List of Experiments

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences

Electrical Technology Laboratory
List of Experiments
1. (a) Characteristics of Incandescent Lamp.
(b) Measurement of power consumption of Fluorescent Lamp.
2. (a) Verification of Superposition theorem.
(b) Verification of Thevinins theorem.
3. Study of RLC series circuit.
4. Calibration of Energy meter.
5. Three-phase power measurement using 2-Wattmeter method.
6. (a) Power measurement using 3-Ammeter method.
(b) Power measurement using 3-Voltmeter method.
7. Open Circuit and Short Circuit test on 1-Phase Transformer.
8. Speed control of D.C. Shunt Motor by Field Flux control and
Armature Voltage control method.
9. Open Circuit Characteristic of D.C. Generator.
10. External & Internal Characteristics of D.C. Generator.
IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Experiment No- 1(a)
CHARACTERISTICS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To obtain the Volt-Ampere (V-I) characteristics of Incandescent Lamp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl.No
1
Instrument/Equipment
Incandescent Lamp
Type
Specification
Tungsten
Quantity
200 Watt, 230 V
1 No
Filament
2
Voltmeter
MI
0 300 V
1 No
Ammeter
MI
0 - 1000 mA
1 No
1- variac
Iron core
230 V, 4 A
1 No
Connecting Wires
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
As required
THEORY:
If an electric current is passed through a fine metallic wire heat as well as light energy is radiated when the
temperature is very high. The incandescent lamp consists of an evacuated glass bulb having a fine wire filament. Tungsten
is the most commonly used metal for filament lamps. Resistance of the filament can be calculated by below formula.
Where, R = Resistance of the filament lamp in .
V = Voltage across lamp in volt.

I = Current through the lamp in ampere.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A
0 1000 mA
Ph
FUSE
LAMP
200 W, 230 V
230V
1-Phase
Supply
0 300 V
N
DPST
SWITCH
1 Phase Variac
Circuit diagram for V-I characteristic of Incandescent Lamp
PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the appropriate ratings of the Ammeters, Voltmeters.
2. Set up the circuit as shown in circuit diagram with the lamps and instruments as indicated.
3. Set the variac at zero output voltage before switching on the power supply.
4. Increase the variac output voltage in steps of 20V to 30 V, until the rated voltage is obtained. At each step, note
the readings of Voltmeter and Ammeter and record them in Table- 1.
5. Repeat step- 4 for decreasing output voltage from rated voltage to zero volts.
OBSERVATION:
TABLE- 1
Sl. No.
Supply Voltage(Volt)
Current (Amp.)
Inc.
Dec.
Mean
REPORTS:
a) Plot I as a function of voltage V.
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Is V-I characteristic a straight line? Justify your answer.
2. Why do the readings differ for increasing and decreasing values of the lamp voltages?
3. State whether a lamp rated 230V, 60W can be used on both ac and dc supply. Give reasons for your answer.
4. Explain the advantages of using tungsten wire as filament material in incandescent lamps.

Experiment No- 1(b)
MEASUREMENT OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF FLUORESCENT LAMP
a) Connection and measurement of power consumption of a Fluorescent lamp.
b) Measurement of its Pick-up and Cut-off Voltage.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Fluorescent Lamp with

Fittings
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Type
Specification
Quantity
40 Watt, 230 V
1 No
MI
0 300 V
1 No
MI
0 - 200 mA
1 No
1- variac
Iron core
230 V, 4 A
1 No
Wattmeter
LPF
1 A, 300 V
1 No
Connecting Wires
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
As required
THEORY:
The fluorescent tube consists of a glass tube. The tube contains argon gas at low pressure and one or two drops of
mercury and inside surface of the tube is coated with a thin layer of fluorescent material in the form of powder. The
coating material used depends upon the colour effect desired may consists of zinc silicate, cadmium silicate or calcium
tungsten. These organic chemicals are known as phosphorus which transforms shot wave invisible radiation into visible
light. A Choke is connected in series with the tube which acts as ballast in running condition and provides a high voltage
impulse or surge for instantaneous time for starting the tube light. The filament which is connected with a starter only to
start the tube light in the other words it is called as starting switch.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
STARTER
CHOKE
Watt meter
M
0 200 mA
C
FLUORESCENT LAMP40 W
Ph
FUSE
230 V 1 phase
supply
V
1 phase
variac
0 300 V
DPST
SWITCH
Circuit diagram for Fluorescent Lamp
PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be tightened.
2. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Set the variac to its zero position and switch on the power supply.
3. Gradually vary the variac till the lamp glow. Take the reading of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter. This will give
the pick-up voltage of fluorescent lamp.
4. Go on increasing the voltage using variac to maximum 230V and observe the reading of three meters. The
wattmeter reading will give the power consumed by the fluorescent lamp.
5. Gradually go on decreasing the voltage by variac till the fluorescent lamp glows off. This will give the cut-off
voltage of fluorescent lamp.
6. Switch OFF the supply.
OBSERVATION:
TABLE- 2
Sl.
No.
Supply voltage in
Volts (V)
Current in
Amp. (I)
Pick-up voltage- ________
Power consumed in
Watts (P)
Cut-off voltage- ________
CALCULATIONS:
Power factor (cos) = Power consumed (P) / (Supply voltage circuit current).
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What is the function of Starter in fluorescent lamp?
2. Write the technical specification of fluorescent lamp and indicate what type of Power is being measured by
Wattmeter?
3. What is the function of Choke [Ballast] in fluorescent lamp?

Experiment No- 2(a)
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
To verify the Superposition theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
25, 3A
1 No
Rheostat
Tubular
26, 4 A
1 No
Rheostat
Tubular
6, 5 A
1 No
Ammeter
MC
0 - 1A
1 No
Multimeter
Battery
Rectifier Unit
Connecting Wires
Digital
Dry Cell
Cu
1 No
12V, 7.2 AH
1 No
0-220V, 10 A
1 No
1.5 sq. mm
As required
THEORY:
Superposition theorem states that current through or voltage across an element in a linear bilateral network is
equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced independently by each source. This theorem is very
handy tool for solving networks with more than one source. The most obvious advantage of this method is that it does not
require use of mathematical methods like determinants to find required current or voltage. Instead superposition theorem
allows us to calculate cumulative effect of multiple sources on an element, by knowing individual effects on element by
each source. Particular attention must be given to polarity of voltages & direction of currents while applying this theorem.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1
R2
R3
+
V1
+
V2
+
A
0 1A
Verification of Superposition Theorem
PRECAUTION:
5. To avoid parallax error note down readings by standing parallel to the meter.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make a circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. The values of resistors and supply as shown in the circuit are the
suggestions only and any other values may be taken depending upon the availability of components in the
laboratory.
2. Remove source V2 and close the circuit through a link preferably through a wire. Measure I3due to source V1.
Record V1and I3 in the observation table.
3. Now put V2 in the circuit and remove V1. Close the circuit through a link in place of V1. Measure I3due to source
V2. Record V2 and I3 in observation table.
4. Now connect both the sources simultaneously and measure I3 record the result in observation table.
5. Compare the measured and calculated values of currents and draw conclusions.
OBSERVATION:
Table-1
Sl.
No.
Voltage
Source-1
(V1)
in Volt
Voltage
Source-2
(V2)
in Volt
Current
through R3
due to V1 (I3)
in Amp.
Current
through R3
due to V2
(I3)
in Amp.
Current
through R3
due to both
sources (I3) in
Amp.
I3 + I3
in Amp.
Remark
CALCULATIONS:
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Can we apply the principle of superposition in a network having more than two sources?
2. Explain why the superposition principle does not work for power in the elements of a circuit?
3. Explain why it is advisable to remove the source and complete the circuit by a link instead of short circuiting the
terminals of the supply while remaining in the circuit.
10

Experiment No- 2(b)
VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS THEOREM
To verify Thevenins Theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No. Instrument/Equipment
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
25, 3 A
1No.
Rheostat
Tubular
26, 4 A
1 No.
Rheostat
Tubular
6, 5 A
1 No.
Ammeter
MC
0-1A
1 No.
Multimeter
Battery
Rectifier Unit
Connecting Wires
Digital
1 No.
Dry Cell 12V, 7.2AH

0-220 V, 10 A
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
1 No.
1 No.
As required
THEORY:
Thevenins theorem states that Any two terminals AB of a network composed of linear, passive& active
elements may be replaced by simple equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent voltage source VOC in series with an
equivalent resistance RTH. The voltage source VOC is equal to the potential difference between two terminals AB caused by
active network with no external resistance connected to these terminals. The series resistance RTH is equivalent resistance
looking back into the terminals AB with all sources within network made inactive.
Where
+
IL = Load current, VOC = Open circuit voltage.
=
RTH = Thevenins Resistance and RL = Load Resistance

11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1
R2
RTH
RL
+
V1
+
V2
RL
VTH
A
0 1A
THEVININS EQUIVALENT CURCUIT
Circuit diagram for verification of Thevenins Theorem
PRECAUTION:
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the appropriate ratings of the Ammeters, Voltmeters, and Rheostat as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set up the circuit as shown in Figure.
3. Start the rectifier unit by keeping variable knob at exactly zero point. Increase the rectifier output to a required
supply voltage. Note down the reading of load current (IL) and load voltage (VL) Table 1.
4. Measure Thevenins voltage and Thevenins resistance by a voltmeter and Multimeter by following proper
method.
5. Make Thevenins equivalent circuit and find out the load current (IL). Compare it with IL.
OBSERVATION:
Table-2
Sl.
No.
Observed
Load
Current
(IL)
(in Amp.)
VTH
(V)
RTH
(From
Multimeter)
()
Computed
Load Current
IL=VTH/(RTH+RL)
(in Amp.)
Load Current (IL)

from equivalent
circuit. (in Amp.)
Remark
12
CALCULATIONS:
The load current IL can be calculated as I =
L
Vth
Rth + RL
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What type of ammeter and voltmeter (MI or MC) will you use and why?
2. Can you suggest an alternative procedure for the determination of RTH?
3. Is there any restriction for choice of circuit elements?
13

Experiment No- 3
STUDY OF RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
Measurement of current, voltage and power in R-L-C series circuit excited by single phase A.C. supply.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
100, 2.5A
1 No
Inductor
Air core
30 mH, 5 A
1 No
Capacitor
Oil
70 F, 660 V
1 No
Ammeter
MI
0 - 2.5/5 A
1 No
Voltmeter
MI
0 150/300 V
3 Nos
Voltmeter
MI
0 30 V
1 Nos
Wattmeter
LPF
2.5/5 A, 75/150/300 V
1 No
1- variac
Iron core
230 V, 4 A
1 No
Connecting Wires
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
As required
THEORY:
R
VR
VL
VC
I
V
A series R-L-C circuit is shown in the above figure. According to Kirchhoffs voltage law.
V = V R + V L + VC
14
= I ( R + j ( L
1
))
C
= IZ
Where, Z is the impedance of the Circuit.

The current though the circuit is given by, I = V / Z
In a series R-L-C circuit:
L > 1 / C then current lags the voltage

If L < 1 / C , then current leads the voltage
If L = 1 / C , then current and voltage are in phase.
1. If
2.
3.
The phasor diagrams for R-L-C series circuit for:
(a)
L = 1 / C
(b)
L > 1 / C
& (c)
L < 1 / C , is shown below
XL
XL
XL
XL - XC
IR
IR
IR
XC - XL
XC
XC
V
XC
Fig (a)
For unity power factor
Fig - (b)
For lagging power factor
Fig ( c)
For leading power factor
15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2.5/ 5 A , 75/ 150/ 300 V
LPF Watt meter
A
0 5A
VL
VR
V
Ph
0 150 V
FUSE
VC
0 30 V
0 150 V
230 V 1 phase
supply
1 phase
variac
0 150 V
DPST
SWITCH
Circuit Diagram for RLC series circuit.
PRECAUTION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
All connection should be tight.

The meter should of proper range.
Check zero setting of all meter.
While varying the value of Variac note that current in circuit should not exceed safe limit.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

Set the variac to minimum voltage position.
Switch on AC Supply.
Set the variac output voltage 90 V.
Note down the reading of all meters.
Change the setting of Rheostat with fixed position of variac take the reading all the meters.
Change the setting of variac.
Repeat the step 5 and 6.
Record the observation as per table.
OBSERVATION:
S. No.
Observation
Calculation
Remarks
VR
VL
VC
R=
XL=
XC=
Cos
Z=
Volt
Amp
Volt
Volt
Volt
Watt
VR/I
VL/I
VC/I
P/VI
V/I
16
REPORTS:
1. Plot the phasor diagram using the experimental data.
CALCULATIONS:
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What is power factor in AC circuit and write its importance?
2. What do you mean by Impedance of AC Circuit and what is its units?
3. Define resonance in AC Circuit? What will be consequences when circuit attends resonance?
17

Experiment No- 4
CALIBRATION OF ENERGY METER
Connection and testing of a 1- Energy meter by (a) Short run Test (b) Long Run test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Voltmeter
MI
0 - 300 V
1 No
Ammeter
MI
0 10 A
1 No
Energy meter
230 V, 20 A, 6000 Rev/kWh
1 No
Stop watch
Load box
Connecting Wires
Induction
Standard type
Lamp Load
Cu
1 No
2 kW, 230 V
1.5 sq. mm
1 No
As required
THEORY:
Energy meter is an integrating instrument, which is used to measure the consumption of electric energy consumed
by a residence, business or an electrically powered device. It measures energy in kWh (Kilo Watt-Hour) and is an
integrating meter. The principle of operation of an energy meter is similar to that of a wattmeter except rotating disc. The
number of revolutions made by the disc is counted with the help of a gear train and read on the dial directly as unit (i.e. 1
unit = 1 kWh). Constructionaly it is nearly same with respect to an induction wattmeter, except that the pointer of the
wattmeter is replaced by a breaking magnet and a spindle.
A single-phase induction type energy meter consists of the following parts:
1. Moving system
2. Operating mechanism
It consists of (i) Series magnet
(ii) Shunt magnet
(iii) Breaking magnet
3. Recording mechanism
18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
L1
A
0-10A
CC1
PC1
CC2
PC2
Load (PH)
Load (N)
Ph
SINGLE PHASE
ENERGY METER
FUSE
230 V 1 phase
supply
V
0 300 V
2 kW LAMP
LOAD BOX
DPST
SWITCH
L2
Circuit Diagram for energy meter testing
PRECAUTION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Connection should be right and tight.

Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
PROCEDURE:
1. Select suitable ranges of the ammeter and voltmeter such that energy meter can be tested over its complete range.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Before switching on the supply, ensure that the Lamp load switches (all) are open (off).
4. Note down the initial reading of the energy meter.
5. Set the desired load by selecting a suitable combination of Switches on the loading rheostat.
6. Switch on the supply and wait for the red indicator of the energy meter disc to come in the front. At this moment
start the stopwatch. Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
7. Measure the time (T) for (N) revolutions (say 20 revolutions) switch off the stopwatch immediately. Switch off
the supply.
8. By adjusting the loading rheostat take 8 to 10 sets of readings covering the full current range of the energy meter
and tabulate the observation in the table.
19
OBSERVATION:
Sl.
No.
Load
Voltage
(V)
Load
Current
I (A)
Time
T (s)
Energy
Recorded
by the meter Em
Actual Energy
Consumed During N rev.
Ea=(V.I.T)/(1000x3600)
Percentage Error
(Em-Ea)/Ea x 100
REPORTS:
Plot % Error as a function of Load Current.
CALCULATIONS:
For observation no. :
Power consumed by the load = VI watt.
Time taken to complete 20 revolutions = t secs.
Actual energy consumed = VIt/(1000 3600) kwh
Energy read by the energy meter = No. of revolutions/Meter constant
% Error = [(Actual energy-Measured energy) /Actual Energy] 100
Note : Slow speed of rotating disc for positive error Beneficial for consumer
Fast speed of rotating disc for negative error Beneficial for supplier
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
20

Experiment No- 5
THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT
To study about 3- power and to measure the power in a 3- system with balanced and unbalanced loads
separately by Two-Wattmeter Method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
100 , 5A
3 Nos
Voltmeter
MI
0 600 V
1 No
Multimeter
Digital
Ammeter
MI
Wattmeter
UPF
3- variac
Connecting Wires
1 No
0 2.5/5 A
3 Nos
2.5/5 A, 600 V
2 Nos
Iron core
415 V, 15 A
1 No
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
As required
THEORY:
A wattmeter is an instrument with a potential coil and a current coil so arranged that its deflection is proportional
to VI cos, where
V = rms voltage applied across the potential coil.
I = rms current through current coil.
= phase angle between V & I.
The 3-phase power can be measured by 3-single phase wattmeters having current coils in each line and potential
coils connected across the given line and any common function. Since this common junction is completely arbitrary, it
may be placed on any one of the three lines. The wattmeter connected to that line will show a zero reading.
21
So according to Blondels theorem in an N-wire circuit, only (N-1) number of wattmeters are required to measure the
power.
So 2-wattmeter method measures the power of 3-phase star/delta connected balanced/unbalanced loads.
The total power supplied, is given by,W = WA + WB = V3 VLILcos (Algebric sum).
SINGLE PHASE
WATTMETER
WA
3-phase
Load
WB
CURRENT COIL
PRESSURE COIL
3( )
Power factor, cos = 1
If one of the wattmeter tends to read negative, the pressure oil is reversed, but the reading of the wattmeter must
be taken on negative.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2.5/ 5 A , 600V
UPF Wattmeter
R
FUSE
R
0 5A
100 T , 5 A
V
3 phase
Supply
0 600 V
3 phase
Variac
100 T , 5 A
0 5A
B
C
TPST
SWITCH
A
M
0 5A
100 T , 5 A
2.5/ 5 A , 600V
UPF Wattmeter
Fig-1 Circuit Diagram for balanced load
22
2.5/ 5 A , 600V
UPF Wattmeter
R
FUSE
R
0 5A
100 T , 5A
V
3 phase
Supply
V1
0 600 V
3 phase
Variac
0 150 V
100 T , 5 A
0 5A
V
B
C
TPST
SWITCH
V2
0 150 V
A
M
0 5A
100 T , 5 A
2.5/ 5 A , 600V
UPF Wattmeter
V3
0 150 V
Fig-2 Circuit Diagram for unbalanced load
PRECAUTION:
PROCEDURE:
1.For balanced load:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.- 1
2. Adjust the rheostats for the maximum resistance.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Read the meters to obtain V , I , I and I . Note the wattmeter reading W and W (Note the multiplying factor on
L
the wattmeters).
5. Vary the load resistance and obtain at least five sets of observations, the current should not exceed the limit 4 A.
6. Tabulate the readings and check the results by completing the calculations indicated in the table-1.
23
2.For unbalanced load:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.-2.
2. Adjust the three rheostats at the maximum values.
3. Switch on the supply and set the autotransformer to 415 V.
4. Take five sets of observation for different rheostat settings such that the reading of I , I and I in each set is
1
appreciably different to create unbalanced loading condition. The current should not exceed the limits in each
arm.
5. Tabulate and check the result by completing the computations indicated in Table:-2.
OBSERVATION:
Table-1:
Sl.
No.
V in
I in
I In
I in
W in
W in
(V)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(W)
(W)
Calculated power
(Wc) = (V /3) (I +I +I )
L
(W) =
(W1 +W2)
Error =
W - Wc
Wc
*100%
Table- 2:
Sl.
No.
VL
in
(V)
V1
in
(V)
V2
in
(V)
V3
in
(V)
I1
I2
I3
W1in W in
in
(A)
in
(A)
in
(W)
(A)
(W)
Calculated power (Wc)

= (V1I1+ V2I2 + V3I3)
(W) =
(W1 +W2)
Error =
W - Wc
Wc
*100%
CALCULATIONS:
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What do you understand by a balanced three-phase load?
2. How would you measure power using a) Three watt meters and b) One wattmeter for balanced/unbalanced loads?
3. Is it possible to measure power factor of the balanced (three phase load by two-wattmeter method)?
24

Experiment No- 6(a)
POWER MEASUREMENT USING THREE AMMETER METHOD
To measure the power of a single phase AC circuit by three Ammeter method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
100 , 2.5 A
1 No.
Rheostat
Tubular
26 , 4 A
1 No.
Inductance
Air core
60 mH, 5 A
1 No.
Ammeter
MI
0 - 5/10 A
1 No.
Ammeter
MI
0 2.5/5 A
2Nos.
Voltmeter
MI
0 75/150/300 V
1 No.
Wattmeter
L.P.F.
10A,300V
1 No.
1- variac
Iron core
230 V, 10 A
1 No.
Connecting Wires
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
As required
THEORY:
We know in a dc circuit, the power is given by the product of voltage and current where as in AC circuit it is
given by the product of voltage, current and power factor. For this reason, it is not possible to find power in an AC circuit
simply from the reading of a voltmeter and ammeter. In ac circuits power is normally measured by Wattmeter. However,
this method demonstrates that the power in a single phase ac circuit can also be measured by using 3-ammeters.
25
The phasor diagram of 3-Ammeter method is shown below
I2
I1
I3
I12 = I22 + I32 +2I2I3Cos()
Power factor (Cos) = (I12 -I22 - I32 ) / 2I2I3
Power Consumed by the load = I3*V*Cos
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Watt meter,
A
I1
I3
0 5A
0 10 A
I2
10A, 300V
L
26 T ,4 A
Ph
0 2A
V
FUSE
230 V 1 phase
supply
0 150V
100 T , 2. 5 A
60 mH, 5 A
N
DPST
SWITCH
1Ph Variac
Circuit Diagram for three ammeter method
PRECAUTION:
26
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the 1- variac at minimum position.
3. Switch on the supply and vary the output voltage of the variac in such a way that it should not exceed 120 V.
4. Note down the observations and switch off the power supply.
OBSERVATION:
Observation
Sl. V in
I1 in
No. (Volt.) (Amp.)
Calculation
I2 in
I3 in
Wattmeter
(Amp.) (Amp.) (W)
Cos
Cos P in Q in VoltWatt Amp(Wc) Reactive
S in
voltAmp
%Error =
(W-Wc)/Wc
REPORTS:
1. Choose the proper current and voltage scales and draw the vectors I, V1, V2& V3 , measure the angle &
Or
2. By using triangle law find & .
CALCULATIONS: %Error = (W-Wc) / Wc
W: Wattmeter Meter reading, Wc: Calculated Power
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Draw the Circuit & Vector diagram to measure the power of a single circuit by 3 Ammeter method
2. Draw and define the power triangle of an AC circuit.
27

Experiment No- 6(b)
POWER MEASUREMENT USING THREE VOLTMETER METHOD
To measure the power of a single phase AC circuit by three Voltmeter method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
100 , 2.5 A
1 No
Rheostat
Tubular
26 , 4 A
1 No
Inductance
Air core
60 mH
1 No
Ammeter
MI
0-5A
1 No
Voltmeter
MI
0 150/300 V
2Nos
Voltmeter
MI
0 75 V
1 No
Wattmeter
L.P.F.
10A, 300V
1 No.
1-variac
Iron core
230 V, 10 A
1 No
Connecting Wires
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
As required
THEORY:
Let I be the reference Vector
V2 in phase with I
V3
V1
V3 leads I by angle
V1=V2+V3
V12 = V22 + V32 +2V2V3Cos()

Power factor of the load (Cos) = (V1 -V2 - V3 ) / 2V2V3
2
V2
Power Consumed by the load = V3*I*Cos
28
Power Factor of entire circuit = cos

Active Power Consumed by the Load W= V3ICos watt
Reactive Power Consumed by the load Q= V3Isin VAR
Apparent Power Consumed by the Load S= V3I VA
Power Consumed by entire circuit = V1ICos watt
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V
V2
Watt meter
10A , 300V
0 300 V
M
A
0 5 A
100, 2.5A
C
26, 4A
Ph
V
FUSE
230 V 1 phase
supply
V
0 300V
0 75 V
60mH , 5A
N
DPST
SWITCH
1 Ph Variac
Circuit Diagram for three voltmeter method
PRECAUTION:
PROCEDURE:
2. Set the 1- variac at minimum position.
3. Switch on the supply and vary the output voltage of the variac in such a way that it should not exceed 120 V.
4. Note down the observations.
5. Switch off the power supply.
29
OBSERVATION:
Sl. I in
No. (Amp.)
V1 in
(Volt.)
Observation
V2 in
V3 in
(Volt.) (Volt.)
Wattmeter
(W)
Cos
Cos
Calculation
P in
Q in Volt- S in
Watt Ampvolt(Wc) Reactive
Amp
%Error=
(W-Wc)/Wc
REPORTS:
1. Choose the proper current and voltage scales and draw the vectors I, I1, I2 & I3 , measure the angle & .
Or
2. By using triangle law find & .
CALCULATIONS:
%Error = (W-Wc) / Wc
W: Wattmeter Meter reading, Wc: Calculated Power
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Draw the Circuit & Vector diagram to measure the power of a single circuit by 3 Ammeter method
2. Draw and define the power triangle of an AC circuit.
30

Experiment No- 7
OPEN-CIRCUIT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST ON TRANSFORMER
(a) To perform open circuit test on a 1- transformer.
(b) To perform short circuit test on the same transformer.
(c) Calculate the complete parameters of the equivalent circuit of the transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Voltmeter
MI
0 150/300 V
2 Nos
Voltmeter
MI
0 30/60 V
1 No
Ammeter
MI
02A
1 No
Ammeter
MI
0 10 A
1 No
Ammeter
MI
0 10/20 A
1 No
Wattmeter
LPF
2 A, 150 V
1 No
Wattmeter
UPF
10 A, 75 V
1 No
1-variac
Iron core
230 V, 10 A
1 No
Connecting Wires
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
As required
Machine specification:
Sl.No
1.
Machine
1- transformer
Specification
1- Transformer :-1.5 kVA
Quantity
1 No
230/115 V, 50 Hz
31
THEORY:
Open circuit test: In this test low voltage winding is connected to a supply of normal voltage and frequency and the high voltage
winding is left open. The primary winding draws very low current hardly 3 to 5 percent of full load current when this
condition. As such copper losses in the primary winding will be negligible. Thus mainly iron losses occur in the
transformer under no load on open circuit condition, which are indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit.
Hence, total iron losses = W0 (Reading of wattmeter).
Power drawn W0 = Vo I0 cos0
Thus no load power factor cos0 = W0/V0I0
Core loss component of no load current Iw = I0 cos0
Magnetising component of no load current Im = I0 sin0
Equivalent resistance representing the core loss R0 = V0/Iw
Magnetising reactance representing the Magnetising current Xm = V0/Im
Short circuit test: In this test, low voltage winding is short-circuited and a low voltage hardly 5 to 10 percentage of the rated voltage
of the high voltage side is applied such that rated current flows through the winding. This test is performed at rated current
flowing in both the windings. The iron losses occurring in the transformer under this condition is negligible, because of
very low applied voltage. Hence, the total losses occurring under short circuit are mainly the copper losses of both the
winding, which are indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit. Let the various reading be Wsc , Vsc & Isc.
Wsc
I 2 sc
V
Z = sc , X = Z 2 R 2
I sc
R=
Where,
R = equivalent resistance
X= Equivalent leakage reactance
Z= Equivalent impedance
32
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2 A,150 V LPF
WATTMETER
M
0 150 V
0 2 A
Ph
FUSE
1 phase
variac
230 V 1 phase
supply
HT
LT
V
V
0 300 V
DPST
SWITCH
Fig-1 Circuit Diagram for O.C Test
10 A, 75 V UPF
WATTMETER
A
0 10 A
0 30 V
Ph
FUSE
230 V 1 phase
supply
HT
1 phase
variac
LT
A
0 20 A
DPST
SWITCH
Fig- 2 Circuit Diagram for S.C Test
PROCEDURE:
Open circuit test: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Fig-1.
2. Ensure that the setting of the variac is at low output voltage.
3. Switch on the supply and adjust rated voltage across the transformer circuit.
4. Note down the readings of all the meters.
5. Switch-off the a.c. supply.
33
Short circuit test: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-2.

2. Ensure that the setting of the variac is at low output voltage.
3. Switch on the supply and increase the voltage applied slowly, till the current in the windings of the transformer is
full load value.
4. Note down the readings of all the meters.
5. Switch-off the a.c. supply.
OBSERVATION:
Sl.No
No load test
Vo
Short circuit test
Io
Wo
Vsc
Isc
Wsc
CALCULATIONS:
Sl.No
Coso
Iw
Im
Ro
Xm
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Why indirect testing of large size transformer is necessary.
2. What type of losses occur in the primary and secondary winding of transformer
3. Which parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer can be found through Short-circuit test.
4. Why the HV side of transformer is kept open in Open circuit test?
5. Justify that the power drawn by the transformer under no-load is equal to the iron losses and under short circuit
the full load copper losses.
6. What will happen to the transformer, if a ratted voltage is applied during the short circuit test?
34

Experiment No- 8
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
To perform the speed control of a DC shunt motor by field flux control & armature voltage control method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
200 , 1.5 A
1 No
Rheostat
Tubular
100 , 5 A
1 No
Ammeter
MC
0-2A
1 No
Voltmeter
MC
0 300 V
1 No
Tachometer
0 5000 rpm
1 No
Connecting Wires
Digital
Cu
1.5 sq. mm
As required
Sl.No
1.
Machine
D.C. Shunt Motor
Specification
D.C. Shunt Motor :- 3.7 kW, 1500 RPM
220 V , 19.7 A , Excitation- 220 V/0 .95A
Quantity
1 No
THEORY:
If V is the applied voltage across the motor terminals, Eb is the back e.m.f. developed, then V = Eb + Ia.Ra
Where Ia and Ra are the current and resistance in the armature circuit respectively.
But, Eb = ZNP/60A = KN
Hence V= KN + Ia.Ra
i.e N= K (V Ia.Ra)/
35
This shows that:

An increase of Ia.Ra drop will decrease the value of speed if V remains constant. Speed varies inversely to the
field flux and hence varies inversely as the exciting current. If below saturation, by increasing the resistance in the
armature circuit, motor can be operated at speed below rated speed. By increasing the resistance in the field circuit a
motor can be operated above rated speed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L
A
100T, 5 A
+
F1
0 2 A
200T, 1. 5 A
FUSE
DC SUPPLY
220 Volt.
A1
V
0 300 V
F2
DPST
SWITCH
A2
Circuit Diagram for speed control of dc shunt motor.
PRECAUTION:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
2. The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
3. The motor should be in no load condition throughout the experiment.
4. The motor should run in anticlockwise direction.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the machine under test as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the D .C supply and start the D.C shunt motor with the help of three point starter by keeping the
external resistance (Field rheostat) in field circuit at its minimum and in the armature circuit at its maximum
position.
Case- A (Armature voltage control)

1. Adjust the field current at normal value (corresponding to normal speed).
2. Keeping the field current constant, vary the voltage across the armature by varying the armature rheostat towards
its maximum value in minimum 5 steps and note down the experimental datas.
36
Case- B (Field flux control )

1. Adjust the voltage across the armature at its rated value.
2. Keeping this voltage constant , decrease the field current of the motor by varying the field rheostat towards its
maximum value in minimum of 5 steps and note down the experimental datas.
OBSERVATION:
Case A
No. Of
Observations
Armature Voltage
(Volts)
Speed (RPM)
Field Current (Amps)
Field Current
(Amps)
Speed (RPM)
Armature Voltage
(Volts)
Case B
No. Of
Observations
REPORTS:
Draw curves showing :
1. Speed vs Armature voltage , with field current constant.
2. Speed vs Field current , with armature voltage constant.
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Is it possible to obtain the speed higher than the rated speed by armature control discuss ?
2. Why speed control is essential from industrial point of view ?
3. Is it possible to obtain speeds lower than the rated value by using field control ?
37

Experiment No- 9
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC OF DC GENERATOR
a) To conduct open circuit test on a given separately excited dc generator and to plot the characteristic curves.
b) To determine critical resistance of the field circuit and critical speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
300 , 1.7 A
1 No
Rheostat
Tubular
200 , 1.5 A
1 No
Ammeter
MC
02 A
1 No
Voltmeter
MC
0 300 V
2 Nos
Tachometer
Connecting Wires
Digital
Cu
0 - 5000 rpm
1.5 sq. mm
1
As required
Sl.No
Machine
1.
D.C. Motor coupled with D.C.

Generator.
Specification
D.C. Shunt Motor :-5 HP , 1500 RPM
220 V , 19.7 A , Excitation- 220 V/0.95 A
D.C. Generator :-3.5 kW, 220 V, 16 A, 1500 rpm
Excitation- 220 V/0.85 A
Quantity
1 Set
THEORY:
It is also known as Magnetic or Open-Circuit characteristics (O.C.C.). It shows the relation between the no-load
generated e.m.f. of armature E0, and the field or exciting current If, at (N) rated speed of that machine. It is just the
magnetization curve for the material of the electromagnets. Its shape is practically the same for all generators whether
separately excited or self-excited.
38
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L
A1
+
A1
F1
F1
+
200,1.5A
FUSE
DC SUPPLY
220 Volt.
0 300 V
F2
F2
DPST
SWITCH
A2
A2
FUSE
DC SUPPLY
220 Volt.
300, 1.7A
02A
V
0 300 V
DPST
SWITCH
Circuit Diagram for O.C Test on dc generator
PRECAUTION:
2. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
3. At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition.
4. The generator must rotate in proper direction.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the d.c motor and the d.c generator as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the potential divider feeding the field circuit of the generator for zero output voltage.
3. Switch on the d.c supply to the d.c motor and start it using the three point starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the d.c motor to rated value by varying the resistance in the field circuit.
5. Record the generated e.m.f due to residual magnetism.
6. Switch- on the d.c supply across the field circuit of the generator.
7. Vary the field current of generator in steps and record its value and the corresponding generated e.m.f of the
generator. Observations should be continued upto the generated voltage 25 percent higher than the rated voltage
of the generator.
8. To plot the field resistance line, record the voltage across the field of the generator.
9. Switch off the d.c supply, to stop the motor and also to disconnect the generator field.
39
OBSERVATION:
Sl. No
Vo
If
CALCULATIONS:
Calculate the critical resistance and critical speed as follows:
Air gap line

OCC
Rc =
Vc
I fc
Nc =
V2
N
V1
Rsh
A
V1
Voltage
Nc
V2
Vc
Rc
Ifc
Field current
REPORTS:
1. Draw curves showing- Vo Vs If
2. Draw the field resistance line on the magnetization characteristic.
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Initial portions of Open circuit characteristic [O.C.C.] is almost straight line. Why?
2. What is the significance of residual magnetism?
3. Define critical resistance of the field circuit of D.C. Generator.
4. What is critical speed of the generator?
40

Experiment No- 10
EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATOR
a) To conduct load test on a given separately excited dc generator and to draw the characteristic curves.
b) To deduce the internal characteristic from the above.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Type
Specification
Quantity
Rheostat
Tubular
200 , 1.5A
1 No
Rheostat
Tubular
300 , 1.7A
1 No
Ammeter
MC
0 10/20 A
1 No
Voltmeter
MC
0 - 300 V
1 No
Tachometer
Digital
0 5000 rpm
1 No
Load box
Resistive
4 kW, 230 V
1 No
Multimeter
Connecting Wires
Digital
Cu
1 No
1.5 sq. mm
As required
Sl.No
Machine
1.
D.C. Motor coupled with D.C.

Generator
Specification
D.C. Shunt Motor :-5 HP , 1500 RPM
220 V , 18.6 A , Excitation- 220 V/ 0.95 A
D.C. Generator :-2.2 kW, 220 V, 13 A, 1500 rpm
Excitation- 220 V/0.85 A
Quantity
1 Set
41
THEORY:
The load characteristics on extended characteristics of d.c. generator represents the graphical relationship between
the terminal voltage and the load current, the generator being operated at constant rated speed and with the same
excitation as under no load condition. The nature of this characteristic depends upon the following factors.
1. Voltage drops in the armature winding, Interpol and compensating windings.
2. Voltage drop at the brush contact.
3. Voltage drop due to armature reaction.
External characteristic of the generator indicates the fall in the terminal voltage as the load on the generator increases.
The internal characteristic of shunt generator can be obtained by adding the voltage drop in the armature winding
(IaRa) to the external characteristic plotted experimentally.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L
0 20 A
A1
A1
200 T , 1.5 A
FUSE
DC SUPPLY
220 Volt.
F1
F1
G
F2
DPST
SWITCH
0 300 V
Resistive
Load Box
4 kW
F2
A2
A2
+
FUSE
DC SUPPLY
220 Volt.
300, 1.7A
DPST
SWITCH
Fig-1 Circuit Diagram for Load Test on dc generator
PRECAUTION:
2. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
3. At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition.
4. The generator must rotate in proper direction.
42
PROCEDURE:
2. Set the rheostat so that there is maximum external resistance in the field circuit if the generator.
3. Switch on the d.c supply of the d.c motor and start it with the help of 3-point starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the motor to rated value by varying the resistance in the field and armature circuit of the
motor.
5. Adjust the field current of the generator by its field rheostat so as to obtain rated voltage at no load.
6. Switch on the resistive load & Note down the load current and the terminal voltage.
7. Repeat step-6 for various values of load current; fill the full load current of the generator.
8. Switch off the load on the generator.
9. Switch of the d.c supply to stat the motor.
10. Measure armature resistance (Ra) of the dc generator using multimeter.
OBSERVATION:
Sl. No
Load in Watt
Terminal Voltage(VL)
Load Current(IL)
E = VL+IaRa
REPORTS:
Draw graphs showing1. VL Vs IL
2. E Vs Ia
CALCULATIONS:
E = VL+IaRa
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Why the voltage drop is so sharp in case of shunt Generator?
2. What should be done if the D.C. shunt Generator fails to build up?
3. What are the reasons of fall of terminal voltage of a D.C. Shunt Generator?
43

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Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

School of Electrical Sciences

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

200 Watt, 230 V

Where, R = Resistance of the filament lamp in .

V = Voltage across lamp in volt.

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Circuit diagram for V-I characteristic of Incandescent Lamp

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

Fluorescent Lamp with

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Circuit diagram for Fluorescent Lamp

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Pick-up voltage- ________

Cut-off voltage- ________

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Verification of Superposition Theorem

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

Dry Cell 12V, 7.2AH

RTH = Thevenins Resistance and RL = Load Resistance

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

THEVININS EQUIVALENT CURCUIT

Circuit diagram for verification of Thevenins Theorem

Load Current (IL)

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Where, Z is the impedance of the Circuit.

L > 1 / C then current lags the voltage

L < 1 / C , is shown below

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Circuit Diagram for RLC series circuit.

All connection should be tight.

Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

230 V, 20 A, 6000 Rev/kWh

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Circuit Diagram for energy meter testing

Connection should be right and tight.

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Power factor, cos = 1

Fig-1 Circuit Diagram for balanced load

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Fig-2 Circuit Diagram for unbalanced load

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

2.For unbalanced load:

Calculated power (Wc)

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

IIT BHUBANESWAR, SES, ET Lab.

Power Consumed by the load = V3ICos