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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
One of environments problems in this era is the trash getting more difficult to
prevent. Especially plastic garbage is one of garbage that has large volume in this earth.
This is happened because the decomposer like bacteria cannot dissolving it. One of the
example is styrofoam. Styrofoam, also called polystyrene, mostly used for food containers.
Since it made from plastic, styrofoam is very light, waterproof, and hardly leak. Hot food or
another liquid in it is hardly leaked out so it makes styrofoam are comfortable to be touched
while eating. Many people use styrofoam as food containers because it is cheap and easy to
use.
People would just throw styrofoam away after use it and it will become a trash,
since styrofoam is a single-use eating equipment. Styrofoam is not the kind of plastic which
can be used over and over again even though it has been washed. Since styrofoam cannot
decompose naturally after used, then it will only turned into a big pile of styrofoam waste.
Beside hardly to decompose, styrofoam is also dangerous for our body. This problem
caused of styrofoam decomposed by million hazardous chemical substances that can be
absorbed by other materials, e.g. food, in high temperature, its can make the food
contaminated with the chemical substances in styrofoam.
Because of that problem, people should have good solutions about their healthy by
decreasing the utilization to use styrofoam as food packs. Today experts study deeper how
to recycle styrofoam using natural substances. Based on discrepancy between fact and
hope, writer interested to investigate observation and research about investigating extract
galangal and citrus peel on dissolving styrofoam.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
The biggest environmental health concern associated with polystyrene is the danger
associated with Styrene, the basic building block of polystyrene. Styrene is used
extensively in the manufacture of plastics, rubber, and resins.
A 1986 EPA report on solid waste named the polystyrene manufacturing process as
the 5th largest creator of hazardous waste.
The National Bureau of Standards Center for Fire Research identified 57 chemical
by products released during the combustion of polystyrene foam. The process of
making polystyrene pollutes the air and creates large amounts of liquid and solid
waste.
Beside that Toxic chemicals leach out of these products into the food that they
contain (especially when heated in a microwave). These chemicals threaten human
health and reproductive systems.
These products are made with petroleum, a non-sustainable and heavily polluting
resource.
blossoms of some species are also a source of essential oils used for perfumes and similar
products. Citrus fruits can be damaged by freezing temperatures, pests (scale insects, rust
mites), and various bacterial, viral, and fungal diseases (e.g., citrus canker, greening,
tristeza, and melanose).
2.3 Galangal
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd is commonly known as galangal, greater galanga;, Java
galangal and Siamese Ginger. Related species A.Offcinarum is lesser galangal. Galangal is
the source plant for Ayurvedic raw drug Rasna, a popular remedy for rheumatism and
respiratoty ailments. It is also used as a spice and the volatile oil attracts more international
interest because of its high medicinal value.
Greater galangal is native to Indonesia but has become naturalized in many parts of
South and South-East Asian Countries. The oldest report about its use and existence is from
Southern China and Java. It occurs frequently in sub-Himalayan region of Bihar, West
Bengal and Assam. In Asia, galangal is used against arthritis, diabetes, stomach problems,
and difficulty in swallowing. Young rhizome is a spice and is used to flavour various dishes
in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and China.
Composition of galangal rhizomes / 100g dry matter is moisture- 14g, total ash-9g,
matter soluble in 80 % ethanol-49g, matter soluble in water-19g, total sugar-9gr, total
nitrogen-3g, total protein-16gr, essential oil content-0,2-1,5% (dry wt). Fresh rhizomes
yield about 0,1% oil on steam distillation with a peculiar strong and spicy odour.
(Medicinal Plants: Vol.02. Horticulture Science series).
2.4 Extract Galangal
Extracts is a preperation obtained by combing an hebral subtances and a solvent
(grain alcohol, vegetable glyceria, water, vinegar, etc.) and then evaporating the solution
down to the required concentration, or to a complete or approximate dryness. (Rayburn,
Debra.1961. Lets Get Natural with Herbs).
While, extract galangal itself means the flavoring extract prepared from galangal
and contains in each one hundred cubic centimetres the water or soluble matters from not
less than twenty grams of galangal. extracts of galangal plants that already seperated from
their plup or waste, and the result is on solid form. Usually, to get the extract, we must
blend that galangal and then we seperate it from their waste or plup.
2.5 D-Limonene
D'Limonene is obtained as a by-product of the citrus juice industry. It is the major
component of the oil extracted from the rinds of citrus fruits. There are two main grades of
d'Limonene which are called food grade and technical grade. When citrus fruits are juiced,
the oil is extracted out of the rind. The juice is separated from the oil and the oil is distilled
to recover certain flavor and fragrance compounds. This is called food grade d-limonene
which is 96% to 97% pure and has a mild orange aroma. After the juicing process, the peels
are taken to a steam extractor. More oil is extracted from the peel. When the steam is
condensed, a layer of oil floats on the surface of the condensed water. This is called
technical grade d'Limonene which is 95% pure and has a strong orange aroma. Both
products are called orange terpenes. Both are kosher-certified. Food grade d'Limonene is
usually used for consumer products and technical grade is used for industrial products.
Depending on the composition, d-limonene can dissolve paraffin waxes, greases, plastic
(Styrofoam, etc). During the last ten years, the use of d'Limonene has grown immensely.
Much of the product is used to give an orange fragrance to products, used as a secondary
cooling fluid and used in making paint solids. However, the largest growth has been in both
household/institutional and industrial products. D-Limonene can be used as a straight
solvent or as a water dilutable product.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
solute, in the case of solids, has its crystalline structure disintegrated as separate ions,
atoms, and molecules form. In this study, The meaning of dissolving is the transformation
of the styrofoam from a big size into the small one, in order that, will be easier for
recycling.
3.2 Variables of Research
Factors
Extract galangal and citrus peel.
Volume of solvent, room temperature, vessel
3.
Dependent
In this study, the author will analyze the data from the experiment by writing a note,
which include condition of styrofoam, to find out if the solvent can dissolve the styrofoam.
The author will record the result everyday. The author also will use a camera to take
pictures of the study from the first day until the end of the study.
Table 3.2
Observation Result
No.
1.
2.
Styrofoam
Solvent
Extract Galangal
Citrus Peel
Day
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Size
Condition
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION
Citrus peel, 200 gr for each experiment which will be replaced in every 2
days.
Galangal, 200 gr for each experiment which will be replaced in every 2
days.
Styrofoam
Water
b.) Equiptment
1 Blender
1 Knife
2 isolated plastic container (800 ml)
1 Ruler
1 Neraca
c.) Procedure
Cut two piece of styrofoam in a same size. Each piece is 5 x 1.5 cm. This is
bit yellow-ish. It looks like a tiny and still elastic like a rubber until the last day. On the
fourth day the shape is become smaller and looks like rice. The styrofoam becomes even
more thinner, elastic and wet than before.
Table 4.1 Observation Result for Citrus Peel
No.
1.
Day
1st
Styrofoam Size
3.5 x 1 cm
Condition
Quite elastic and a little bit soaky. There is
2.
2nd
2.3 x 0.8 cm
3.
3rd
2 x 0.7 cm
smaller.
The Styrofoam becomes more elastic. The shape
is changed, and there is a size difference from the
4.
4th
1.5 x 0.5 cm
other day.
The Styrofoam becomes more elastic like a
rubber. The shape is changed, and there is a size
5.
5th
1 x 0.5 cm
On the last day of this observation, there is a huge difference for the styrofoam on
citruss peel. The styrofoam becomes really small just 1 cm x 0.5 cm, much smaller than
the first day. Still, citruss styofoam is the best solvent that can dissolving a styrofoam.
b.) Observation result for extract galangal, the researcher took the data as follows:
Table 4.2 Observation Result for Extract Galangal
No.
1.
Day
1st
Styrofoam Size
5 x 1.5 cm
Condition
Did not affect the styrofoam yet. It is pretty stiff
2.
2nd
5 x 1.5 cm
5 x 1.5 cm
4.
4th
4.9 x 1.5 cm
rd
5th
4.9 x 1.5 cm
length difference.
The length and width still same with the fourth
day. It is pretty stiff just like before. Nothing
changes about the structure.
For the styrofoam of extract galangal, the effect is not seen, there is no an effect.
The width and length still same until the third day. The styrofoam is still pretty stiff. Until
the last day, there is still no other physical effect like becomes elastic or soaky yet.
Everyday for the styrofoam of extract galangal, theres no such react like a little bit soaky
or elastic. On the fourth and fifth day the size finally, there is a small effect for the
styrofoam of extract galangal. But, the styrofoam is just stiff as before. Only 1 mm length
difference, but it just look like there are no difference with the first day. Since there is a
little physical react, that means the extract galangal is not able to dissolve styrofoam.
4.3 Interpretations
From the research that has been done in the five days, it can be see that all kinds of
citrus species are able to dissolve styrofoam naturally. Citrus is able to dissolve the
styrofoam matter in a couple hours in the first day, because in citrus peel has the highest
amount of d-limonene, which is the chemical substance that able to dissolve styrofoam
naturally. D-Limonene is obtained as a by-product of the citrus juice industry. It is the
major component of the oil extracted from the rinds of citrus fruits . Depending on the
composition, d-limonene can dissolve paraffin waxes, greases, and plastic (Styrofoam, etc).
On the other hand, extract galangal is not able to dissolve styrofoam because during
five days, the size of the styrofoam keep constant and the condition just pretty stiff, nothing
changes. That is caused extract galangal does not has d-limonene component. Based on the
experiment result we can conclude that citruss peel is the most efficient to dissolve
styrofoam naturally than extract galangal.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions of the Research
Based on the research, it can be concluded that :
1. Extract galangal takes many days to dissolve the styrofoam and there is just a little
difference. It is because extract galangal does not has the highest amount of dlimonene, which is the chemical substance that able to dissolve styrofoam naturally.
2. Citrus peel is able to dissolve styrofoam naturally. From the time point of view,
citrus peel is the fastest media that can dissolve a styrofoam than extract galangal in
this experiment.
3. Therefore, citrus peel is the best and most effective kind of natural plant or fruit to
dissolve the styrofoam naturally. Because citrus is able to dissolve the styrofoam
matter in a couple hours in the first day.
5.2. Suggestions
For the readers, we should be able to reduce the inedible waste on our daily life.
One of the inedible wastes that usually used in household is styrofoam. Try to decrease of
using styrofoam as a pack. Since styrofoam is unable to dissolved naturally in our
environment, we should use the citrus peel that we could easily find.
Other people may apply any other natural waste to dissolve styrofoam. So in a same
time people may reduce both the amount of natural waste and styrofoam waste in their
surroundings.