414

Chapter 8

Infinite Series

66. a2n1  0 (odd coefficients are zero)

70.   60, v0  64, k 

y  3x 

1
, g  32
16

32x 2
11632x3 116232x 4 . . .



2642122
3643123
4644124

 2264x 
2 2

 3x  32

 3x  32

24x 4
23x3

. . .
3
364 16 4644162

2n xn

 n64 16
n

n2

72. (a) f x 

68. Answers will vary.

 3x  32

n2

xn

 n32 16

n2

n2

lnx 2  1
.
x2
1.5

From Exercise 8, you obtain

P

(b)

 1n x 2n
1  1n x 2n2

2
x n0
n1
n0 n  1

x2 x4 x6 x8
P8  1    
2
3
4
5

0.5

lnt2  1
dt
t2

(c) Fx 

Gx 

P8t d t

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.50

2.00

Fx

0.2475

0.4810

0.6920

0.8776

1.1798

1.4096

Gx

0.2475

0.4810

0.6920

0.8805

5.3064

652.21

(d) The curves are nearly identical for 0 < x < 1. Hence, the integrals nearly agree on that interval.
74. Assume e  pq is rational. Let N > q and form the following.

e 11

1
1
1
1
. . .


. . .
2!
N!
N  1! N  2!

Set a  N! e  1  1  . . . 

1
N!

, a positive integer. But,

 N 1 1!  N 1 2!  . . .  N 1 1  N  11 N  2  . . . < N 1 1  N 1 1

a  N!

1
1
1
1
1

. . . 
N1
N  1 N  12
N1

1
1
N1

. . .

1
, a contradiction.
N

Review Exercises for Chapter 8

2. an 

n2

n
1

n
4. an  4  : 3.5, 3, . . .
2
Matches (c)

32

6. an  6 

Matches (b)

n1

: 6, 4, . . .

Review Exercises for Chapter 8

n
2

8. an  sin

10. lim

n 

1
n

0

Converges

12

The sequence seems to diverge (oscillates).

n
: 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, . . .
2

sin

n
1
 lim

n  lnn
n  1n

n 

1
2n

1
1 
 

 lim
k

k 12

 e12

Converges; k  2n

Diverges
16. Let

14. lim 1 

12. lim

y  bn  cn1n
ln y 

18. (a) Vn  120,0000.70n, n  1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(b) V5  120,0000.705  $20,168.40

lnbn  cn
n

lim ln y  lim

n 

n 

1
bn ln b  cn ln c
bn  cn

Assume b c and note that the terms

bn ln b  cn ln c
bn ln b
cn ln c
 n
 n
n
n
n
b c
b c
b  cn
converge as n . Hence an converges.
20. (a)

(b)

10

15

20

25

Sk

0.3917

0.3228

0.3627

0.3344

0.3564

(c) The series converges by the Alternating Series Test.

12
0

22. (a)

(b)

10

15

20

25

Sk

0.8333

0.9091

0.9375

0.9524

0.9615

(c) The series converges, by the limit comparison test with

n .

 2
2n2
n  4
3
n0
n0 3

12
0

2
26. Diverges. nth Term Test, lim an  .
n 
3

24. Diverges. Geometric series, r  1.82 > 1.

28.

 43  12

See Exercise 27.

30.

 
3

n0

 2
1

n  1n  2
n0 3

 




n  1  n  2
1

n0

1

1  23


1  2 
2  3 
3  4  . . .  3  1  2
1

415

416

Chapter 8

Infinite Series

32. 0.923076  0.9230761  0.000001  0.0000012  . . .



 0.9230760.000001

n0

39

 32,0001.055

34. S 

0.923076
923,076 1276,923 12



1  0.000001 999,999 1376,923 13

32,0001  1.05540
1  1.055

n0

36. See Exercise 86 in Section 8.2.

AP

 $4,371,379.65

12r 
1  12r 

 100

12t

1

12

0.065

1  0.065
12 

120

1

 $16,840.32

38.

 n
4

n1

n1

1
n34

40.

1
2

n1

Divergent p-series, p 

42.


n

3
4

< 1

 1
 1
1

2 
n
2n
n
n1
n1 2

The first series is a convergent p-series and the second

series is a convergent geometric series. Therefore, their
difference converges.

n1

 nn  2

44. Since

n1

n1

3

converges,

3

n1

1
converges by the
5

Limit Comparison Test.

n  1nn  2
n1
 lim
1
n 
n  n  2
1n
lim

 n, the series diverges.

By a limit comparison test with

n1

46.

1nn
n1 n  1


an1 
lim

n

48. Converges by the Alternating Series Test.

n  1

n2

n

n1

an1 

 an

3 lnn  1 3 ln n
3 ln n
<
 an, lim
0
n 
n1
n
n

n
0
n1

By the Alternating Series Test, the series converges.

50.

n!

e

n1

lim

n 

an1
n  1!
 lim
n 
an
en1
 lim

n 

en

n!

n1

e

By the Ratio Test, the series diverges.

52.

1 3

5.

. . 2n  1

 2 5 8 . . . 3n  1

n1

lim

n 

an1
1
 lim
n  2
an

3.
5.

. . 2n  12n  1
. . 3n  13n  2

By the Ratio Test, the series converges.

5.
3.

. . 3n  1
2n  1 2
lim

. . 2n  1  n
 3n  2
3

Review Exercises for Chapter 8

417

54. (a) The series converges by the Alternating Series Test.

(b)

(c)

10

15

20

25

Sn

0.0871

0.0669

0.0734

0.0702

0.0721

(d) The sum is approximately 0.0714.

0.3

12
0

56. No. Let an 

 3937.5
3937.5
is a convergent p-series.
, then a75  0.7. The series
2
2
n
n1 n

4   1

58. f x  tan x

f


f  x  2 sec2 x tan x

f 

x  4 sec2 x tan2 x  2 sec4 x

4   4

62. e0.25  1  0.25 

P6x  1 
P10x  1 

68.

4   16



2 x
4
4

8

x
3
4

66.

x2
x4

2! 4!

10

x2
x4
x6
 
2! 4! 6!

lim

Geometric series which converges only if 2x < 1 or

1
1
2 < x < 2 .

10

f
P6

 2x

n0

P4

P10

10

x2
x4
x6
x8
x10
   
2! 4! 6! 8! 10!

3nx  2n
n
n1
n 

10

0.252 0.253 0.254



 0.779
2!
3!
4!

f x  cos x
P4x  1 

0.752 0.754 0.756



 0.7317
2!
4!
6!

4   2

f
x  sec2 x

P3x  1  2 x 

64.

60. cos0.75  1 

f 

70.

un1
3n1x  2n1
 lim
n
un
n1


3x2

3nx  2n

1
3
Center: 2
R

Since the series converges at 3 and diverges at 73 , the

interval of convergence is 53 x < 73 .

 x2
x  2n

n
2
2
n0
n0


Geometric series which converges only if

x2
< 1 or
2

0 < x < 4.

418

Chapter 8

Infinite Series

y

72.

y


 3n12n  2x2n1
3n2nx2n1

n
2
n!
2n1n  1!
n1
n0

y 

3n12n  22n  1x2n

2n1n  1!
n0

y  3xy
 3y 

74.

3nx 2n
2nn!
n0





 1n13n22n  2x2n2
 1n3n1x2n
3n12n  22n  1x2n


n1
n1
2 n  1!
2 n  1!
2nn!
n0
n0
n0


 1n13n2x2n2
 1n3n1x2n
1n13n12n  2x 2n


n
n
2 n!
2 n!
2nn!
n0
n0
n0

 1n13n2x 2n2
1n3n1x2n
 2n  1  1 
n
2
n!
2nn!
n0
n0

 1n13n2x 2n2
1n3n1x2n
2n 
n
2 n!
2nn!
n0
n0

 1n3n1x 2n 2n
1n13n1x2n
2n 
n
n1n  1! 2n
2 n!
n1
n1 2

1n3n1x2n
2n  2n  0
2nn!
n1

3
32
a
32



2  x 1  x2 1  x2 1  r


 2
 2 
x

n0

76. Integral:

n1

n0

1n3xn
n1
n0 2



1
1
 x  3
78. 8  2x  3  x  32  x  33  . . . 
8
2
8
4
n0

 

80.

1n3xn1

 n  12

8
1   x  34

32
32
, 1 < x < 7

4  x  3 1  x

f x  cos x
f
x  sin x
f x  cos x
f
x  sin x
cos x 


82.

2
f n 4x  4 n 2 2




x

x
n!
2
2
4
2
2!
4

n0


1nn12x  4 n1

n  1!
n1


1 
x    
2 
4

2

f x  cscx
f
x  cscx cotx
f x  csc3x  cscx cot2x
f
x  5 csc3x cotx  cscx cot3x
f 4x  5 csc5x  15 csc3x cot2x  cscx cot4x
cscx 

1
f n2x  2 n

1
x
n!
2!
2
n0


5

x
4!
2

. . .

2

3!

x  4 

2

4!

x  4 

. . .

Review Exercises for Chapter 8

f x  x12

84.

1
f
x  x12
2
f x  

32

12
12
32x

f
 x 

52

f 4x  
x 

12
12x

12
12
32
52x

72,

. . .

f n4x  4n
n!
n0


2

x  4 x  42 1 3x  43 1 3 5x  44 . . .





22
252!
283!
2114!

2

 1n11 3 5 . . . 2n  3x  4n

x  4

2
2
23n1n!
n2

hx  1  x3

86.

h
x  31  x4
hx  121  x5
h
x  601  x6
h4x  3601  x7
h5x  25201  x8
 1nn  2!x n
 1nn  2n  1x
12x2 60x3 360x4 2520x5 . . .
1
 1  3x 






3
1  x
2!
3!
4!
5!
2n!
2
n0
n0

 1

ln x 

88.

n1

n1

ln

x  1n
,
n

0 < x 2
n

e23 

n1

n1

 1

n1

n1

92.

sin x 

sin

x2n1
,
2n  1!

1
 0.3272
32n12n  1!

13   1
n0

1
 0.1823
5nn

 1

n0

xn

 < x <

x2

 n!  1  x  2!  . . .

94. ex 

n0

x n1
x3
 x  x2   . . .
2!
n0 n!

xex 


1

xex dx  xex  ex

 e  e  0  1  1


x n1
x n2
dx 
n0 n!
n0 n  2n!



ex 

1
0

 n  2n!  1

n0

xn

 n!,

n0

65   1
65n  1


90.

 < x <

 2n
23n

 1.9477
n
n!
n0
n0 3 n!


419

420

Chapter 8

Infinite Series

f x  sin 2x

f 0  0

f
x  2 cos 2x

f
0  2

f x  4 sin 2x

f 0  0

f
x  8 cos 2x

f
0  8

96. (a)

f 4x  16 sin 2x

f 40  0

f 5x  32 cos 2x

f 50  32

f 6x  64 sin 2x

f 60  0

f 7x  128 cos 2x

f 70  128

4
0x2 8x3 0x4 32x5 0x6 128x7 . . .
4
8 7 . . .
 2x  x3  x5 






x 
2!
3!
4!
5!
6!
7!
3
15
315

sin 2x  0  2x 
(b) sin x 
sin 2x 

1nx2n1
n0 2n  1!


1n2x2n1
2x3 2x5 2x7 . . .
 2x 




2n

1

!
3!
5!
7!
n0


 2x 

8x3 32x5 128x7 . . .

4
4
8 7 . . .



 2x  x3  x5 
x 
6
120
5040
3
15
315

(c) sin 2x  2 sin x cos x

x5
x7
x3


. . .
6
120 5040

4 x7
2x3 2x5
4
4
8 7 . . .


 . . .  2x  x3  x5 
x 
3
15
315
3
15
315

2 x

2 x 
2 x

cos t 

98.

cos

cos

t

t

dt 

1n t 2n
2n!
n0


et 

100.

2


et  1 

1
2n!n  1

2n

2

et

1nx n1
2n!n  1

2n

x3
2

tn

tn

 n!

n1
n t n1

 2

 n!

n0

n n

1 3x5
1 3 5x7

. . .
2 4 5 2 4 6 7

x2
1 3x4
1 3 5x6
arcsin x
1


. . .
2 3 2 4 5 2 4 6 7
x
lim

1 t
2n
2n!
n0


arcsin x  x 

x0

x5
x5
x5
x7
x7
x7
x3 x3
x7







 
. . .
2
6
24 12 120
720 144 240 5040

n0

102.

n0

x
 . . .

1  x2  24x  720

arcsin x
1
x

1
arcsin x
1  x2
 lim
 1.
By LHpitals Rule, lim
x0
x0
x
1

 tn1
1

t
n1 n!

et  1
dt 
t

tn

  n n!
n1

xn

 n n!

n1

Problem Solving for Chapter 8

Problem Solving for Chapter 8

2. Let S 

 2n  1

n1

Then

1
1
1
 2 2. . .
2
1
3
5

1
1
1
1
2
 2 2 2 2. . .
6
1
2
3
4
S

1
1
 . . .
22 42

S

1
1
1
1 2 2. . .
22
2
3

S

1 2
.
22 6

Thus, S 

 

2 1 2 2 3
2
 .


6
4 6
6 4
8



4. (a) Position the three blocks as indicated in the figure. The bottom block extends 1 6 over
the edge of the table, the middle block extends 1 4 over the edge of the bottom block,
and the top block extends 1 2 over the edge of the middle block.
1
6

The centers of gravity are located at

bottom block:

1 1
1
 
6 2
3

middle block:

1 1 1
1
  
6 4 2
12

top block:

0 1 5
6 12

5
1 1 1 1
    .
6 4 2 2 12

The center of gravity of the top 2 blocks is

 121  125  2  61,

which lies over the bottom block. The center of gravity of the 3 blocks is

 31  121  125  3  0
which lies over the table. Hence, the far edge of the top block lies
1 1 1 11
  
6 4 2 12
beyond the edge of the table.
n

(b) Yes. If there are n blocks, then the edge of the top block lies

 2i from the

c1

edge of the table. Using 4 blocks,

4

25

 2i  2  4  6  8  24

c1

which shows that the top block extends beyond the table.
(c) The blocks can extend any distance beyond the table because the series diverges:


 2i  2 

c1

c1

1
 .
i

1
2
1
4

11
12

421

422

Chapter 8

6. a 

Infinite Series

 1n1a  b  a  b
b a b . . .
  

2 3 4
2n
n1

If a  b,

 1n1
1n12a
converges conditionally.
a
2n
n
n1
n1

If a  b,

 ab
1n1a  b
diverges.

2n
n1
n1 2n

No values of a and b give absolute convergence. a  b implies conditional convergence.

ex  1  x 

8.

x2 . . .

2!

ex  1  x2 
2

x4 . . . x12 . . .



2!
6!

f 120
12!
1
f 120 

 665,280
12!
6!
6!

10. (a) If p  1,

If p > 1,

1
dx  ln ln x
x ln x

diverges.

1
ln b1p ln 21p
converges.
dx  lim

p
b 
xln x
1p
1p

If p < 1, diverges.
(b)

n4

1
1
1
diverges by part (a).

n lnn2 2n4 n ln n

12. Let bn  an r n.

bn

1 n

14. (a)

 an 

r n 1 n

 r Lr as n .

 an

1 n


1
1


0.01n
0.99 1  0.01 n0

 1  0.01  0.012  . . .

1
Lr < r  1.
r

 1.010101 . . .

By the Root Test,

b

converges

a

rn

converges.

(b)


1
1


0.02n
0.98 1  0.02 n0

 1  0.02  0.022  . . .
 1  0.02  0.0004  . . .
 1.0204081632 . . .

16. (a) Height  2 1 

2

n

n1

(b) S  4 1 

1 2

1
3



. . .

p-series, p  21 < 1

 1
1 1 . . .
 
4

2 3
n1 n

 

4
1
1
(c) W   1  3 2  3 2  . . .
3
2
3
4  1
 
converges.
3 n1 n3 2