The

Brain..
HOW THE BRAIN FUNCTION AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LEARNING
PROCESS

Our Brain
Brain is the most important part in our body.
Everything that we do in our daily life such as
studying, singing, drawing and dancing are control by
the brain.
Our brain are made up of 78% water, 10% fat and 8%
protein.
Our brain contain 100 billion of neurons.
In fact, human only use 6% of their brain!!!!!!

Parts of our BRAIN..

FRONTAL LOBE
Function for ;
- Motor function .
- Conscious thought .
- Planning and problem solving.
- Concentration and attention span.
- Reasoning and critical thinking.
- Judgments.
- Impulse control.
- Emotional response and empathy.

Damage cause ;
- Cause drastic changes in personality
and behavior.

-Weakness or loss movement in

various area of the body.

- Difficulty with fine motor skill.

-Difficulty with concentration , memory
, problem solving and expression through
speech.

PARIETAL LOBE
Function for ;
- Control voluntary movement.
- Cognition.
- Information processing.
- Pain and touch sensation.
- Spatial orientation and body
position.
- Integration of different senses that
allow understanding a single concept.
- Visual attention and face
recognition.

Damage cause;
-Problem with visual attention and
motor skills.
- Inability to voluntarily control the
gaze(OCULAR APRAXIA).
- Inability to integrate components
of a visual scene(SIMULTANAGNOSIA).
- Problems with hand/eye
coordination (OPTIC ATAXIA).

OCCIPITAL LOBE
Function for;
- Main centre for visual processing
- Visual perception.
- Color recognition.
- Depth perception.
- Motion detection.

Damage cause;
- Leaving a person unable to
interpret anything in their visual field .
- Problems with vision.
- Difficulty with identifying colors .
- Inability to recognize words , drawn
objects or movement of objects.
- Difficulty with locating objects in
environment.
- Difficulty recognizing familiar faces ,
loss of visual memory.

CEREBELLUM
Function for;
-Coordination of fine movement.
- Balance and equilibrium.
- Some memory for reflex motor arts.
- Muscle tone.

Damage cause;
- Loss of coordination of fine motor
movements ( ASYNERGIA ).
- Tremors , dizziness and vertigo.
- Loss of ability to walk , staggering ,
inability to judge distance
(DYSMETRIA).
- Slurred speech (DYSPHONIA).
- Inability to make rapid or
alternating movements
(ADIADOCHOKINESIA).
- Abnormal eye movements
(NYSTAGMUS).
- Weak muscles(HYPOTONIA).

Function for;
- Coordinates and relays motor control
signal sent between the brain and body.
- Controls life supporting function of
nervous system.
- Breathing.
- Heart rate.
- Autonomic nervous system.
- Alertness and sleep.
- Arousal.
- Sense of balance (VESTIBULAR
FUNCTION).
- Reflexes to seeing and hearing.

Damage cause;
- Decrease vital capacity.
- Difficulty with swallowing(DYSPHAGIA).
- Difficulty with balance and movement.
- Dizziness and nausea (VERTIGO).
- Sleeping problem (INSOMNIA,SLEEP
APNEA).
-Difficulty with organization and
perception to the environment.

Temporal lobe
Function for;
- Hearing ability and auditory
perception.
- Understanding spoken language
and rhythm.
- Memory acquisition and learning.
- Some visual perception.
- Categorization and ordering of
objects.
- Speech.
- Emotional responses.

Damage cause;
- Disorders of visual perception , difficulty
with recognizing faces (PROSOPAGNOSIA ).
- Disturbance of auditory sensation and
perception , difficulty with understanding
speech (WERNICKE APHASIA ).
- Short-term memory loss and impaired
long-term memory.
- Altered sexual behavior.
- Impaired organization and categorization
of objects.
- Persistent talking (with right lobe
damage).
- Altered personality and behavior .

How the memory work in

learning?????
Teaching grows
brain cell

Memory is constructed and stored by

patterning.

Memory is
sustained by
use.

TEACHER
The caretakers of development of the brain of the students.
The teacher have opportunity to help children build their brain beyond
the boundaries.

IQ
Not fixed after birth and continue to be pruned or
constructed in response in learning and experiences
throughout the lives.

TEACHING GROWS BRAIN CELLS

IQ is not fixed after

the birth.
NEUROPLASTICITY state
that interneuron
connections continue
through learning and
experiences throughout
our life.

NEUROIMAGING research
reveals that structure in the
sensitive limbic system that
determine the part of brain
will receive input and
determine response output.

Environmental stimuli
constantly change the
structure and function
of neurons and their
connection.

It was once believed

that brain cell
growth steps after
age 20.

MEMORY
Memory is constructed
and stored by
patterning.

Memory is sustained by
used.

Memory is constructed and stored by

PATTERNING.
The experiences appear
to be increase
executive function
facilitation of working
memory.

Teachers can help to

increase working
memory efficiency
through a variety of
interventions correlated
with neuroimaging
response.

HIPPOCAMPUSlocation where the

brain turns data from
senses into learned
information.
This encoding process
requires prior knowledge
with similar pattern to
the new input if a shortterm memory is to be
constructed.

The probability of
encoding increase when
teacher work to clearly
demonstrate the
relationship between
new and old learning.

Memory is sustained by USED.

The short-term memory is still
needs to be activated multiple
times to increase its durability.
As the information pool expands,
these students will continue to
comprehend new information,
consolidate it into their neural
networks and develop new
application.
These transfer activities
activated memories to new
stimuli and with other
knowledge to solve novel
problems.

The more time the action is

repeated , the more dendrites
interconnected , resulting in
greater memory storage and
recall efficiency.

The construction of concept

memory networks requires
opportunities for students to
transfer learning into practiced.

Brain cannot process billion information in

seconds so filters in the brain protect it
from become overloaded.

Sensory
information

Thinking brain

Reactive brain

Can consciously process

and reflect information.

Reacts to information
instinctively rather than
through thinking.

When stress level are

down and your interest
is high.

When you are anxious , sad ,

frustrated, bored and
overwhelmed.

Reticular activating
system (RAS)

AMYGDALA
HIPPOCAMPUS

Interacting with friends is one of the activity that

can active the brain.
Positive mood enhance the brain.

HOW THE BRAIN WORKS????

AND HOW STUDENTS CAN
RESPOND????

THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

RATICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM(RAS)

The first filter of the data. Receive input from
sensory nerves and meet at spinal cord.

THE AMYGDALA

# keep yourself physically healthy and well

rested and good emotion.

MAJOR
ELEMENTS
OF BRAIN

DOPAMINE

The most important neurotransmitters of

the brain. Carry electrical messages across
the gap of the neuron. It released during
enjoyable time.
# DO enjoyable activities such as laughing
can increase level of dopamine.

System for routing

information based on
emotional state.

#slow down and relaxed. Stay

calm and peace.

THE HIPPOCAMPUS
The brain links new sensory
input to stored memory to
make new rational memory.
# reviewing and practicing
something that learned
before. Repeated stimulation
makes memory stay in the
brain.

TEACHER
Fun activities during lessons can enhance the brain
of the students . Effective learning will occur.

Teacher must have relevant tools , resources and strategies

to increase the mood of learning in the classroom.

AFFECTIVE
FILTER
An emotional state of
stress in children when
they nor responsive to
learning and storing new
information.

CEREBRAL
CORTEX
It mediate all conscious
activity and also involved
in perception and
voluntary motor activity.

Very important for motor

movement and motorvestibular memory and
learning.

AMYGDALA
Function as a brain
centre for responding
only to anxiety and
fear.

CEREBELLUM

TERMS IN
NEUROSCIENCE

CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

AXON
The tiny fibrous
extension of the
neuron away from the
cell body to the target
cells.

BRAIN
MAPPING
Measures electrical
activity representing
brain activation along
neural pathways.

The portion of the

nervous system
comprised of the spinal
cord and brain.

GLIA
COGNITION
Refers to thinking
and all of the mental
processes related to
thinking.

It nourish , support
and complement the
activity of neurons in
the brain.

DENDRITES
Conduct electrical
impulses toward the
neighboring
neurons.

DOPAMINE
A neurotransmitter
most associated with
attention , decision
making , executive
function and rewardstimulated learning.

TERMS IN
NEUROSCIENCE

EXECUTIVE
FUNCTIONS
Cognitive processing of
information that exercise
conscious control over
emotions and thoughts.

FUNCTIONAL
MAGNETIC
RESONANCE IMAGING
(fMRI)
Uses the paramagnetic
properties of oxygencarrying hemoglobin in
the blood to demonstrate
the structure of brain that
are activated during
various activity.

FUNCTINAL BRAIN
IMAGING(NEUROIMA
GING)
Reveals neural activities in
particular brain regions
and networks of
connecting brain cells.

MYELIN
GRAPHIC
ORGANIZERS
The diagrams that are
designed to coincide with
the style of brain of
patterning

GRAY MATTER
The cortex or outer layer of
the brain that appears
darker gray.

HIPPOCAMPUS
Takes the sensory inputs
and integrates them with
rational or associational
patterns from preexisting
memories.

Increases the efficiency of

nerve impulse travel and
grows in layers in response
to more stimulation of a
neural pathway.

METACOGNITION
Knowledge about our own
information processing and
strategies that influence
learning that can optimize
future learning.

TERMS IN
NEUROSCIENCE

LIMBIC SYSTEM
Involved in regulation of
emotion , memory and
processing complex socioemotional
communication.

LONG-TERM
MEMORY
Created when short-term
memory is strengthened
through review and
meaningful association
with existing patterns and
prior knowledge.

OLIGODENDROCYTES

MYELINATION
The formation of the
myelin sheath
around the nerve
fiber.

NEURONAL
CIRCUITS

The GLIA that

specialized to form the
myelin sheath around
many axonal
projections.

OCCIPITAL LOBES
The posterior lobes of the
brain process optical input
among other functions.

NUMERACY
TERMS IN
NEUROSCIENCE

This is where the repeated

stimulation of grouped
neuronal connections

The ability to reason

with numbers and other
mathematical concepts.

placed.

NEURONS
Specialized cells in the
brain and throughout the
nervous system that
control storage and
processing information.

NEUROPLASTICITY
Refers to the remarkable
capacity of the brain to
change its molecular ,
microarchitectural and
functional organization in
response to injury or
experience.

NEUROTRANSMITTER
Transport information
across synapses and also
circulate through the
brain to influence larger
regions of the brain.

PARIETAL LOBES
Function for process
sensory data among
other function.

POSITRON
EMISSION
TOMOGRAPHY
(PET SCANS)

RETICULAR
ACTIVATING
SYSTEM (RAS)
Filters all the incoming
stimuli whether attended
to or ignored.

RAD LEARNING

TERMS IN
NEUROSCIENCE

One of the main brain

systems that build better
brain. Short for REACH
AND DISCOVER.

PREFRONTAL
CORTEX

Functional imaging
technique in learning
research.

PREDICTION
Is what the brain does with
the information it patterns.
Successful prediction is
one of the best problemsolving strategies the brain
has.

The hub of neural

networks with intake and
output to almost all other
regions of the brain.

VENN
DIAGRAM
ROTE MEMORY
This type of
memorization is the
most commonly
required memory task
for children in school.

A type of graphic
organizer used to
compare and contrast
information.

TERMS IN
NEUROSCIENCE

SEROTONIN
A neurotransmitter
used to carry
messages between
neurons.

SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
This memory can hold
and manipulated
information for use in
immediate future.

SYNAPSE
The gaps between
nerve endings where
neurotransmitter carry
information the space
from one neuron to
another.

Enjoyable environment and

variety ways of learning
provided by TEACHERS
enhance student brain and
enable them to focus in
learning process.

CONCLUSION
Neuroscience is the most important knowledge that must be
teach to the future teachers .
This field tells us how the brain function and it relationship to
the learning process.
Optimum environment that enhance the brain of students
must be provided to increase the effective in learning.
This will lead the students to achieved success.