the success of SIT. In the present study the highest
survival rate, mean percentage of surviving flies, and fecundity was found in flies fed on bovine and
ovine blood diets. However, the emergency rate of pupae produced from these blood diets had lower
than pupae produced on mixed blood diets. Moreover, the least survival rate was found in both flies
49 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014

maintained on porcine and mixed blood diets, the least being in mixed blood diets. The survival rate
of flies maintained under caprine blood diets was slightly higher than flies maintained under porcine
and mixed blood diets, however, the mean percentage of survived number of flies in this blood diets
were the least of all blood diets. The fecundity of flies maintained under bovine blood expressed as
pupae per initial female (PPIF) was 3.31 and 2.77 for ovine blood diets. However, the values in the
rest blood groups were below the required standard for self sustaining tsetse mass rearing. In the other
hand, during the production weeks, the fecundity of female G. pallidipes as expressed in pupae per
female per 10 days (P/F/10 days) was near to the minimum average fecundity required for
maintenance of a given colony in flies fed on bovine and ovine blood diets. The highest percentage of
pupal quality class (class E) was recorded on ovine. However, the least was recorded in flies fed on
bovine blood diets next to caprine. Extremely low mean percentage of survival, fecundity, poor pupal
quality and low emergency rate recorded in flies fed on caprine blood diet. Furthermore, irradiation of
adult males of G. pallidipes at 120 Gy gamma radiations resulted in significantly reduction of their
average life span compared with non-irradiated males. Lastly, the overall emergency rate of G.
pallidipes of the Arbaminch origin of the Center was found to be 88% and the female to male ratio
was almost 1:1. Therefore, the overall performances of female G. pallidipes maintained under ovine
blood diets were found to be almost the same or better than bovine blood. Hence, Kality tsetse rearing
and irradiation center may use this blood as alternative to bovine blood. Furthermore, during releasing
of sterile males as SIT component, their short survival time should be considered.
Key words: G. pallidipes, Fecundity, Survival, Emergency rate, Blood diets, Kality Tsetse Rearing
and Irradiation Center, SIT, Ethiopia.
50 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Outbreak of Tuberculosis in a Flock of Sheep Kept in-contact with a Dairy

Farm with a Known History of Tuberculosis in Central Ethiopia
By
Benti Deresa1, Aboma Zewde2 and Gobena Ameni2
1
College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University,P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia;
Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
Abstract
In this study, we report our observation which confirms that sheep are susceptible to M. bovis more or
less in similar degree with that of cattle as we have observed generalized TB lesions in sheep kept
closer to a herd with almost 100% TB prevalence. After observation of gross lesion of tuberculosis
(TB) on postmortem examination of a sheep died from sheep flock kept in-contact with cattle herd
known history of TB, further investigation was conducted in the flock to assess the magnitude of the
infection and characterize the responsible M. bovis at strain level. The investigation was conducted on
26 of 33 sheep in the flock using comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIT) test, pathological,
bacteriological examinations, and spoligotyping. The prevalence of TB in the tested sheep was 15 %
(4/26) and all the CIT positive sheep had gross lesions suggestive of TB. Three of the sheep had
extensive and multiple lesions. M. bovis was isolated from all of them and it was SB134 strain.
Screening of the in-contact dairy cows showed 98% (45/46) of the cows reacted positively to CIT test.
Furthermore, SB0134 was also isolated from two cows suggesting the transmission of the strain from
cattle to sheep. The present study showed the occurrence of severe gross TB lesions in sheep kept
closely with cattle herd with high intensity of TB infection. SB0134 strain of M. bovis was isolated
from both cattle and sheep, thus suggesting the transmission of this strain from cattle to sheep. This
warrants for keeping of sheep flock and cattle herd separately by avoiding their mixing.
Key words: tuberculosis, Outbreak, Sheep, Ethiopia
51 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Determinants of Intensity of Adoption of Maize Technology Package in

Semen Bench District, Bench Maji Zone, Ethiopia
By
Simon Seyoum
Email: simonseyoum6@gmail.com
Abstract
Achieving national food security is one of the major challenge currently facing developing countries
like Ethiopia. Cereal crops in general and maize production in particular play a great role in
improving households income, nutrition and food security. Despite the high production potential and
the economic importance of the crop, however, maize producers particularly small scale farmers did
not economically much benefited from its production. Low production and productivity, which is
mainly associated with poor adoption of improved technologies and poor marketing system, was
among the major problems. To this end, the aim of this study was to empirically examine factors
affecting adoption and intensity of adoption of maize technology package in the study area. Eight
maize growing rural kebeles were purposively selected and a total of 170 randomly selected
households were interviewed for this study. Maize producer farmers were found to undertake almost
all the management practices recommended for maize production while there are variations among
themselves in intensity of adoption. Result of the econometric model indicated, households annual
farm income, contact with extension information sources and knowledge of recommended package
practices were important variables which had positively and significantly influenced adoption and
intensity of adoption of maize technology package. Whereas, age of the household head had shown
negative relationship with adoption and intensity of adoption. The overall finding of the study
underlined the high importance of institutional support such as extension; credit and market to
enhance adoption of maize technology package. Therefore, policy and development interventions
should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider
adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale farmers.
52 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation on Biological Resources and Ecosystem

Functions and Mitigation Measures
By
Debela Hunde Feyssa
Jimma University, Department of Natural Resources Management, Email:
feyssahunde@yahoo.com
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation occurs when a large region of habitat is broken down, or fragmented, into a
collection of smaller patches of habitat. Concern is growing over the fragmentation of habitats by
roads and other transportation infrastructure. A number of measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or
compensate for the detrimental effects of such fragmentation have been suggested. Fragmentation
occurs when land is converted from one type of habitat to. A forest habitat may become fragmented
when a highway is built across the forest. The highway would split a single, large, continuous patch of
forest into two smaller patches. The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is
huge and diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in different ways and, as a
consequence, drawing different conclusions regarding both the magnitude and direction of its effects.
Habitat fragmentation is usually defined as a landscape-scale process involving both habitat loss and
the breaking apart of habitat. Results of empirical studies of habitat fragmentation are often difficult
to interpret because (a) many researchers measure fragmentation at the patch scale, not the landscape
scale and (b) most researchers measure fragmentation in ways that do not distinguish between habitat
loss and habitat fragmentation per se, i.e., the breaking apart of habitat after controlling for habitat
loss. Empirical studies to date suggest that habitat loss has large, consistently negative effects on
biodiversity. However, habitat fragmentation per se has much weaker effects on biodiversity that are
at least as likely to be positive as negative. Therefore, to correctly interpret the influence of habitat
fragmentation on biodiversity, the effects of these two components of fragmentation must be
measured independently. More studies of the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation are
needed to determine the factors that lead to positive versus negative effects of fragmentation. It has
been suggested that the term fragmentation should be reserved for the breaking apart of habitat,
independent of habitat loss. Habitat destruction and fragmentation are the root causes of many
conservation problems. Therefore, this analytical review is aimed to point out the causes leading to
habitat fragmentation, the ecological, biological impacts at local, regional and large scale and suggest
possible mitigation measures.
53 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Altitude-associated Differences in the Balance between Feed Resources and

Dietary Requirement for Free-ranging Cattle in Southwestern Ethiopia
By
K. Yisehak , D. Belay , T.Taye1, Geert P.J. Janssens2
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, P.O.Box 307, Ethiopia
2
Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
* yisehakkechero@yahoo.com
Abstract
Introduction: In the southwest of Ethiopia, overgrazing and/overstocking are suggested as the main
reasons for limited feed resources for the ranging cattle. Previous research already demonstrated
differences in the nutritional status of livestock units according to altitude (Yisehak et al., 2013) and
the present study wants to identify whether altitude in this area is indeed associated with differences
in feed resource availability.
Materials and Methods: Results are based on livestock farmers interview (N=540) and direct
measurements of feed resources at three altitudes (HAR: high altitude region; MAR: medium altitude
region; LAR: low altitude region). It was assumed that each TLU consumes 2.5% of its BW (6.25 kg
DM/d) (McDonald et al., 2002). A crude protein (CP) content of 70 g/kg and 8.368 MJ ME/kg diet
DM was used (Winrock, 1992). Total DM production was estimated according to FAO (1987).
Utilization of crop residues was assumed to be close to 30%, and/or harvesting losses subtracted from
total crop residue DM availability. Categorical data was tested by means of cross tabs, with significant
differences at P < 0.05. Numerical data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Mean
comparisons were made using Duncans multiple range test.
Results: The number of TLU per livestock holding and total dry matter (DM) production of feed
resources were significantly different between the three altitudes (P<0.001). Feeds were mainly
obtained from natural grazing lands (45% in LAR, 40% in MAR, 31.2% in HAR) followed by crop
residues (P<0.05). Fodder trees and shrubs accounted for 19.8%, 16.7%, and 18.2% of feed DM
contribution in LAR, MAR and HAR, respectively (P<0.05). Maize, sorghum, wheat and tef were the
main cultivated crops, and crop residue yields differed between altitudes (P<0.05). Livestock feed
balance in terms of DM yield showed that a total of 14,081+14 tons of DM (tDM) per annum was
produced for a total TLU value of 7592 meaning 5.1 kg/TLU/d whereas 17457 tDM (6.3
kg/TLU/d) is required. Total CP required and produced for the TLU was 1,940+2 and 986+1.0 tons;
respectively with a negative balance of 954.2+1.6 t CP. Total metabolisable energy required for the
TLU is 23,190+2.2 MJ ME whereas ME available for the total TLU is much lower,
1178.3+1.2MJME/kg, with a negative balance of 22,011.6+2.2MJME/kg.
Conclusion: The estimation demonstrated that the balance between supply of feed resources and feed
requirements differs between altitudes in the Gilgel Gibe region, pointing to the need to identify the
underlying causes for this difference, i.e; TLU survivals under feed imbalances can be further
investigated using nutrigenomics interactions in the animals
References
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 1987.Land use, production regions,
and farming systems inventory.Technical Report, 3 vol. 1. FAO Project ETH/78/003, Addis
Abeba,Ethiopia.
1,*
54 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014

Gryseels G., 1988. Role of livestock on a mixed smallholder farmers inDebre Berhan. PhD
Dissertation.
Agricultural
University
of
Wageningen,
The
Netherlands.
P.
149.http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/ethiopia/ethiopia.htm.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Green, J. F. D. and Morgan, C.A. (2002): Animal Nutrition, 6 th ed,
Prentice Hall, London, Pp 583-585.
Winrock International, 1992. Assessment of Animal Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Winrock
International Institute for Agricultural Development, Morrilton, Arkansas.
Yisehak, K., D. Belay, T. Taye, Geert P.J. Janssens, 2013. Impact of soil erosion associated factors
on available feed resources for free-ranging cattle at three altitude regions: Measurements and
perceptions. Journal of Arid Environments.98: 7078.
Effect of Drying Temperature and Duration on Biochemical Composition

and Quality of Black Tea (Camellia Sinensis (L).O Kuntze at Wush Wush,
South Western Ethiopia
By
Kidist Teshome , Adugna Debela2 and Weyessa Garedew2
1
Department of Horticulture, Dilla University, E-mail: kidina21@yahoo.com
2
Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University College of
Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
1*
Abstract
This paper evaluates the effect of different drying temperature and duration on biochemical
composition and quality of black tea. In black tea processing drying is the last step and it gives quality
to the brew. In WushWush regardless of clones, tea leaves conditions and quality of the final product;
a drying temperature of 110 oC for 25min was used to dry tea leaves. Furthermore, there was little
research done so far to optimize drying temperature and duration and only subjective judgment had
been used by factory cup tasters to determine the optimum drying temperature and duration.Therefore,
this research was conducted at WushWush tea plantation and JUCAVM post-harvest laboratory in the
year 2012/13 on clone 11/4 to identify the optimum combination of drying temperature and duration
using five drying temperature and three drying durations. The experiment was laid out using factorial
design arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replicates. Analysis of
Variance indicated that there were significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment combinations
(interaction effect) for all the traits (Total Brightness, Total liquid color, Thearubigin, Aroma, Flavor,
Moisture Content and Leaf infusion)considered except Theaflavine whose main effect was observed
to be significant. Generally, it was observed that as temperature increased with duration the
biochemical composition and quality of black tea were decreased. From this research to produce good
quality of black tea a treatment combination of 1000C with 25min. was identified as the optimum
treatment combination to be used in this production and other sites who are engaged in tea production
in Ethiopia.
Key words: Drying temperature, Drying duration, Theaflavine, Thearubgin, Total brightness, Total
liquid color
55 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Cryopreservation of Buffalo oocytes by Vitrification and their Post-thaw

Potential for in vitro Fertilization
By
Yosef Deneke , Trilok Nanda2 and Prem S Yadav3
1
Jimma University, College of agriculture and Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary
Medicine, P.O.Box307, Jimma , Ethipia, Email: yosefdeneke@yahoo.com
2
College of Vet Sci., CCS, HAU, Hisar- 125 004, India, 3 Central Institute for Research
on Buffaloes, Hisar 125 001, India
1
Abstract
Availability of developmentally competent oocytes, especially cryopreserved ones, is critical for in vitro
embryo production and application of related biothecniques. Reportedly, matured oocytes are better
vitrified than their immature counterparts. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of
BSA in place of FCS as maturation media supplement on vitrification of in vitro matured buffalo oocytes,
to study the effect of different concentrations of ethylene glycol as a CPA on the vitrification of buffalo
oocytes and their post-thaw potential for in vitro fertilization. Oocytes were aspirated from abattoir
ovarian follicles of 2-8mm diameter. Oocytes were matured in TCM-199 supplemented with hCG, PMSG
and containing either 0.4% BSA (group-I) or 10% FCS (group-II).
Matured oocytes, denuded by vortexing, were equilibrated for 2 min each either in 2.5M ethylene glycol
(EG) or 3.6M EG and vitrified either in 5M EG or 7.2M EG, before loading in 0.25ml French straws which
were then plunged directly in liquid nitrogen. After at least one week of preservation, thawing was
performed with a serial dilution of EG in 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M sucrose solutions. Post-thaw viability of
oocytes was assessed either by morphological appearance of uniformly spread cytoplasm within intact
zona, or staining of dead oocytes with trypan blue or by ultimate ability of the thawed oocytes to undergo
in vitro fertilization as determined by cleavage. Post-thaw percentage of morphologically normal oocytes
was higher in group-I oocytes vitrified in 7.2M EG (76.8%, 146/190) than in group-II oocytes (61.6% 98/
159).
A significantly higher percentage of morphologically normal oocytes were also recovered when oocytes
were vitrified in 5 M EG. Namely, 81.8% for group-I (123/151) and 41.4% (79/191) for group-II,
respectively. Thirty four in 7.2M EG vitrified warmed oocytes were randomly selected from group-I and
30 from group-II and were subjected to trypan blue vital staining, of which 24 (70.6%) from group-I and
6 (20%) from group-II were found to be viable. The same high survivability was also observed in group-I
oocytes (64.6%, 31/48) than group-II oocytes (11.8%, 4/34), when oocytes were vitrified in 5M EG.
Viability assessment by post-thaw IVF revealed that only 7 of 68 oocytes randomly selected in group-II
(10.3%) got fertilized, in comparison to 22/112 oocytes (19.8%) in group-I as 7.2M EG was used for
vitrification. Whereas 8.0% of group-I oocytes (6/75) and 4.4% group-II oocytes (2/45) got fertilized when
the EG concentration was 5 M. These results suggested that for successful vitrification, BSA
supplementation has a positive influence on post-thaw survival and maintenance of developmental
competence of in vitro matured buffalo oocytes, in comparison to FCS supplement. Possible reason may
include hardening of zona pellucida in FCS matured oocytes, which may affect permeation of
cryoprotective agent into the oocytes for successful vitrification and also affect ability of sperm penetration
in post-thaw oocyte. The overall low percentage of morphologically normal, viable oocytes and the low
post-thaw IVF rate in oocytes vitrified in 5 M EG may be due to improper dehydration of the oocytes
during vitrification.
56 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Study on the Major Health Problems That Causes Carcass and Organs
Condemnation at Hashims Export Abattoir, Debrezeit, Ethiopia
By
Sisay Dejene1, Belay Abebe1 and Hailu Degefu1
1
Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Ethiopia
Abstract
The study was conducted from December 2010 to April 2011 in Hashims Ethiopian Livestock and
Meat Export (HELIMEX) abattoir at DebreZeit. The aim of this study was to identify and determine
the major health problems that cause carcass and organs condemnation and to estimate the magnitude
of the direct losses attributed to the condemned carcass and organs from Ovine and Caprine
slaughtered in the abattoir. Standard antemortem and post-mortem inspection procedures were
followed throughout the study. Antemortem inspection was carried out on arrival and in the lairage
and abnormalities encountered were recorded, followed by postmortem examination through their
identification number to detect gross abnormalities and aesthetic reasons that rendered each organ to
be rejected from local and international market. During the study a total of 425 Ovines and 425
Caprines Carcass and Organs were examined. The study revealed that in both species 139 (16.35%)
lungs, 121 (14.24%) livers, 87 (10.24%) carcass, 57 (6.71%) kidney and 43 (5.06%) heart were
rejected due to arious causes. Emphysema 41 (4.82%), stelesia hepatica 31 (3.65%), bruising 37
(4.35%), nephritis 20 (2.35%) and pericarditis 12(1.41%) were found to be the major causes
responsible for rejection of respective organs and carcass. Liver condemnation due to parasites such
as Stilesia hepatica, fasciolosis and Cysticercus tenuicollis contributed to 31 (3.65%), 19 (2.24%) and
6 (0.71%) respectively of the total condemned liver of Shoat. However, there is no statistically
significance difference (p>0.05) for all causes of liver condemnation between young and adult as
well as between sheep and goats. The annual loss due to the rejection of carcass and organs from the
shoats slaughtered in the export abattoir is estimated at approximately 33,668,850.99 USD. This
study has a paramount importance for the country by providing data in monitoring animal disease
conditions and management practices which lead to the condemnation of organs and carcasses during
slaughtering of animals.
Key words: Shoat/ Organ/ Carcass Condemnation/ Export Abattoir/ Ante-Mortem Inspection/
Postmortem Examination/ Annual Loss.
57 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Lumpy Skin Disease in

West Wollega, Ethiopia
By
Zelalem Abera1 , Hailu Degefu*2 and Getachew Gari3
1
Wollege University, school of veterinary medicine, Nekemet, Ethiopia

2
Jimma University, College of agriculture and veterinary medicine, school
of veterinary medicine , P. Box: 307, Jimma, Oromia region, Ethiopia,

Email: hailudegefu12@yahoo.com
3
National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta,

Ethiopia
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically devastating emerging viral disease of cattle caused by a
virus associated with the Neethlig poxvirus in the genus Capripoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. A
cross-sectional study was conducted from October, 2012 to May, 2013 in two districts of Western
Wollega of Oromia Regional State, with the objectives to determine animal and herd level
seroprevalence of lumpy skin disease and to assess the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of
lumpy skin disease. The study population comprised of indigenous and crossbred cattle. Multi-stage
sampling method was applied to select cattle and herd owners for the interviews. Totally, 544 sera
samples were collected from 252 herds and the serological test was conducted using indirect
fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). An overall individual level sero-prevalence of 6.43% (n=35) and
herd level seroprevalence of 5.95% (n= 15) were estimated.There was significant variation (P<0.05)
between the seroprevalence in Gimbi (4.41%) and Lalo Assabi (8.46%) districts at animal level. The
seroprevalence of LSD exposure among breeds (local and cross) was significantly different in that it
was found significantly higher in cross breeds (OR = 2.85, p = 0.016) than in local zebu. A summer
season showed statistically significant association (p = 0.000, OR = 4.224. CI = 1.13-7.57) with
concomitant high levels of insect activity. There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05)
among the age groups (adult, young and calf) in the sero-prevalence of LSD. However, the seroprevalence of LSD was very low in calves. The current finding revealed no significant variation
between male and female animals (p>0.05). In addition, there was no significant association between
seropositivity to LSD and the agro-climatic zones (midland and highland). The risk factors considered
in the univariate analysis had no significant association with the herd-level seroprevalence of LSD
(p>0.05). Finally, the present study revealed a moderate distribution of sero-positive cattle in the
study area and similarly the risk factors of the disease observed warrants future detailed study on the
transmission of the disease in the area.
Key words: LSD, Cattle; Risk factors, Seroprevalence, West Wollega, Ethiopia
58 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Multicriteria Based Plant Species Selection to Stabilize Riverbanks and

Gullies in Gilgel Gibe Catchment, Southwest Ethiopia
By
Ayalew Talema1,2, Jan Diels3, Jean Poesen4, Bart Muys5 and Hirko Dibaba6
1
Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia,

Emai: ayalew.talema@ju.edu.et, ayalewtalema.legass@student.kuleuven.be,
KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Belgium,
KU Leuven, Division of Geography, Belgium,
KU Leuven, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Belgium,
Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia.
Abstract
Land degradation, manifested as landslide, riverbank and gully erosion, is one of the major global
challenges in the 21st century. In Ethiopia, the phenomenon is highly agravated due to increasing
population pressure, torrential rainfall, rugged topography and lack of proper land management. The
erosion problem imposes two fold impacts via soil loss in-situ and siltation of hydroelectric dams exsitu. Gilgel Gibe hydroelectric dam, which contributes 29% of the current energy demand of Ethiopia
in two cascading power plants, is one of those areas affected by the problem of siltation which is
threatening its life span drastically. Vegetation plays vital role to minimize the problems sustainably
while ensuring socio-economic and environmental services. However, the suitability and effectiveness
of the plant species varies depending on the type of plants and the corresponding agro-ecological
conditions. Hence, selection of suitable and effective plant species per the given agroecological
condition is very crucial. On the other hand, the application of plants to stabilize slopes by focusing
only on their intrinsic performance may not be acceptable by the end users unless the species provides
reasonable socio-economic and other environmental services.
In solving such interlinked environmental, economical and social interests, milticriteria decision
analysis (MCDA) tools were used to screen promising trees, shrubs and grasses to stabilize
riverbanks, landslides and gullies in the catchment. After developing more than 47 species
inclusion/exclusion crieteria, including environmental services, socio-economic relevance, general
and local plant performance, invasiveness and special value of the species in question,focus group
discussions were made with local communities and experts, species specific scientific informations
were collected and more than 2 years of field experimental trials were made starting from March 2011
onwards. The data from the four sources were summarized and analysed by using Analytical
Hyrarchical Programming (AHP), Simple Multiattribute Technique (SMART) and other MCDA
methods. Ultimately, 40 top promising indigenous and exotic species of trees, shrubs and grasses were
identified and prioritized to use for soil water conservation while ensuring the anticipated socioeconomic and environmental services in the Gilgel Gibe catchment and in similar humid tropical and
sub-tropical areas at large. The details of the methods employed and the species prioritized are
discussed in the paper.
Key words: Gilgel Gibe, Multipurpose trees, shrubs and grasses, Multicriteria decision analysis tools.
59 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Quality Assessment of Bleached Topsoil of Vertic Planosols for Brick

Making in the South-Western Ethiopian Highlands
By
Alemayehu Regassa ,M. Dumon , L. Vandemeulebroeke1, K. Van Daele1, V. Proost3, E. Van Ranst1
1
Department of Geology and Soil Science (WE13), Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281/S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
2
Department of Natural Resources management, Jimma University, P.O.Box 307,
Jimma, Ethiopia, Email: alemrega@yahoo.com or alemayehu.regassa@ju.edu.et
3
Wienerberger Technicum, Steenbakkersdam 10, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
1,2
Abstract
Planosols are quite extensive in the sub-humid regions of the southwestern Ethiopian plateau,
occupying varieties of physiographic positions from poorly drained plains and valley bottoms to
somewhat better drained uplands. The use of the top bleached layer of Planosols for brick making by
local people in the Gilgel Gibe catchment, south west Ethiopia is a long lasted traditional practice
which constitutes an important economic activity for a great number of people in the area.
Nevertheless, so far no investigation of the quality of this raw material for brick making has been
done in the study area. The purpose of this research was therefore to assess the quality of the top
bleached layer of planosols as a raw material for the production of bricks with an overall objective of
finding out ways of improving their quality. Samples of the bleached top layer of Vertic Planosols
were collected from three brick production sites in the catchment, namely Bore, Serbo and Marawa
for Physico-chemical and mineralogical and mineralogical characterization at the laboratory of Soil
Science, Ghent University, Belgium. Samples of locally produced bricks were also taken from those
sites for physical quality testing such as initial rate of water absorption (IRWA), water absorption
after 24h and compressive strength in the laboratory. Based on the observed properties for the soil
material and the locally produced bricks, mixtures of soil samples and a sand additive were made in
an attempt to improve the quality of the bricks. These new bricks were also tested on water
absorption, drying, firing and total shrinkage and compressive strength. The analytical results
indicated that locally produced bricks are quite strong, but absorb too much water when matched with
European and Ethiopian standards. New bricks made from the improved mixtures show significantly
lower water absorption. Compressive strength on the other hand, is slightly reduced for these test
units, but still above standard levels. A lower variability in measured values when using pressuremoulded test units compared to hand-moulded test units indicated the former result in a more uniform
quality of bricks. It can be concluded that the current locally applied methods and materials produce a
moderate quality brick on average, with large variation in the quality. Use of a sandy additive,
adjusting the moulding method and improving the field oven layout to achieve a more homogeneous
temperature distribution, are surely options to improve the quality of the bricks produced from these
bleached materials.
Key words/phrases: bricks; bleached top layer; water absorption; compressive strength
60 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Session 5: Organized by Jimma Institute of Technology
Optimization of Nanopours Layered Wick and Nanofluids Concentration

for High Performance Heat Pipe Applications: A Review
By
Balewgize. A. Zeru
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma Univeristy, Ethiopia
Abstract
Heat pipe is a device which works on the principle of thermosyphon with wick material lined to the
inner surface. The wick material assists the liquid return by capillary pumping action. A heat pipe
contains three sections; the evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections. It absorbs large amount of
heat, latent heat of the working fluid, at the evaporator section and rejects this heat at the condenser
section. Since the last decade a lot of numerical and experimental studies on nanofluids has been
investigated by several researchers around the world in the application of different types heat pipes;
circular, flat evaporator and innovative design works. Out of the results achieved, one critical
investigation indicated that the deposition of the nanoparticles on the surface of the evaporator and
condenser (to a limited amount) is attributed as the main reason for performance improvement in heat
pipes [1-8]. The other thermophysical property; effective thermal conductivity, viscosity and surface
tension, changes due the nanoparticles presence has been reported that as a secondary effect on the
total performance improvement of the system [5]. On the other hand, of researchers are working on
film boiling performance improvement by using nanoporous lyared wicks to increase the nucleation
cites at the evaporator area to boost the rate of phase change in a limited square millimeter using pool
boiling apparatus.[14-26]. Functionalised CNTs are becoming the attractive area of nanoporous
layered wick two phase heat transfer for heat pipe application using specially developed pool boiling
apparatus[J. A. Weibel et al]
This up to date literature review concentrates a core ideas of optimizing two core research
investigation outputs in two phase heat and mass transfer in heat pipes; the amount of nanofluids
concentration in heat pipes and thickness of nanoporous layer on wick surfaces for high performance
in heat pipe applications. Research outputs of nanofluidic heat pies, nanoporous heat pipe trails, pool
boiling characterization of nanofluids, pool boiling characterization of nonporous wicks, numerical
studies on nanofluidic heat pipes and nanofluids has been reviewed thoroughly to generalize the
requirement of optimizing nanofluid-nanoporous layered wicks for high performance of heat pipe
applications potentially can be used in efficient solar power collection. Finally the review deals with
the future advantages of functionalized CNTs for application of nanoporus layered wicks in heat pipes
using different functionalization methods.
Key notes: nanofluids, nanoporous, heat pipe, CNT functionalization
61 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Modeling Plastic Deformation of Metal Forming by Hydrostatic Extrusion

Process
By
MesayAlemu and Getachewu Shunki
Mechanical Engineering Department, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University
Abstract
Metal forming is one of the many manufacturing methods. Forming technology refers to shaping of
metallic materials by means of plastic deformation. The term plastic deformation describes permanent
shape change, in contrast to elastic deformation. Metal forming technology is used for shaping any
metallic alloys into useful products by forming processes such as Rolling, Forging, Extrusion,
Drawing, and Sheet-metal forming. But the research is specifically devoted to hydrostatic extrusion
finite element modeling. Hydrostatic extrusion is an advanced metal forming technology. In
hydrostatic extrusion there is a hydraulic medium that interposes between the billet, that is deformed
and the extrusion punch.
Modeling the plastic deformation of hydrostatic extrusion is concerned with describing a computer
based technique for aiding the optimization of metal deformation process, industry tool, product
design, reduce lead time, and improve the facility and reliability of the products.
The ultimate goal of this task is to simulate the plastic deformation of metal forming that deformed by
hydrostatic extrusion processes, in order to reduce trial and error experimental task and to predict
incoming difficulties such as defects formed on end products and die profile.
In this study, computational model has been developed to simulate plastic deformation of metal (mild
steel) by means of hydrostatic extrusion and optimize the deformation process with considering the
process parameters such as pressure, speed, die angle, reduction ratio and die orifice. The simulation
results obtained show good agreement with experimental ones from literature.
Key words: finite element modeling, plasticity, metal forming, hydrostatic extrusion, Die.
62 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Comparing the Efficiency of Various FPM Algorithms in Data Mining

By
Dr. T. Murali Krishna
Lecturer, Department of Computing, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma,
Ethiopia
Abstract
Data Mining is retrieval of knowledge from large amounts of data. A Frequent Pattern is a pattern
that appears in a data set frequently. It may be an itemset, subsequence or substructures. A set of
items that appear frequently together in a transactional database is called Frequent Itemset.
Frequent Itemset Mining is the essential step in association rule mining and in finding
correlations. FPM also plays an important role in identifying interesting relationships among data.
The detection of interesting correlation relationships among large business transaction tuples can
help in decision-making process and customer shopping behavior analysis (i.e. market-basket
analysis). FPM helps the business people to develop marketing strategies for gaining profits.
There are many algorithms that have been proposed for finding frequent itemset mining in a
transactional dataset. They are Apriori, FP-Growth, Vertical Partitioning and RELIM etc. In this
paper, I compare the efficiency of these algorithms and propose a new algorithm in an
advanced approach. The new thought of this algorithm is derived from existing algorithms. The
efficiency of this new algorithm can be achieved with less number of scans and better
intermediate steps.
Keywords: Data Mining, Association Rule, FP-Tree, Frequent Itemset, Transactional Database.
63 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Assessing Streamflow Sensitivity to Climate Change in the Upper Awash

River Basin Ethiopia
By
Tamene Adugna Demissie1 Keneni Elias Shoro2
1
Jimma University, JiT, Department of Civil Engineering, Jimma University
Jimma University, JiT, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
Climate change affects the regional hydrology and leads to change in the water resources of the
region. An increase in temperature may lead to a decrease in streamflow while an increase in rainfall
increases streamflow. The objective of this study was to assess the sensitivity of streamflow to climate
change in the upper Awash River Basin. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological
model was run with daily weather data for Upper Awash River basin and the monthly streamflow data
was calibrated and validated at Hombole gauging station using the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting 2
(SUFI2). The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency for calibration was 0.676 and for validation 0.718 whereas the
R2 for calibration was 0.734 and 0.728 for validation. Then climate change scenarios corresponding
increase in monthly temperature of 1oC with 10% increase and decrease in rainfall and an increase in
3oC with 20% increase and decrease in rainfall were used to assess the sensitivity of streamflow to
climate change. The Results of this assessment show that the percentage change in streamflow with
respect to existing condition increases for both increase and decrease in rainfall magnitudes. For
instance, a 30C and 20% increase in rainfall would increase the average annual streamflow within the
range of 0 10% for the rainy months of July, August and September while it decreases for in the
range of 0 43% for the remaining months. For 10C increase in temperature and 10% increase and
decrease in rainfall, the discharge decreases for Feburary, March, April, May and June but increases
from 0 5% for the remaining months. The maximum decrease in discharge is observed for 3 oC
increase in temperature as compared to 1oC increase in temperature and this shows as discharge for
months of January May is sensitive to increase in temperature.
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February 6-7, 2014
Modeling Runoff and Sedemnet Yield Response to Land Cover and

Rainfall Change in Gilgel Gibe Watershed Ethiopia
By
Tamene Adugna Demissie, Zeinu Ahmed Rabba
Jimma University, JiT, Department of Civil Engineering
Abstract
Changes in land cover and rainfall intensity due to climate change may affect the response of the
watershed to runoff and sediment yield. This study evaluates the effects of landcover change and an
expected increase in rainfall intensity due to climate change on the response of Bulbul sub-catchment
in Gilgel Gibe 1 watershed using the Kinematic runoff and erosion (KINEROS2) hydrological model.
The soil data of the subbasin was derived from the FAO soil and the landcover data from the global
land cover classification. The assumption on which this study is based is that landcover change and
change in rainfall intensity affect the rainfall-runoff relation and the sediment yield from the
watershed. To validate the assumption, simulations were carried out wherein the 10% and 15% of the
agricultural land use was transformed to grassland by Automated Geo-spatial Watershed Assessment
(AGWA2) land cover modification tool and the rainfall intensity of 40mm/hour was increased to
50mm/hour. The simulation result of this study shows that most of the KINEROS elements
experienced a decrease in sediment yield within the range of 4% 59% due to an increase by 10%
and 15% grassland. On the other hand, the increase in sediment yield from the elements increased
within the range of 111% - 518% when the intensity of rainfall increased to 50mm/hour. However the
increase in rainfall intensity to 50mm/hour over a changed agricultural land has shown the increase in
the sediment yield from the elements to be within the range of 52% -518%. This shows that an
increase in rainfall intensity due to climate change will exacerbate the erosion processes from
agricultural lands and leads to an increase in sediment yield. A 10% - 15% increase in landcover
resulted in decrease of runoff from the elements within the range of 3% - 45%; in contrast an increase
in rainfall intensity from 40mm/hour to 50mm/hour increased the runoff resulting from the elements
within the range of 66% - 249%. The results of this study show that the sub-catchment considered is
highly sensitive to rainfall change.
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February 6-7, 2014
Development and Testing of Pyrolysis Cook Stove Configurations for pH

Specific Biochar Production
By
A. Venkata Ramayya1 and Berhanu Belay2
1
Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Email:

ganikavenkata@gmail.com
Senior Director for Research, CBE and Graduate Studies Jimma University,
P.O.Box:378, Jimma, Ethiopia
Abstract
Considering the amenable properties of biochar for soil amendment and the resultant multidimensional benefits encompassing energy security, agricultural yield enhancement, climate change
mitigation through carbon sequestration and substitution of inorganic fertilizer, an experimental
investigation has been carried out in this study for pH specific biochar production. Since gasification
stoves can provide part of the solution for 7 out of 8 millennium development goals, Pyrolysis cook
stove co-producing biochar has been used for biochar production using sustainably grown biomass
feed stocks. Taking into account the fact that pH of the biochar depends on the specific feedstock as
well as pyrolysis conditions like temperature and since soils ranging from alkaline to acidic might
need biochar with a specific pH, four different new stove configurations based on allothermal
pyrolysis were conceived, designed, fabricated and experimentally tested using coffee husk as the
feed stock. Drifting away the flame in the main combustion chamber away or engulfing towards the
pyrolizing biomass, controlling the air to fuel ratio have been used as the strategy to control the
pyrolysis operating temperature apart from the quantum of the biomass in the pyrolysis chamber. In
this regard, monitoring of the biomass temperature during pyrolysis has been done by measurement of
the transient temperature distribution at three different points along the height of the pyrolysis
chamber. While the maximum temperature recorded was 6620C, towards the end the temperature
across the height of the pyrolyzing biomass varied in the range 3380C-4790C.
pH measurements on biochar produced from the different stove configurations ranged from 7.2 to 9.3
broadly validating the design strategies anticipated and employed in this study to control the pH . A
higher pH was recorded for the biochar produced in the stove design where the pyrolysis chamber is
centrally arranged with the flame engulfing this chamber resulting in a higher pyrolysis temperature.
In some trails the ash content of the biochar was found to be at a higher level. Controlled gasification
of the resultant biochar can be used to further control the pH of the biochar as has been noticed in this
study. In addition, detailed performance characterization of the stove has been carried out by
conducting the standard water boiling test as per the protocol specified and also emission
measurements. While the minimum thermal efficiency(without accounting for the heat transferred to
the pyrolyzing biomass) recorded was close to 14%, the biochar yield was found to be about 35%.
The unburnt hydrocarbon was measured to be only 9ppm. It is concluded that the stove configurations
developed and tested in this study can be effectively utilized to control the pH of the biochar produced
during allothermal pyrolysis while the stove performance itself was found to be superior to the
conventional energy efficient cook stoves.
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February 6-7, 2014
Thermomechanical Simulation of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

By
Getachew Shunki Tibba
Mechanical Engineering Department Jimma Institute of Technology Jimma University
Abstract
Shell-and-Tube heat exchangers are among the different types of heat exchangers used in almost
every application areas [1]. They have the special feature of producing turbulent flows that enhance
high heat transfer rate. To achieve this function, shell-and-tube heat exchangers have a bit
complicated construction, like the inclusion of baffles, which makes their computational modeling
very difficult.
In this work thermomechanical simulation of the heat exchanger has been performed with the aim of
determining the stress developed in its body due to the pressure and temperature gradients. The
thermal results obtained were validated with results obtained from the empirical Delaware method [2]
analysis of the same heat exchanger and good agreements of the results were obtained. The
thermomechanical analysis was made using ANSYS Workbench and the Delaware method analysis
was done using visual basic programming language. The program developed here helps to input the
important thermal and geometric parameters interactively. This makes the program to be easily used
by others, including students. Good structural results which can help for safe design of the heat
exchanger are also obtained.
Key Words: Heat exchanger, thermomechanical simulation, ANSYS Workbench, Delaware method.
References
[1]W.M. Rohsenow, J.R. Hartnett, and Y.I. Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc, 1998.
[2] R.W. Serth. Process Heat Transfer: Principles and Applications. Elsevier Science & Technology
Books, 2007. 1
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February 6-7, 2014
Query Search Result Optimization for Entomological Meta-Search using

Query Logs
By
L. Melita1, Gopinath Ganapathy2, Kaliyaperumal Karunamoorthi3, Sebsibe Hailemariam4
1
Department of Computing, Jimma University, Jimma , Email id: pmmelita@gmail.com
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathidasan University, India
Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma
Department of Computer Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa
Abstract
The rapid growth of data and hence the internet usage has challenged the management, analysis and
retrieval of data by the search engines, online databases and meta-search engines. Particularly
speaking about biological databases their growth is observed to be in exponential terms and is
expected to continue the same in the coming years. Entomological databases and their correlation of
information with other biological databases is a part of biocuration that needs greater attention in
terms of data management and retrieval, as they determine the health of human and wealth of
agriculture.
The meta-search engines built for interfacing the entomological databases and other biological
databases has an immense audience and researchers, surfing frequently for valuable and lifesaving
data needed for disease control, epidemics, drug design, policy decisions and research enhancements.
The computational complexity of metasearch engines in finding relevant information depends upon
the algorithms used for ranking and methods used for managing retrieval processes.
The methods of managing retrieval includes query expansion, indexing, query log maintenance,
clustering and mining query logs, relevance marking, source selection and query dispatching etc. All
these components depend upon the query logs as they play an important role in optimizing the result
set and hence the ranking algorithms, thus enabling to generate speedy, qualitative, content-relevant
and user-specific results. A query log contains information about users, issued queries, retrieved
URLs, clicked results, etc., from which information knowledge can be extracted to improve the
quality of the system, both in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Moreover, in order to provide the
adaptivity for the metasearch interface, query logs are ineluctable. Therefore, in this paper, we shall
propose a framework of Query Log for the Entomological MetaSearch Engine (EMSE), data model
required for query logging, and algorithm for effective logging with its complexity in terms of order
of growth.
Keywords: Query Logs, Query Processing, Search Result Optimization, Metasearch Engines,
Biological databases.
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February 6-7, 2014
Development of Weaning Food Using Sprouted Haricot Bean, Oat, Barley

and Carrot
By
Zenebu Muleta , Geremew Bultosa2, Melaku Umeta3
1
Department of postharvest management, Jimma University College of Agriculture

and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia, E- mail: muletazenebu@yahoo.com
2
Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Haramaya University,
Ethiopia;
3
Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of two factors: haricot bean sprouting duration (24
hrs and 48 hrs) and blending ratio (pre gelatinized sprouted barley, sprouted haricot bean, oat and
carrot flours) on weaning food quality. Eight treatment combinations (sprouting and blending)
generated by JMP software were analyzed for significant difference (p < 0.05) by ANOVA and mean
separation by DMRT from a triplicate data. Cerifam was used as reference in the analysis. Result for
raw materials indicated high crude protein; WSI and Fe could be contributed by haricot bean.
Sprouting had significantly improved haricot bean quality by increasing crude protein, energy, WSI,
Fe and Zn and by reducing anti-nutrients (fiber, total phenolics and phytic acid) to the weaning food.
Oat contributed high fat (4.72%), energy (365.42%). High carbohydrate (71.09%), Zn (3.78mg/100g),
total phenolics (149.53mg/100g) could be contributed by barley. High beta-carotene (8.62 mg/100g),
ash (6.59%) and fiber content (11.74%) could be contributed by carrots even though low level (5%),
just to meet the recommended vitamin A of 200 g retinol equivalents was used in the blend. Among
the 8 weaning foods processed high in: crude protein (17.12%), energy (370.72 kcal/100g), fat
(3.49%), ash (3.2%), beta-carotene (298.59 g/100g), Ca (22.49 mg/100g), WSI and sensory
acceptance scores of low fiber (1.51%) contents was obtained when 45% of haricot bean (sprouted for
48 hrs) were blended in the first treatment. Weaning foods processed at 48hrs sprouted duration in
the seventh treatment appeared in many respects poor in quality possibility by having high moisture
(7.9%), high crude fiber (2.26%), low in energy (364.81 kcal/100g), somewhat also low in crude
protein (14.81%), Ca (19.02 mg/100g) and WSI of poor sensory acceptance compared to other
blended weaning food. The commercial weaning food Cerifam appeared to be superior in terms of
moisture (4.00%), fat (5.09%), crude protein (18.01%), energy (400 kcal/100g), mineral contents (Fe
= 6.00 mg/100g, Zn = 5.00 mg/100g and Ca = 100 mg/100g) and by having low level of anti-nutrients
(total phenolics = 40.47 mg GAE/100g and phytic acid = 0.51 mg/100g), but appeared to be poor in
its beta-carotene (30.27 g/100g) and sensory acceptance scores. Most of the weaning foods
processed were satisfying in meeting the recommended protein (not less than 10g/100g), energy (350370 kcal/100g) and fiber (less than 5%) contents but appeared sub-optimal in meeting fat (46g/100g), Fe (6-10 mg/100g), Zn (4-9 mg/100g), Ca (300 mg/100g) and vitamin A requirements.
Anti-nutrients higher compared to the Cerifam. Optimum range of barley from 5 to 15%, haricot bean
(sprouted for 48 hrs) 30 to 45%, oats 40 to 60% and carrots 5% had potentially can give high protein,
high energy, high carbohydrate, high beta-carotene, WSI, low fiber and anti-nutrients (phytic acid and
total phenolics) and better sensory acceptance above the mean of 8 treatments.
Key words: Barley, blending ratio, carrot, haricot bean, oat, optimum, sprouting
69 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Water Pumping System for Water

Supply (Case Study of Wogdi Town, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region)
By
Mohammed Ahmed
Jimma University, Email: moha_elt@yahoo.com
Abstract
This research is a modeling and simulation study on Stand-Alone Solar Powered by applying
solar panels as a Case Study of water pumping in Wogdi Town, South Wollo Zone, Amhara
Region. Solar Energy is a perspective choice for electric power generation for different
applications as investigated in the present study. The Solar Energy can be directly converted into
Electrical Energy by Solar Panel. The modeling and simulation work involved investigation of
feasibility of Solar Water Pumping over other technologies with respect to considerations of cost,
reliability, polluting the surrounding and noise. A modified model for estimating global solar
radiation from relative sunshine hour records is developed and applied to estimate available solar
energy of Wogdi Town. The research has includes modeling of solar water pump components
such as: Solar Panel, Regulator, Power Electronics Inverter, and selection of AC Motor Pump. In
addition, a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) has been considered for extracting the
maximum power from the solar PV module and transferring that power to the load. Various
water-pumping configurations have been investigated using modern simulation software. Finally,
the overall modeled system has also been recommended for testing and applications in other
similar small Ethiopian towns. This proposed research project has good efficiency, cost-effective,
environmentally friend than the existing diesel water Pumping System. However, it requires high
initial investment cost.
Key Words: Solar panel, regulator, maximum power point tracker, power electronics controller,
solar water pumping
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February 6-7, 2014
Studies on Adsorption Behavior of Heavy Metal onto Low-Cost

Adsorbents: Nickel Removal
By
Esayas Alemayehu1 and Bernd Lennartz2
1
Associate Professor, Dept. of WREE, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University
Professor, AUF, Rostock University, Germany
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on Ni(II) removal from water by adsorption using abundant
and low cost volcanic rock grains: Scoria (VSco) and pumice (VPum), which could be used as an
alternative approach to remove potentially harmful metals from contaminated water. Basic process
characteristics were determined under batch conditions. The maximum adsorption capacities for
Ni(II) on VSco and VPum were found to be 980 and 1187 mg kg-1, respectively. These results were
obtained at the optimized conditions of pH (5.0), temperature (24.9oC), contact time (24 h),
adsorbent/solution ratio (1:20), particle size (fine) and with the variation of initial concentrations
between 0.5 and 50 mg L-1. Competitive adsorption of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) on the adsorbents
present in binary as well as ternary mixtures were also compared with the single metal solution. Thus,
given that enough volcanic rock grains are provided, Ni(II) ions could be removed even from a metal
ion bearing matrix. A number of available models like Lagergren pseudo first-order kinetics, secondorder kinetics, intraparticle diffusion and liquid film diffusion were utilized to evaluate the kinetics
and the mechanism of the sorption interactions. The results revealed that the pseudo-second order
equation best described the kinetics mechanisms of Ni(II) adsorption although the removal process
was found to be complex. Moreover, 3 adsorption models have been evaluated in order to attempt to
fit the experimental data, namely the Langmuir, the Freundlich and the Redlich-Peterson isotherm
models. It was found that the first two isotherms most closely described the adsorption parameters.
Key Words: Equilibrium; Kinetics; Metal bearing water; Ni(II) ions
71 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
A Rule-Based Afan Oromo Grammar Checkera

By
Debela Tesfaye
Information Technology, Jimma Institute of Technology. Jimma, Ethiopia,
Email: dabookoo@yahoo.com
Abstract
Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of computer science, with strong connections to
artificial intelligence. One area of NLP is concerned with creating proofing systems, such as grammar
checker. Grammar checker determines the syntactical correctness of a sentence which is mostly used
in word processors and compilers. For languages, such as Afan Oromo, advanced tools have been
lacking and are still in the early stages. In this paper a rule based grammar checker is presented. The
rule base is entirely developed and dependent on the morphology of the language. The checker is
evaluated and shown a promising result.
a
Published on: (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol.
2, No. 8, 2011
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February 6-7, 2014
Optimization of Resource Recovery from the Sewage Sludge

By
Dida Aberra1 and Teshome Worku2
1
Lecturer, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jimma

Institute of Technology, Jimma University
Assoc. Professor of Chemical Engineering Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis

Ababa University
Abstract
The management of Sewage sludge was the main concern for municipal to keep the city suitable
for the dwellers and visitors. This is also true for Addis Ababa city Administration. Managing
sewage sludge for an ever increasing trend of sewage sludge generation coupled with the complex
sludge characteristics is a big challenge for Addis Ababa Water Supply Authority. Accumulation
of large volumes of dried sludge (cake) in treatment compound has become common. Since
sewage sludge contains toxic pollutants and disease-causing organisms and the failure to properly
manage sewage sludge may have adverse effects on human health and the environment. As a
result, the city water supply authority has to search for holistic and systematic ways of managing
it. Many mega cities have been exercising recovering resources from the sewage sludge and
sewage sludge management cant be a more a problem. Rather they are marketing the sewage
sludge to recover the resources. But, producing viable resources is remained as challenge for the
sewage sludge lacks essential nutrients for microbes. Hence, looking for additional and low cost
substrate is attracting many researchers. Within this regard, in this study, a lab scale batch
anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and abattoir wastes under mesophilic condition for 20
days was used to digest sewage sludge taken from Kaliti dump site and reduction in volume of
the wastes as a result of anaerobic digestion, production of methane and soil conditioner potential
were analyzed. Abattoir wastes were co-digested with sewage sludge so as to enhance its nutrient
values. 100% SS, 80%SS:20%WA and 60%SS: 40%AW mix ratio were used to analysis the
biogas productivities of different mix ratios and 33.8%, 48.3% and 56.9% methane were obtained
for SS alone, 80%SS:20%AW and 60%SS: 40%AW respectively. Reductions in volume of the
sludge after digestion were also seen as the mix ratio increases. The obtained results are generally
consistent with the data from literature where co-digestion of sewage sludge with other substrates
rather than abattoir wastes were used.
Key words: Resource Recovery, Sewage sludge, Abattoir waste, Co-digestion
73 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Modeling of Creep in Heat Exchangers Accounting for Fluid-Structure

Interactions
By
Getachew Shunki Tibba1,2, Holm Altenbach2, and Venkata Ramayya1
1
Jimma University
Otto-von-Guericke Universitat Magdeburg
Abstract
The energy need of human being is ever increasing. The naturally available energy resources are in a
crude form and need conversion to a form which is readily available for end use. Power plants play
the role of this conversion process. The majority of the conversion processes take place at severe
conditions of very high temperature and high pressure. Hence, the power plant components involved
in the energy conversion process always exhibit inelastic behavior like creep and fatigue. Therefore,
design of such components should take the inelastic behavior into consideration. This work focuses on
modeling the creep of heat exchanger materials found in conventional steam power plants.
Specifically, creep constitutive model of P91 steel, which is commonly used for constructing
superheater tubes, is developed and a material user subroutine has been written to incorporate the
model in commercial software ABAQUS. The creep behavior of the material has been accurately
represented with the constitutive model. The implementation of the model in ABAQUS was also
successful giving accurate simulation results.
Key Words: Creep, Constitutive model, Heat Exchangers, Material User Subroutine, P91 steel,
ABAQUS
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February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Session 6: Organized by College of Social Sciences and Law
Effective Parenting Skills for Ethiopian Parents and Caregivers: Important

but Overlooked Business
By
Berhanu Nigussie
Assistant Professor of Psychology, Play Therapist and Clinical Supervisor, Department of
Psychology, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University, E-mail:
brexnigussie83@yahoo.com
Abstract
Parenting is the most difficult job, and the most important responsibility, one ever has in ones life.
Parenting can be wonderful and rewarding, but it can also be difficult and unpleasant. Parents change
and grow to meet the needs of their children. They influence their childrens behavior and children
affect parents behavior. The ultimate objective of this paper was to identify the common types of
parenting styles in Ethiopia and their respective impacts on childrens personal skills, psychological
wellbeing, academic competence and social skills. There are generally four types of parenting styles
in Ethiopia, as it is the case in other parts of the world. These are authoritative (propagative, tough
love, emotional coach, assertive democratic, balanced parenting), authoritarian (disapproving,
totalitarian, strict, army style), permissive (laissez-fair, indulgent, free-ganger, lenient, non-directive)
and uninvolved (neglectful, rejecting, dismissing, indifferent, detached, hands-off). The most
demanding and non-responsive authoritarian parenting style is practiced among most Ethiopian
parents and caregivers, the impacts of which are devastating. Parenting should aim toward achieving
balance between setting limits and granting autonomy. Additionally, it is important for parents to
assess their parenting style and make adjustments if and where they feel it is necessary in order to
achieve the best child outcome. It could also be suggested that no matter what a childs outward
behavior may be, a parents encouraging words help a child feel good inside about something he or
she has done or said.
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February 6-7, 2014
Linguistic Sexism as Religious Offence among the Oromo

By
Amanuel Raga1 and Hirut Woldemariam2
1
Department of Afan Oromo and Literature College of Social Sciences and Law,
Jimma University, P. O. Box 5219, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Department of Linguistics, Institute of Language Studies, Addis Ababa University,

P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Abstract
Linguistic sexism is an act of patronizing one sex in a discourteous way, usually female. Studies show
that human languages exhibit some form of linguistic sexism. However, the current discourses about
its source and its sociopolitical purposes lack universality. To indicate this gap, as a case in point, this
paper tried to unravel the cultural experiences of the Oromo regarding the matter which contradicted
with the contemporary discourses of linguistic sexism. The data for this study were collected through
interview, discussion and exploration of secondary sources. As unraveled by this study, traditionally
the Oromo women were sacred. They were considered as the vital part of the society without whose
participation the whole system of human existence would collapse. So, sexual insults against them
were considered as offences against Waaqa, Oromo deity. Consequently, as part of their religious
duties they had the mandate to carry out legal actions against men who involved in these offences.
These practices question the universality of the contemporary theories of linguistic sexism. Thus,
acknowledging and documenting these cultural experiences of the Oromo would become vital for the
current global struggle for gender equality.
Key words: Sexist language, womens rights, siiqqee, feminism, traditional Oromo.
76 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Ethiopian Law on Transfer Pricing: Critical Examination

By
Yosef Alemu
School of Law, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University
Anything that can be priced can be mispriced (Raymond Baker, Capitalisms
Achilles: Dirty money and how to renew the free market system)
Abstract
Transfer pricing by multinational corporations is one of the darkest sides of international investment.
Companies transfer large amount of profit untaxed out of a jurisdiction with the highest tax rate to
countries with lowest corporate tax rate by mispricing their transactions. The OECD and UN came up
with model conventions aimed at tackling this dilemma in member countries. Ethiopia, in its part, has
introduced provisions governing transfer pricing in both the Customs and Income Tax Proclamations.
The Proclamations require related companies to make their transactions at arms length .Nonetheless,
lack of detailed directives and absence of comparable data, inter ali, are hindering the application of
transfer pricing in the country, eventually, resulting in a loss of the very much needed tax revenue.
Keywords: Ethiopia, Income tax, Customs duty, Subsidiaries, Transfer pricing
Indigenous Natural Resource Management and Exploitation in Horro

Guduru, Western Ethiopia
By
Lemessa Mergo (PhD)
Assistant Professor in Anthropology, Department of Oromo Folklore and Literature, College
of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University, Email: lammees2007@gmail.com
Abstract
With explicit focus on sacred groves, trees, cliffs, mountains and lands, this paper attempts to
understand indigenous ways of natural resource stewardship and the abuses therein among the Oromo
of Horro Guduru. In-depth interview and observation were employed to generate data. Thus,
arguments in the paper are basically embedded within field data that have explored local scenarios,
customs and religious beliefs. Pertinent anthropological perspectives on the question of natural
resource management and exploitation are considered to put the Oromo way into perspective. Some of
these perspectives have helped in exploring and documenting various indigenous peoples symbiotic
relationship with sacred scenes and other natural resources. Indigenous people are the primary
stakeholders of sacred environments as their culture, ways of life, religion and habitat are centered
round such scenes.
Keywords: Oromo, Horro Guduru, Natural Resource
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February 6-7, 2014
Crime Situations, Criminal Behavior and Criminal Justice Response in

Oromia, 2011/12
By
Nega Jibat1 (MA), Berhanu Nigussie2(Asst. Prof)
1
Department of Sociology and Social Work, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma
University
Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University
Abstract
Objectives of the research include: to analyze incidence, percentage, and rate of crimes by type; to
compare the characteristics of criminals based on correlates of crime such as age, gender, types of
occupation, level of education and marital status; to examine features of victimization by age and sex;
and to evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice systems through describing measures taken on
offenders. The study was conducted in Oromia National Regional State using a cross-sectional study
design to investigate crime situation during the year2011/12. Document or secondary data analysis of
official crime statistics was used to gather information on the issues under investigation. In addition,
focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview were employed. Primary and secondary
data sources were collected using checklist and interview/FGD guides. Descriptive statistics was
primarily used to re-analyze the aggregate data compiled by the police. A total of 54,852 crimes were
recorded in Oromia in 2011/12. Out of the total crimes committed in the region, the majority (70%) of
crimes were reported from rural areas compared to urban centers. The top five zones with the largest
number of total crimes 2011/12 were East Wallaga, West Wallaga, West Showa, East Showa, and
North Showa in decreasing order. Violent or crimes against the person was on the top in terms of
volume followed by other crimes. Aggravated assault was the single most crime items which
constituted about 30 percent of all the 43 crime items. The crime rate was 200 per 100,000 population;
offenders to offenses ratio was 1.76 and 2.62 for the total and violent crimes respectively. The ratio of
male to female offenders was 7.6:1; age-group 19-30 was found the most criminal population with the
criminal rate 828 per 100,000 people; the relationship between educational statuses, types of
occupation/employment, and marital status on the one hand and criminality on the other is less than
conclusive mainly because of lack of data for such variables. Victimization rate was higher for males
and for 31-50 age group. The court process of dealing with suspected offenders is characterized by
inefficiency as most of the cases (85 percent) were pended.
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February 6-7, 2014
The practice of Good Urban Governance in Jimma and Debre Berhan City
Administrations
By
Aliyou Wudu
Department of Governance and Development Studies, College of Social Sciences and
Law, Jimma University
Abstract
The population surveyed by this study consists of Kebele residents of Jimma and Debre Berhan City
Administrations, Kebele civil servants of the sampled cities, Kebele Councilors and members of
Kebele Youth and Women Associations. Probability sampling technique (lottery method) was
employed in choosing participants from the Kebele residents and civil servants. Members of Youth
and Women Association, Kebele Spokes person of the Council and Kebele Administrator were
selected subjectively. This descriptive and explanatory research design used both qualitative and
quantitative (mixed) research approach. Close-end questionnaires in the form of Likert-scale were
used to collect information from residents and civil servants of sampled Kebele Administrations.
Semi-structured open-end interview questions were designed to gather data from interviewees. Of 916
surveys administered, 800 were collected. Due to un-scorable responses and missing data, 116 were
eliminated from analysis. T he remaining 800 surveys yielded a useable response rate of 87.3 percent.
The study found that the practices of the principles of good governance such as transparency, rule of
law, accountability, responsiveness and participation are not satisfactorily implemented in the two
City Administrations. In this regard, the variations between the two cities are not significant. Low
level of participation of the people, youth and women in the affairs of the Kebele, weak
implementation capacity, lack of political commitment and rent-seeking behavior are also the critical
challenges of the two City administrations. Taking in to considerations the findings obtained and
conclusions drawn, the following recommendations are made: (1)The Regional state should establish
good governance offices at Kebele levels which could work as democratic institutions;(2) Attention
needs to be focused upon empowering and supporting the Kebele Councilors;(3)The ruling political
party at the Kebele level should work to reduce rent-seeking behavior of Kebele officials and civil
servants;(4) Implementing Citizen Charter as way of empowering the people is important.
Keywords: Governance, Good Governance, Rent-seeking,
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February 6-7, 2014
Employability and Good Learning in Higher Education: What Lessons can

be drawn? A Review
By
Peter Knight and Martz Yorke (2003), Teaching in Higher Education Vol 8, no 1, pp 3-16
(Fisseha Mikre, Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University)
Abstract
The concern for good learning and employable skills of higher education students is increasing.
Higher education institutes strive for realizing the preparation of competent graduates from their
programs, which can fit to the labor market. Employers also want to employ college graduates who
have possessed competence in both subject matter knowledge and generic skills needed in
workplaces. This may require the design of authentic learning environments, which can foster
complex learning. What needs to be done to improve the chances of such complex learning occurring
in the context of higher learning institutes? The article by Knight and Yorke suggests ways of
teaching complex learning in higher learning institutes. Therefore, this review article intends to: (1)
highlight the relationship between employability and learning in higher education, (2) describe ways
which can enhance student learning and employability, (3) discuss the conditions, which can facilitate
the occurrence of good learning in higher education, and (4) point out the lessons that can be drawn
from the article.
How Green are our Stories? Ecocritical Explorations of Environmental

Subjectivities in Ethiopian Childrens Literature
By
Ashenafi Belay Adugna
Department of English Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma
University, Email: belay.ashenafi@yahoo.com
Abstract
Apprehensions over the fate ecosystem have made the issue of environment momentous in discourses
surrounding environmental crisis. The pressure has augmented multidisciplinary inquiries targeted at
looking for solutions. Greening the socialization of children has recently become a critical focus area
as it is thought to aid in shaping generations towards curbing the perceived catastrophe hovering on
humanity. The greening of childrens literature is one among the mechanisms considered inevitable in
shaping minds towards environmental consciousness. This study was targeted at exploring the place
given to environment and environmental crisis in Ethiopian childrens literature as an experimental
exercise. It was undertaken with the purpose of investigating the ascription of values pertinent to
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February 6-7, 2014

nature by analyzing environmental subject positions offered in the narratives. More than fifty
narratives in fifteen childrens literature books published in Amharic have been considered for the
investigation. The study employed Ecocritical approach as a framework to analyze the environmental
subjectivities. The exploratory investigation revealed that little attention has been paid to
environmental concerns in the stories considered for analysis. Out of the fifty stories in the books
chosen, only six stories appear to give voice to nature in its proper sense. The unit of images analysis
conducted shows that most of the stories are anthropocentric. With regard to the discourse of humannature proximity, it was found out that only few stories uphold the perspectives cherished by
ecocritical approaches as the stories give little emphasis to the idea of essential unity of life, and the
ethical responsibilities of children towards the care of the environment. Only few stories capitalize on
the issue of human-nature relation, and the proximity that they forward are infested with gender
ideology. In most cases, the feminine figures (both child and adult) are considered as close to nature
when they are portrayed as naturally passive and modest. Besides, the stories place child characters at
a distanced position from non-human nature, and hence, are anthropocentric. Some of the stories,
however, present ambivalent subject positions with regard to the model of relationship between
humanity and nature they offer to the children. The ambivalence is observed on the stories which give
an undecided viewpoint as to which standpoint the reader should hold at last. Based on the findings,
the researcher concludes that less emphasis has been paid to the greening of childrens literature
books published in Amharic. As the stories are fundamental in the socialization of children, the
researcher recommends that attention has to be paid, by writers and editors, to environmental issues if
there is a need to shape minds that are conscious of the problems, and show compassion towards the
environment.
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February 6-7, 2014
A Descriptive Grammar of Meen

By
Eba Teresa & Amanuel Raga
University
Abstract
This study attempted to provide a descriptive account of the grammar of Meen. The method used
mainly in the study was descriptive/qualitative, in which various linguistic data are collected/gathered
from the native speakers and analyzed categorically; descriptive/qualitative method is thoroughly used
because there is no any statistical description in relation to description of the language. The subjects
were in effect the native speakers of the language, which is to mean the speakers of Bodi (Jinka area)
and Tishena (Kafa and Mizan areas) dialects. The selection of informants was done using convenient
sampling and snowball sampling. Convenient sampling helped us to ask for volunteers, and in
snowball sampling, we collected data on the few members of the target population, and then we asked
those individuals to provide information needed to locate other members of that population whom the
sample speakers know. With respect to the instruments, elicitation, and participant observation were
dominantly used in the research. Accordingly, the phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and
lexical paradigms of the language are thoroughly identified and described. In the language, the
consonant phonemes are thought to be 27 (twenty seven) and the vowel phonemes are 7 (seven) as
clearly discussed in the study. Phonotactic aspects, such as consonant cluster, vowel length, and
consonant gemination and syllable structures are other elements presented with regard to phonetics
and phonology. In relation to morphology which is another central target of the study, nouns are
described in terms of number, gender, nominalization and pronouns. Verbs are also discussed in line
with the different tenses, aspects, verb to be/copula and verb to have. Adjectives, adverbs,
adpositions, conjunctions, numerals and calendar system are also discussed in the study. Further,
syntax is presented in the study. Here, simple declarative, interrogative, imperative and passive
sentences are described with their illustrations. Major phrases of Meen, such as noun phrases and
verb phrases are presented with sufficient data. The study, at last, mentions some basic lexical items
of Meen.
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February 6-7, 2014
The Role of Micro and Small Enterprises in Enhancing Local Economic

Development in Jimma Town, Oromia Regional State
By
Fedlu Muzeyen Mohammed
Department of Governance and Development Studies, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma
University, Email: fedmu4@yahoo.com
Abstract
Local economies often get developed with the participation of government, non-government
organizations, and the community at large. Among the community, micro and small enterprises
operators have the capability to strengthen the local economy through mobilizing local resources. This
research explores the performance of Micro and Small enterprises and their Role in Enhancing local
Economic Development in Jimma town of Oromiya Regional state. The analysis was based on
primary and secondary data collected through administrative type of questionnaires, key informant
interviews from the operators, government officials, and enterprise representatives, case study and
focus group discussion. Contribution of MSEs is viewed in terms operators income generation
capacity, employment creation, saving capacity, household asset holding and infrastructure and
Operators expenditure. Finally, discussion was held with operators regarding the challenge and
opportunities of the enterprises and operators. The results indicate that, MSEs operators show
improvement in their capital and profit. The operators performance in terms of employment, capital
and profit varies based on the sector in the study area. Construction and wood and metal works need
high initial capital, they are labor intensive and have higher profit margin than the textile and the food
and beverage sub sectors. Hence, this shows their contribution to local economic development is
encouraging. Most of the operators are performing without appropriate training even if training is
provided by the government. Nonetheless, the operators living standard, income, food consumption,
education, health, durable and non-durable household assets are increasing. Most of the operators
have a plan to expand the business either in the same line or to have a branch and diversify the
business which has a greater impact to the Local Economic Development. However, there is still
much untapped potential for improvements in this respect beyond what has been achieved so far.
Major constraining factors for realizing such potential include lack of technical and entrepreneurial
skills, lack of sufficient capital, affordable access to raw material and input and lack of market to their
product.
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February 6-7, 2014
An Investigation of the Relationship between Safer Sex Communication

and Sexual Behavior of College Students: Focus on Jimma University
Undergraduates
By
Tesfaye Gebeyehu (PhD)
University, Email: tesgeb_00@ yahoo.com
Abstract
The study attempted to assess college students safer sex negotiation strategies, the language they use
in their communication about sexual matter, and the relationship between safer sex communication
variables and safer sex behavior. Empirical data were gathered from four focus group discussions, 35
key informants (20 male, 15 female), ten in-depth interviews (all males), and questionnaire involving
378 randomly selected Jimma University undergraduate students. While descriptive (e.g. percentage)
and inferential statistics (e.g., multiple regression) were used to analyze survey data, content analysis
was used to analyze qualitative data. The qualitative data revealed that respondents mainly use risk
information, relationship conceptualization, and direct request verbal strategies to influence sex
partners to practice safer sex, and metaphors to assign meanings to HIV /AIDS and sexuality. As the
regression analyses showed, students attitude towards discussing condom use, condom
communication self-efficacy, use of condom negotiation strategies, and the value given to life and
health explained 43.2 % of variance in intention to negotiate condom use. Additionally, giving value
to life and health, condom use communication with partner, and condom use communication with
friends explained 45.5 % of variance in past condom use. The study concluded that while intention is
dependent on attitude towards discussing condom use, condom communication self-efficacy, and
condom negotiation strategies, past condom use is dependent on giving value to life and health,
condom use communication with partner, and condom use communication with friends. The study
also concluded that metaphors play disproportional role- they promote condom use discussion and
condom use, and at the same time they fuel the stigma already attached to abstinence, committed
relationship, promiscuity, HIV/AIDS, and gender inequality. The study further concluded that risk
information, relationship conceptualization, and direct request verbal strategies promote all types of
safer sex practices (e.g. ABC), for the study population. The study recommends programs that foster
safer sex in college context to emphasize these variables, in participatory manner where target groups
are encouraged to discuss openly, to develop their communication abilities, and to enhance their use
of safer sex negotiation strategies. Further, the study recommends more research on prevailing
discourses of HIV/AIDS and sexuality on college students.
Keywords: Jimma University, safer sex communication, safer sex negotiation strategies, metaphors
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February 6-7, 2014
Child Vulnerability in Selected Towns and Woredas in Jimma Zone

By
Gudina Abashula
Department of Sociology and Social Work, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University
Abstract
Orphan/vulnerable children are susceptible to various types of physiological, psychological and social
problems. The objective of this study is to identify vulnerable children, their problems and propose
intervention strategies to ameliorate their problems. The study was conducted in Jimma and Agaro
towns, Limmu Kossa, Seka, Dedo and Kersa woredas of Jimma zone. Qualitative research approach
(focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and observation) was used to conduct the study. Results
show that children who are vulnerable to socio-economic problem include children who lost both or
either of their parents (Yatimaa)1, children whose parents are living with HIV/AIDS and other
chronic diseases, children whose parents are alive but live in abject poverty, children who are brought
up by their grandparents, child laborers, child beggars, street children, abandoned children, child
prostitutes, and children with mental and physical disabilities. These children are vulnerable to
problems such as malnutrition, poor hygiene, lack or shortage of proper clothing, essential social
services such as health, education, and recreation. In fact, interventions have been initiated by the
community, governmental and nongovernmental organizations to support children having such
problems. But those interventions are insufficient and could not bring about sustainable change in life
of those children who even had the chance to get support. Hence, gaps still exist in solving the
problem facing OVC. Based on findings, intervention programs that aimed at solving the problems of
the children and bringing basic developments in their parents or them are recommended. These
suggested intervention programs are strengthening families/relatives economic capacity through
income generating activities, launching institutional care for abandoned children, establishing social
services like kindergarten, primary school, promoting awareness raising and strengthening intersectoral linkages.
A word roughly translated to Orphan in the study area
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February 6-7, 2014
Classroom Goal Perception and Students Goal orientations in the Eye of

the Revised Goal Theory of Motivation: the Case of Middle Schools
Students at Jimma Zone
By
Kinde Getachew
Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University
Abstract
Achievement goal theory of motivation is an important theory that explains how the classroom goal
affects students motivation. Thus, the objectives of the study were to explore the magnitude and
relationship of the various achievement goals under the tent of achievement goal theory. A
questionnaire was used to collect data from 671 randomly selected middle school students. The study
found out that students perceived the classroom goal as more of mastery and performance approach
while performance avoidance was relatively low. Mastery orientation was found to be higher than the
performance approach and performance avoidance orientation. There were statistically significant
mean different in mastery orientation between grade 6 and 7; and 6 and 8 students. There were a
significant positive relationship between mastery orientation and perceived performance avoidance
classroom goal and perceived classroom goal and students goal orientation were found to be
significant predictors of students academic effort and interest. Classroom practices aimed at
promoting mastery goal, and minimizing performance approach and performance avoidance goals
were forwarded.
Keywords: Classroom Goal perception, Goal Orientations, Revised Goal theory of Motivation
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February 6-7, 2014
The survival and revival of Waliso Liban Gadaa

By
Dejene Gemecchu, PhD
Department of Sociology and Social Work, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University,
Email: dejemoti_33@yahoo.com
Abstract
Gadaa is a democratic political system which the Oromo have developed and used since distant past
(Asmarom 1973, 2000). It has been operating as a living institution relatively with its original
political, economic and social roles among some Oromo groups, like the Borana Oromo. In some
other Oromo areas the system had been weakened and underwent considerable changes as a
consequence of both external pressure and internal changes. Yet, there have been various gada centers
which have continued operating devoid of theiir former political powers and activities, but retaining
much of their ritual and social symbols and values (Asmarom 2000:30, Mekuria 1996:56, Baxter and
Almagor 1978 cited by Baxter 1994:183). The Waliso gadaa is one of these centers which have been
functional. Oral history suggests it has been operating uninterrupted since its emergence as a separate
gadaa center. The main cause for its sustenance transcends its purely political role; it involves belief
system. It serves as a channel through which the creator (Waaqa) from above communicates with man
below, through blessings on which the human world depends for its welfare, subsistence, peace and
fertility. The persistence of Waliso gadaa does not imply that the system is intact and unaffected by
the changing social and political environments across the successive generations. It has undergone
considerable changes. Combination of different factors has contributed to this effect. These include:
the introduction of foreign religions, assimilation policy of the former political setting, and change in
livelihood, economic constraints and modern education. However, Waliso gadaa has revived owing
to the post 1991 Ethiopian political environment which constitutionally guarantees every Nation,
Nationality and people of the country the right to speak, to write and to develop its own language, to
express, to develop and to promote its culture, and to preserve its history. Under this constitutional
provision gadaa has been revitalized elsewhere in Oromia, including where it has been significantly
weakened as of distant past, irrespective of differences in religion and region. Since 1991 gadaa
symbols and terminologies have been adopted at Oromia National Regional State level. As part of this
scenario the Waliso gadaa has shown certain revival in different ways. The Waliso gadaa has
experienced unprecedented new attention of media and government. For the last two gadaa periods
various gadaa rituals were documented and transmitted through media. Gadaa leaders have direct
communication with the local and district governments. In cooperation with the government and
Waliso elites they have planned to construct Walios gadaa halls at two of the main ritual sites. The
first temporary hall was already built.
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February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Session 7: Organized by Business and Economics College
The Effect of Currency Devaluation on Output: The Case of Ethiopian

Economy
By
Yilkal Wassie Ayen
Lecturer in Economics Department, Jimma University, Jimma Ethiopia
Email: wassieyilkal@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper assesses the short and long run effects of currency devaluation on output growth in
Ethiopia. The study is conducted by using quarterly time series data over the period ranging from
1997/98 to 2009/10 and employing a Vector Auto Regression model. By controlling the monetary
and fiscal policies, it is found that currency devaluations are contractionary in the long run and
neutral in the short-run. Other results are that monetary policy has positive effect on output
growth, while total government expenditure has negative effect. Moreover, this study clarifies
that devaluation explains a considerable part of real gross domestic product change in Ethiopia.
Since the Ethiopian export is dominated by primary agricultural products, it is insensitive for the
change in exchange rate; it is not also possible for the government to allow market forces to
determine the value of Ethiopian birr. Policy intervention is needed to balance the adverse impact
of exchange rate movements until the economy is well transformed from agricultural sector to
industrial sector and then, the economy becomes less dependent on imported raw materials. Thus,
monetary policy plays a bigger role since it affects the total output positively and significantly.
Key words: Currency Devaluation, Output, VAR
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February 6-7, 2014
The Quantity-Quality Trade-off in Children Investment in Ethiopia

By
Hailegabriel Abebe (MSc., MA)
Lecturer, Economics Department, Ethics Officer, College of Business and Economics, Jimma
University
Abstract
The paper empirically examines the quantity-quality trade-off in children investment in Ethiopia.
Anthropometric measures of child health which include the body mass index and the height for age of
the child are used as measures of quality. Both ordinary least square (OLS) and instrumental variable
(IV) approaches are used to analyze the data. In the IV model that takes in to account the endogeneity
of family size, a dummy for gender sameness of the first three children is used as instrument in the
baseline estimation. Various robustness checks are also undertaken using alternative instruments.
From the OLS estimation result, some negative and significant bivariate relationships are observed
when bmic1/hfac1 is used as quality measure. For multivariate analysis, there is a counter-intuitive
positive and significant relationship when hfac1 is used. But the explanatory power of the variables
included in the model is very less. The baseline IV estimation result shows that there is a positive and
significant relationship between the instrument same3 and family size (sizef) when bmic1/hfac1 is
used as health quality measure. Besides, there is positive but insignificant relationship between the
health measures and the instrumented sizef that confirms the multivariate OLS result. But this result is
based on weak instrument (F<10). From the robustness checks, the instrument same3g confirms the
baseline IV estimation.
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February 6-7, 2014
Sustainability and Performance of MFIs and Their Impact on Poverty

Reduction: The Case of Selected Urban and Rural Centers in Ethiopia
By
Arega Seyoum Asfaw (PhD)
Assistant Professor, Jimma University, College of Business and Economics
Abstract
In recent years, microfinance has been a topic of much interest, especially the issue of the MFIs capacity to
help reduce poverty while remaining financially sustainable has been a much debatable topic. With an
innovative approach, entrepreneurial roots, and tremendous outreach and growth, it both strikes public attention
and offers a novel way of alleviating poverty.
In Ethiopia, the enactment of Proclamation 40/1996 paves way to the establishment of MFIs in both rural and
urban areas. Following this proclamation, currently there are 27 MFIs that provides financial services to more
than 1.7 million poor borrowers. Moreover, the sector has been playing an important role in stimulating the
growth of the micro and small-scale enterprises in the country.
This study attempts to assess the sustainability of selected MFIs and their impact on poverty reduction in the
country. To achieve the objectives sought five MFIs were selected randomly and their outreach performance,
sustainability and their program impact on poverty have been evaluated in-depth. Accordingly, both primary and
secondary data were collected and have been processed and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis
techniques.
The result shows that there is a weak governance and management capacity in all sample MFIs. Moreover,
product diversification and the application of modern MIS are still not developed in most of the sample MFIs.
However, they all have been performing well in terms of some of the outreach and financial indicators. Despite
the majority achieving level of OSS, still the great majority of them are not attaining FSS yet. With negative
AROA and AROE figures, MFIs in Ethiopia are still not profitable. It is revealed that there is no trade-off
between scaling up outreach as measured by NAB and financial self-sufficiency. However, when ALS (which
measures clients poverty level) was compared to profitability, there exist positive correlation, indicating that
there is trade-off between depth of outreach and sustainability. However, since the coefficient is weak, it doesnt
mean that MFIs should focus on large loans at the expense of their social mission. It is suggested that the twin
goals of the MFIs can be compatible depending up on the adoption of appropriate strategies, which, judging by
the findings of this study, including charging a high real interest rate, making productive use of loan officers,
keeping operating costs low, and diversification of income sources.
Regarding program impact, in addition to boosting household and enterprise income, microfinance loan help
clients increase the habit of savings and acquire enterprise skills and assets. Loans also help current clients
smooth their income and buffered themselves from the difficulties of vulnerability. However, access to loan had
done little to empower women. Therefore, it is clear that institutional building is the necessary pre-condition for
the attainment of both financial viability and scaling-up outreach. And, only sustainable institutions can have a
better impact and contribute for economic development and towards poverty reduction.
Key words: Poverty, Sustainability, Impact, Empowerment

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February 6-7, 2014
Determinants of Export Demand for Ethiopian Live Animals and Meat

By
Tolina Temesgen (MA)
Jimma University, College of Business and Economics
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the income and price elasticities of Ethiopian meat exports
using cointegration and error correction techniques. The results confirm the existence of long term
relationship between export and foreign income (i.e. income of importing countries). On the other
hand, price and import ban are only found to have short run impacts.
The study concludes with policy implications to continue Ethiopian meat export to Middle East
countries as far as their income is at high level, regardless of the recurrent import ban which is found
to have only an impact in the short run and to improve the non- price aspects of Ethiopian meat
exports.
Keywords: Export demand; Elasticity; Livestock revolution; SPS standards; Marshallian demand
function; Stationary variables; Co-integration analysis, Error Correction Model.
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February 6-7, 2014
Conference Program
Plenary Papers Presentation Session
Day 1: February 6, 2014 General-opening Session
Time
8:00-8:30
8:45-8:50
8:50-9:00
Activities
Registration
Speaker
All participants
Venue
Introduction to the Conference Mr. Mezemir Seifu, Director for Public

Program
Relation and Communication (JU)
Dr. Berhanu Belay (Senior Director for
Research, CBE and PGS of Jimma
Welcoming Speech
University
JUCAVM Main
Conference Hall
Dr. Fikre Lemessa (President of

Jimma)
Dr. Mulugeta Mengist
Plenary Papers Presentation Session, venue JUCAVM Main Conference Hall
9:00-9:10
9:10-9:30
Time
9:30 9:55
9:55-10:20
10:20-10:50
10:50-11:20
11:20-11:45
11:45-12:10
12:10-12:40
12:40-13:45
13:45-14:10
14:10-14:35
14:35-15:00
Opening Remarks
Key note address
Activities/title of the papers
Presenter
What is New in Green Economy and

What Challenges Do We Face in Building
It?
Ethiopias Green Initiatives
Habtemariam Kassa(PhD)
Selamawit Desta Wubet
Discussion
Health Break
Group Photo
REDD+ as a Major Pillar of Green
Economy Development Strategy of
Ethiopia
Ethiopias Strategy for Green Economy:
Will it result in socially equitable
outcomes?
Yitebitu Moges (PhD)
Mulugeta Mengist (PhD)
Discussion
Lunch Break
Innovative Technologies for Sustainable
Green Economic Growth
Overview of Environmental Health
Interventions to Advance Green Economy
and Ensure Healthy Citizens in Ethiopia
Discussion
Prof. Teketel Yohannes
Mr. Kebede Faris
Chairperson and
Rapporteurs
Chairperson
Prof. Solomon
Demeke
Rapporteurs:
Dr. Deribew
Belew, Dr.
Wondaferahu
Mulugeta
Chairperson
Prof. Tefera
Belachew
Rapporteurs:
Dr. Dejene
Gemechu,
Mr.Taddese
Regassa
Chairperson
Dr. Yemanebirhan
Kelemework
Rapporteurs :
Dr. Ketema
Bacha,
Dr. Essayas
Alemayehu,
Then Participants of the conference will join one of the Parallel Sessions depending on their interest.
92 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Sessions
Parallel Session 1
Name of the parallel session Health care management and Disease Control
Organized by College of CPHMS, Jimma University
Day 1: February 6, 2014
Tesfamichael A,
Bacteriological methods as add on tests to

FNA cytology in diagnosis of tuberculous
lymphadenitis: Can they reduce the
diagnostic dilemma?
Concentration of lymph node aspirate
improves the sensitivity of acid fast
smear Microscopy for the Diagnosis of
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in
Jimma, southwest Ethiopia
Drug resistance patterns of mycobacterium
tuberculosis complex and associated factors
among retreatment cases at Jimma university
specialized hospital, south west Ethiopia.
Gemeda Abebe
woldeAto
Dr.Mirkuze
Ololo
shimelis
willingness to join and pay for social health

insurance scheme among teachers in
WolaitaSodo town government educational
institutions, South Ethiopia, 2012
Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme
and Health Care Utilization: A Case Study
among Insured Households in Kerala, India
Impact of Government Sponsored Health
Insurance Scheme: Contributing factors,
Lessons, and Implementation challenges; a
Study in Kerala, South India
Dr. Devi Nair,
Dr.Tesfaye
Dr. Devi Nair,
Mulualem Tadesse
Venue
Dr.Leja
Presenter

Assessment of glycemic control among
8:30
diabetic patients using glycatedhemoglobin
Starting
in jimma university specialized hospital.
Anemia and risk factors in HAART nave
and HAART experienced HIV positive
participants in south west Ethiopia: A
comparative study.
Hamza
Kedir-Abdella1
WaqtolaCheneke
Lealem Gedefaw1
10:00-10:30
Health Break
12:30-2:00
Lunch Break
2:00-3:00
Preparation for general discussion and health break
6:30 to 8:00
Dinner
93 | P a g e
Chairperson
and
Rapporteurs
Abera
Time
Staff
lounge
Team
Staff
lounge
February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Session 2
Name of the parallel session: The Application of Science and Electronic Information
Organized by College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University
Chairperson
Time
Presenter
and
Venue
Rapporteurs
Assessment of the status..
Tadele Mulat
Dr.
Plasma TV in maths and science
Kassahun
Alemayehu
classes
Melesse
Geremew
16:20-16:45
Assessment of electronic information
Senayit
(chair
16:45: 17:10
Comparative study of knowledge Mgt
Abu Sanchure
person)
17:10-17:35
Kinetic and Thermodaynamics
Shimeles
15:30-15:55
15:55: 16:20
17:35-18:00
Analysis of Copper
B1-21/22
or
Tamirat
Delelegn
Shimeles
Weyesa
(reporter)

8:30- 8:55
Effects of different feeds
Tokuma
Dr.
Ketema
8:55-9:20
Potential natural products
Getahun
Bacha (chair
9:20: 9:45
Water resources
Dr. Dilnesaw
person)
B1-21/22
Yinebeb
9:45:10:10
Effect of PGPR
Mohammed
Tariku
(raporter)
10:10-10:45
Health Break
10:45-11:10
Analytical method devt
Abera
11:10-11:35
Effect of Rhizobium
Dr. Diriba
11:35-12:00
Assisted regeneration
Dr. Kitisa
Studies on diversity and distribution
Dr.
of Fauna
Subahash
12:00-12:30
K.
Same
B1-21/22
K.
12:30-14:00
Lunch Break
Staff lounge
14:00-15:00
Team
15:00-18:00
Presentation and general discussion
18:30- 20:00
Dinner
JUCAVM
main
Hall
Staff lounge
Presentation = 15 minutes and discussion 10 minutes, total 25 minutes per article
94 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014

Parallel Session 3
Name of the parallel session - Improving Quality of Teaching and Learning through Effective
Leadership, Supervision and Research
Organized by Institute of Education and Professional Development Studies, Jimma University
Time
15:3016:15
16:1517:00
17:0017:45

University-TVET Synergy: Exploration of
Research Works in University on TVET with
special focus on two reputable Journals of
Education
Secondary School Teachers perception of the
Role of Media in the Class Room: the Case of
Jimma Zone secondary schools
Predicting the Efficacy of Practicing
Teachers: The Role Of Perceived Coursework
Quality and Practicum-School Context Factors
Chairperson
Rapporteurs
Presenter
Ewnetu Hailu
Woldu Assefa
and
Mr. Abebe Hundie

(chairperson)
Mr. Abbi Lemma
(rapportaire)
Venue
B2-25
Ayalew Beza
8:30 -9:15
Practices and Challenges of School

Improvement Program in Secondary Schools
of Assosa Zone
Jemal
Haji,
Getachew
Heluf, Worku
Fentie
Ewnetu
(chairperson)
Hailu
Worku
(raportaire)
Fentie
B2-25
9:15 10:00
10:00-10:30
10:3011:15
11:1512:00
The Role of Supervisors in Implementing

School Supervision
Health Break
Practices and Challenges of Leadership in
Teacher Education Institutions of Oromiya
Regional State
The Practice of Teachers Performance
Appraisal in Secondary Schools of Metekel
Zone
Olana
Abeya
and
Hunde
Mitiku Dibessa,
Mitiku Bekele,
Alemselam
Fekadu
Mekonen
Tessema,
Deslegn
Beyene,
Tadesse Abera
12:30-14:00
Lunch Break
14:00-15:00
Preparation for General discussion and health break
18:30-20:00
Dinner
95 | P a g e
Debel,
Geleta
Abebe
Bekalu
Ferede
(chairperson)
Tadesse Regassa (
raportaire)
B2-25
Staff
lounge
Team
Staff
lounge
February 6-7, 2014

Parallel Session 3
Name of the parallel session: Agricultural Economics, Natural Resources, Horticulture, Animal
Sciences, Postharvest Management and Veterinary Medicine
Organized by College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Jimma University
No
15:30 starting
Time
Presenter
15:3015:45
Value Chain Analysis Of Potato: The Case

Of Kombolcha District In Oromia Region,
Ethiopia
Abraham Tegegn, Lemma

Zemedu and Mengistu
Ketema
2
15:45-16:00
3
16:0016:15
4
16:1516:30
5
16:3016:45
6
16:4517:00
7
17:0017:15
8
17:1517:30
17:3018:00
96 | P a g e
Value chain analysis of tomato: the case of

habro district in oromia region, Ethiopia
Financial constraints and entrepreneurial
activity choice among clients of micro
finance institutions in Jimma area
Impacts of Joint Land Rights Titling on
Women Empowerment: Evidence from
Ethiopia
Factors Influencing Adoption Of Mirte Fuel
Efficient Injera Baking Stove: The Case Of
Agarfa District, Oromia Region Of Ethiopia
Challenges and Opportunities for Micro and
Small Agribusinesses
The Determinants of Rural Households'
Vulnerability to Food Insecurity in Jimma
Zone, South Western Ethiopia
Determinants of intensity of adoption of
maize technology package in semen bench
district, bench maji zone, Ethiopia
General Discussion on 8 Papers
Presented
Abraham Tegegn ,
Lemma Zemedu and
Mengistu Ketema
Misginaw Tamirat
Chairperson and
Rapporteurs
Adugna Enyewu
Getachew Nigussie
&
Berihanu
Megerssa
Adane Dabissa
Mequanint Biset
Biruk Fikadu
Eric Ndemo Okoyo (PhD.)
GedamBrhane2
Hailay
Gebretinsae (PhD)
Amsalu Mitiku
Simon Seyoum
February 6-7, 2014
Venue
B2:26/27

9
8:30 8:45
10
11
12
13
14
8:45 9:00
9:00 9:30
9:45 10:00
10:15
10:30
10:30
10:45
10:45 -11:00
15
11:00
11:15
16
11:15 -11:30
17
11:30
11:45
Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation on

Biological Resources and Ecosystem
Functions and Mitigation Measures
Debela Hunde Feyssa (PhD,

Associate Professor)
Quality Assessment of bleached topsoil of

Vertic Planosols for brick making in the
south-western Ethiopian Highlands
Alemayehu
Regassa,
M.
Dumon,
L. Vandemeulebroeke, K. Van
Daele, V. Proost, E. Van Ranst
Discussion on 2 papers
Multicriteria Based Plant Species Selection
to Stabilize Riverbanks and Gullies in Gilgel
Gibe Catchment, Southwest Ethiopia
Ayalew Talema, Jan Diels,

Jean Poesen, Bart Muys and
Hirko Dibaba
Desalgne
Obsi
B2:26/27
Behailu Etena
Dr. Derbew
Belew
Effect of drying temperature and duration on

biochemical composition and quality of
black tea (camellia sinensis (l).o kuntze at
wush wush, south western Ethiopia
Outbreak of tuberculosis in a flock of sheep
kept in-contact with a dairy farm with a
known history of tuberculosis in central
Ethiopia
Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors
of Lumpy Skin Disease in West Wollega,
Ethiopia
Kidist
Teshome,
Adugna
Debela and Weyessa Garedew
Cryopreservation of buffalo oocytes by

Vitrification and their post-thaw potential for
in vitro Fertilization
Altitude-associated differences in the balance
between feed resources and dietary
requirement for free-ranging cattle in
southwestern Ethiopia
Yosef Deneke, Trilok Nanda

and Prem S Yadav
K. Yisehak, D. Belay, T.Taye,
Geert P.J. Janssens
Mohammed
Alyi
Development of weaning food using

sprouted Haricot bean, oat, barley and carrot
Zenebu Muleta, Geremew

Bultosa, Melaku Umeta
Zemene
Worku
Dr.
Ali
Mohammed
B2:26/27
Chemeda
Abdeta
Benti Deresa, Aboma Zewde
and Gobena Ameni
Dr. Abdu
Mohammed
B2:26/27
Zelalem Abera, Hailu Degefu

and Getachew Gari
Dr.
Aseffa
Kebede
Lelise
Tilahun
11:45-12:00
Study on the Major Health Problems That

Causes Carcass and Organs
Condemnation at Hashims Export Abattoir,
Debrezeit, Ethiopia
12:00-12:30
Discussions on papers
Sisay Dejene, Belay Abebe and

Hailu Degefu
Note: Whose names are underlined and bold are presenters
97 | P a g e
February 6-7, 2014
B2:26/27

Parallel Session 5
Name of the parallel session: Scientific Research Findings
Organized by Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University
Time
15:30-15:50
15:50-16:10
16:10-16:30
16:30-16:50
16:50-17:50

Optimization of nanopours layered wick
and nanofluids concentration for high
performance heat pipe applications: a
review
Development and Testing of Pyrolysis
Cook Stove Configurations for pH Specific
Biochar Production
Modeling Plastic Deformation of Metal
Forming by Hydrostatic Extrusion Process
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Water
Pumping System for Water Supply
Discussion
Presenter
Chairperson
and
Rapporteurs
Venue
Dr.-Ing. Tamene
Adugna CP
and
Mr.
Keneni
Elias..Rapp.
B1-26/27
Balewgize. A. Zeru
Prof.Venkata
Ramayya and Dr.
Berhanu Belay
Mr. Mesay Alemu
and
Dr.-Ing.
Getachewu Shunki
Mohammed
Ahmed

8:30- 8:50
8:50-9:10
9:10-9:30
9:30-9:50
9:50-10:20
10:00-10:30
10:30-10:50
10:50-11:10
11:10-11:30
Optimization of Resource Recovery from the

Sewage Sludge
Studies on adsorption behavior of heavy metal
onto low-cost adsorbents: Nickel removal
A rule-based Afan Oromo Grammar Checker
Comparing the Efficiency of Various FPM
Algorithms in Data Mining
Discussion
Health Break
Query Search Result Optimization for
Entomological Meta-Search using Query Logs
Assessing Stream Flow Sensitivity to Climate
Change in the Upper Awash River Basin
Ethiopia
Modeling Runoff and Sediment Yield
Response to Land Cover and Rainfall Change
in Gilgel Gibe Watershed Ethiopia
Discussion
Mr. Dida Aberra

and Teshome W.
Dr.-Ing.Esayas
Alemayehu
Mr.
Debela
Tesfaye
Dr. T. Murali
Krishn
Prof.
Venkata
...CP
Dr.-Ing. Getachu
sh. ....Rapp
B126/27
Prof.
Venkata
...CP
Dr.-Ing. Getachu
sh. ....Rapp
B126/27
L. Melita
Dr.-Ing.
Tamene
Adugna,
Mr. Keneni Elias
Dr.-Ing.
Tamene
Adugna,
Zeinu Ahmed
11:30-12:20
12:30-14:00
Lunch Break
14:00-15:00
18:30- 20:00
Dinner
98 | P a g e
Staff
lounge
Team
Staff
lounge
February 6-7, 2014

Parallel Session 6
Name of the parallel session: Social Sciences and Law
Organized by College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University
Time
15:30-15:45
15:50-16:05
16:10-16:25
16:30-16:45
16:50-17:05
17:10-17:25

Employability and Good Learning in Higher
Education, What Lessons can be drawn? A
Review
Effective Parenting Skills for Ethiopian Parents
and Caregivers: Important but Overlooked
Business
Linguistic Sexism as Religious Offence among
the Oromo
Ethiopian Law on Transfer Pricing: Critical
Examination
Indigenous Natural Resource Management and
Exploitation in Horro Guduru, Western Ethiopia
The practice of Good Urban Governance in
Jimma and Debre Berhan City Administrations
Chairperson
and
Rapporteurs
Presenter
Venue
Fisseha Mikre
Berhanu Nigussie
Amanuel Raga &
Hirut
Woldemariam
Yosef Alemu
Lemessa
PhD
Dr.
Tesfaye
Gebeyehu
(chair),
Dr.
Teshome
Egere
and
Dejene
Teshome
B2-21/22
Mergo,
Aliyou Wudu

8:30-8:45
Crime Situations, Criminal Behavior and Criminal

Justice Response in Oromia, 2011/12
8:50-9:05
How Green are our Stories? Ecocritical

Explorations of Environmental Subjectivities in
Ethiopian Childrens Literature
9:10-9:25
A Descriptive Grammar of Meen
Eba
Teresa
Amanuel Raga
9:30-9:45
The Role of Micro and Small Enterprises in

Enhancing Local Economic Development in
Jimma Town, Oromia Regional State
Fedlu Muzeyen
10:00-10:30
10:35-10:50
10:55-11:10
11:15-11:30
Health Break
An Investigation of the Relationship between Safer
Sex Communication and Sexual Behavior of
College Students: Focus on Jimma University
Undergraduates
Classroom Goal Perception and Students Goal
orientations in the Eye of the Revised Goal Theory
of Motivation: the Case of Middle Schools
Students at Jimma Zone
The survival and revival of Waliso Liban Gadaa
Nega Jibat & Berhanu

Nigussie
Ashenafi Belay
Tesfaye
PhD
Dejene Gemecchu,
PhD
Gudina Abashula
Child Vulnerability in Selected Towns and

Woredas in Jimma Zone
12:30-14:00
Lunch Break
14:00-15:00
18:30- 20:00
Dinner
B221/2
2
Gebeyehu,
Kinde Getachew
11:35-11:50
99 | P a g e
&
Dr. Ketebo
Abdiyo
(chair),
Berhanu
Beyene and
Eba Taressa
Dr.
Gebretsadik
Bosen(chair)
,
Seyoum
Adugna and
Habtamu
Engida
B221/22
Staff
lounge
Team
Staff
lounge
February 6-7, 2014
Parallel Session 7: Organized by College of Bussines and Economics,

Jimma University
Chairperson
Time
Presenter
and
Venue
Rapporteurs
8:30:9:15
The Effect of Currency Devaluation on

Output: The Case of Ethiopian Economy.
Mr. Yilikal
Wassie
Chairperson Dr.
Shimelis Zewdie
9:15-10:00
The Quantity Quality Trade-off in

Children Investment in Ethiopia.
Mr. Hailegebriel
Abebe
Rapporteurs
Mr. Letta Sera,
Mr. Muhidin,
B1-25
10:00-10:30
10:30-11:15
Health Break
Sustainability and Performance of MFIs and
Their Impact on Poverty Reduction: The
Case of Selected Urban and Rural Centers in
Ethiopia.
for
Chairperson
Mr. Abiy
Getahun
Dr. Arega
Seyoum
B1-25
11:15-12:00
Determinants of Export Demand

Ethiopian Live Animals and Meat.
12:00-2:00
Lunch Break
2:00-3:00
6:30 to 8:00
Dinner
Rapporteurs
Mr. Daniel
Tolessa, Mr.
Haile Ademe
Mr. Tolina
Temesgen
Staff
lounge
Team
Staff
lounge
Closing Session
Presentation of important issues from the parallel sessions and general discussion, 7th Feb. 2014
Time
Activities
Presenter
15:00-15:10
15:10-15:20
15:20-15:30
15:30-15:40
15:40-15:50
15:50-16:00
16:00 164:10
Parallel session 1 (CPHMS)

Parallel session 2 (CNS)
Parallel session 3 (IEPDS)
Parallel session 4 (JUCAVM)
Parallel session 5 (JIT)
Parallel session 6 (CSSL)
Parallel session 7 (BECO)
General discussion on outstanding issues and
wrap up
Coordinator
Coordinator
Coordinator
Coordinator
Coordinator
Coordinator
Coordinator
16:00-17:00
17:00-17:10
Closing Speech
17:10-18:30
Campus tour
18:30-20:00
ARC Dinner and Certificate award
100 | P a g e
Participants
Chairperson
and
Rapporteurs
Venue
Ato
Kora
Tushune,
Dr.
Berhanu Belay,
Rapporteurs:
Dr.
Tesfaye
Rafera and Dr.
Waktole Sori
JUCAVM
Main Hall
Dr.
Taye
Tolemariam
Public Relation and Communication Office
Alumni
Organizers
Garden
February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts 5th ARC 2 PDF

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The Fifth Annual Research Conference of

Healthy Citizens in Ethiopia

We are in the Community!

The 5th ANNUAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE

Ethiopia: Challenges and Opportunities"

February 6-7, 2014

February 6-7, 2014

February 6-7, 2014

February 6-7, 2014

February 6-7, 2014

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Dear the guest of honor of this conference

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Part 1: Plenary Papers

What is New in Green Economy and What Challenges Do We Face in

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Ethiopias Green Economy Initiatives

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Ethiopias Strategy for Green Economy: Will It Result in Socially

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

REDD+ as a Major Pillar of Green Economy Development Strategy of

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Innovative Technology for Sustainable Green Economic Growth

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Overview of Environmental Health Interventions to Advance Green

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Part 2: Parallel Sessions

Parallel Session 1: Organized by College of Public Health and Medical

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme and Health Care Utilization: A

Key words: CBHI, Financial protection, Health care utilization, Kerala

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Impact of Government Sponsored Health Insurance Scheme: Contributing

February 6-7, 2014

Book of Abstracts of the Fifth Annual Research Conference of Jimma University

Bacteriological Methods as Add On Tests to FNA Cytology in Diagnosis of