Elesolution Manual Multivariable Calculus Fourth Editionctrostatics Field Theory

Outline Introduction Coulombs Law Electric field Intensity Electric flux Electric Potential Materials Energy Capacitors
Electrostatics
Steven Armoo
RUCST
April 13, 2015
Steven Armoo (RUCST)
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
1 / 32
Outline
1
Introduction
Coulombs Law
Electric field Intensity
Electric flux
Electric Potential
Materials
Energy
Capacitors
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
2 / 32
Outline
1
Introduction
Coulombs Law
Electric flux
Electric Potential
Materials
Energy
Capacitors
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
2 / 32
Outline
1
Introduction
Coulombs Law
Electric flux
Electric Potential
Materials
Energy
Capacitors
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
2 / 32
Outline
1
Introduction
Coulombs Law
Electric flux
Electric Potential
Materials
Energy
Capacitors
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
2 / 32
Outline
1
Introduction
Coulombs Law
Electric flux
Electric Potential
Materials
Energy
Capacitors
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
2 / 32
Outline
1
Introduction
Coulombs Law
Electric flux
Electric Potential
Materials
Energy
Capacitors
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
2 / 32
Outline
1
Introduction
Coulombs Law
Electric flux
Electric Potential
Materials
Energy
Capacitors
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
2 / 32
Outline
1
Introduction
Coulombs Law
Electric flux
Electric Potential
Materials
Energy
Capacitors
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
2 / 32
Introduction
1
Static electric fields(electrostatics) - due to charges at rest
A charge can be either be concentrated at a point or distributed - in

any case the charge is assumed to be constant in time
Coulombs law of electrostatic force between two point charges fixed

in space
Electric field intensity as the force per unit charge

We would also establish that
I
I
the electric field intensity is irrotational or conservative

the work done in moving a charge from one point to another in an
electrostatic field is independent of the path taken
Some aspects discussed here may be a repetition
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
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Coulombs Law
1
Coulombs law pertaining to the electric force that one charged

particle exerts on the other
I
I
I
I
directly proportional to the product of the charges

inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
directed along the line between them and
attractive(repulsive) for unlike(like) charges
If q1 and q2 are two charged particles situated at points P(x, y , z)

and Q(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ), electric force acting on q1 due to q2 is
F =K
q1q2
R2
(1)
In SI Unit, the constant of proportionality is

K=
1
40
Electrostatics
(2)
April 13, 2015
4 / 32
Coulombs Law
1
where 0 = 8.85 1012

of free space(vacuum)
109
36
farad/meter (F/m) is the permitivity
F~12 =
1 q1q2
~a12
2
40 R12
(3)
~a12 is the unit vector from 2 to 1
expand ~a12 ***

Equation is not only valid for charged particles but also for charged
bodies can be considered point charges
I
6
As long as their sizes are much less than the distance between them
F~12 = F~21
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
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Coulombs Law
1
Coulombs law obeys the principle of superposition

I
The total force F~t acting on a point charge q due to a system of n

point charges is the vector sum of the forces exerted individually by
each charge on q.
F~t =
n
X
i=1
qi (~r ~ri )
40 |~r ~ri |3
(4)
Example 1: Two point charges of 0.7mC and 4.9C are situated in

free space at (2,3,6) and (0,0,0). Calculate the force acting on the
0.7mC charge. [0.18~ax + 0.27~ay + 0.54~az N]
Example 2: Three equal charges of 200nC are placed in free space at

(0,0,0), (2,0,0) and (0,2,0). Determine the total force acting on a
charge of 500nC at (2,2,0). [304.6(~ax + ~ay )N]
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
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1
A charge will always exert force on another charge - action at a

distance
If one charge is moved toward the other the force must change
instantaneously
By the theory of relativity, increase in the force is not instantaneous
Energy and momentum associated with the system of charges is

temporarily out of balance
Useful to define the force acting on a charge in the presence of

another charge in terms of a field.
There exists an Electric Field or Electric Field Intensity everywhere in

space surrounding the charge
When another charge is brought into the field, it experiences a force

acting on it - action by contact
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
7 / 32

1
To detect the electric field intensity at a point P, place a unit positive

charge qt at that point and measure the force on it
Theorem
The Electric Field Intensity is then defined as the force per unit charge
2
qt creates its own electric field

I
I
I
distorts the initial electric field

its value must be decreased, qt 0
generate exponential curve of |Ft | and qt
Theorem
The Electric Field Intensity, E~ , the force per unit charge exerted on a test
charge, qt as the magnitude of qt 0, is
F~
E~ = lim
qt 0 qt
Electrostatics
(5)
April 13, 2015
8 / 32

1
Electric field intensity, a vector field, has the units of N/C, which is
dimensionaly equal to V/m
If E~ is the electric field intensity at a point, P in space, the force
acting on a charge q is
F~q = q E~
E~ =
(6)
q ~r1 ~r2
q
~aR
=
3
40 |~r1 ~r2 |
40 R 2
(7)
The Electric field intensity due to n point charges is

E~ =
n
X
i=1
qi
(~r ~ri )
40 |~r ~ri |3
Electrostatics
(8)
April 13, 2015
9 / 32

1
Example 3: Two point charges of 20nC and -20nC are situated at

(1,0,0) and (0,1,0) in free space. Determine the electric field intensity
at (0,0,1). [63.67(~ax + ~ay )V /m]
Thus far we have assumed that the charge is concentrated at a point.
Cases of complexity involve the continuous distribution of charges on

linear elements, on surfaces and in volumes.
Line Charge Density

Line Charge Density, the charge per unit length is defined as
q
l0 l
l = lim
(9)
where q is the charge on a linear element l
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
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Surface Charge Density
Surface Charge Density, the charge per unit area is defined as
q
s0 s
s = lim
(10)
where q is the charge on a surface element s
Volume Charge Density

Volume Charge Density, the charge per unit volume is defined as
q
q0 v
v = lim
(11)
where q is the charge contained in a volume element v

Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
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Assignment
A semi-infinite line extending from - to 0 along the z axis carries a
uniform charge distribution of 100nC/m. Find the electric field intensity at
point P(0,0,2). If a charge of 1C is placed at P, calculate the force acting
on it.
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
12 / 32
Electric Flux
1
Place a point charge in an electric field and allow it to move
The force acting on it will move it along a certain path

This path is called line of force or a flux line
I
4
we can create many lines by repeating the process
In order not to crowd a region with infinite lines of force

I
arbitrarily state that the number of lines due to a charge is equal to the
magnitude of the charge in coulombs
The field lines are said to represent the flux
For an isolated positive point charge, the electric flux points radially
outwards
The electric field intensity at any point is tangential to the lines of

electric flux
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
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Electric Flux
1
Early investigators established the following properties for electric

flux:
I
I
I
It must be independent of the medium

Its magnitude solely depends on the charge from which it originates
If a point charge is enclosed in an imaginary sphere of radius, R, the
electric flux must pass perpendicularly and uniformly through the
surface of the sphere.
The electric flux density, flux per unit area, is then inversely
proportional to R 2
~ can be defined interms of electric field

The elctric flux density, D
intensity E~ as
~ = 0 E~
D
(12)
~
Substituting for E due to a point charge, the elctric flux density, with
units [C /m2 ] at a radius, r is
~ =
D
q
~ar
40 r 2
Electrostatics
(13)
April 13, 2015
14 / 32
Definition of Electric Flux

1
~ as
We can now define electric flux, interms of elctric flux density, D
Z
~ ds
~
= D.
(14)
s
~ is the surface differential element on surface, s

where ds
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
15 / 32
Gausss Law
Gausss law states that the net outward flux passing through a closed
surface is equal to the toal charge enclosed by that surface. That is
I
~ ds
~ =Q
D.
(15)
s
Gausss law can also be expressed in terms of electric field intensity in free
space as
I
~ = Q
(16)
E~ .ds
0
s
If the charges are distributed in a volume bounded by a surface, then
equation (16) can be written as
I
Z
~ ds
~ = v dv
D.
(17)
s
Equation (17) is the integral form of Gausss law

Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
16 / 32
Gauss Law
1
Gauss law can be used to determine the total charge enclosed if the
electric field intensity or the electric flux density is known at all points
on the surface.
By Applying the divergence theorem, equation (17) can be written as

Z
Z
~ dv = v dv
5.D
(18)
v
v
3
At any point in space

~ = v
5 .D
(19)
Equation (19) is called the point or differential of Gausss law
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
17 / 32
Electric Potential
1
If we place a positive test charge, q in an electric field, E~ , there will

be a force on the charge given by F~ = q E~
~ The amount of work
The charge moves a differential distance, dl,
done by the E~ field, is given by
~ = q E~ .dl
~
dWe = F~ .dl
The subscript e signifies that the work is done by the E~ field.

If the test charge is moved against the direction of the E~ by an
external force, F~ext , the differential work done by the external force is
~
dW = F~ext .dl
Assume that the external force just balances the electric force to
avoid any kinetic energy considerations,
~
dW = q E~ .dl
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
18 / 32
Electric Potential
1
The total work done by the external force in moving the test charge
from point b to a is:
Z a
~
Wab = q
E~ . dl
(20)
b
If we move the test charge around a closed path, the work done must
be zero
I
~ =0
E~ . dl
(21)
c
Equation (21), states that, the E~ field under static conditions is

irrotational or conservative. However, a field is conservative if its curl
is zero, thus
5x E~ = 0
(22)
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
19 / 32
Electric Potential
1
If the curl of a vector field is zero, the vector field can be represented
in terms of the gradient of a scalar field as
E~ = 5 V
(23)
Equation (20) can be expressed as

Z a
Z
~
~
Wab = q
E . dl = q
b
~
5V .dl
~ = dV , we have
Substituting 5V .dl
Z a
Z Va
~
~
Wab = q
E . dl = q
dV = q[Va Vb ] = qVab
b
3
(24)
Vb
Va and Vb are the values of the scalar field, V at points a and b.

They are the electric potentials at points a and b.
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
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Electric Potential
1
Vab = Va Vb , defines the potential of point a wrt point b

potential difference between two points
If the work done is positive then the potential at point a is higher
than that at point b.
When the external force is pushing the positive test charge q against
the E~ , the potential energy of the charge is increasing.
The work done in moving the test charge against the E~ field is equal
to the increase in the potential energy of the charge.
The potential difference is the change in potential energy per unit
charge in the limit q 0
Z a
Wab
~
Vab = lim
=
E~ .dl
(25)
q0 q
b
Units of joules per coulomb, [J/C ] or volts, [V ]
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
21 / 32
Example
Determine the potential difference between two points due to a point
charge, q at the origin
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
22 / 32
Conductors
1
A conductor is a material, such as a metal, that posseses a relatively

large number of free electrons.
An electron is said to be free if it
I
I
I
I
is loosely associated with its nucleus

is free to wander through the conductor
responds to almost an infinitesmal electric field
contimues to move as long as it experiences a force
As the number of valence electrons increases the, the conductivity of

the material decreases
Under steady-state(equilibrium) conditions, the net volume charge
density within the conductor is zero.
v = 0
(26)
The net electric field inside a conductor under steady-state is zero

E~ = 0
Electrostatics
(27)
April 13, 2015
23 / 32
Dielectrics
1
An ideal dielectric(insulator) is a material with no free electrons in its

lattice structure
An ideal dielectric is a material in which positive and negative charges

are so sternly bound that they are inseparable. It has zero
conductivity.
Under the influence of an electric field, the molecules of a dielectric

material experience distortion polarized.
We can generalize the definition of electric flux density for any

medium as
~ = 0 E~ + P
~
D
(28)
~ is the polarization vector to include the effect of polarization

where P
in a dielectric material.
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
24 / 32
Dielectrics
~ = 0 E~
P
(29)
Equation (28) can now be expressed as

~ = 0 (1 + )E~
D
(30)
The quantity (1 + ) is called relative permittivity or dielectric constant

r . Electric flux density finally becomes
~ = 0 r E~ = E~
D
(31)
The maximum E~ field that a dielectric can withstand prior to breakdown is

called the dielectric strength of the material
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
25 / 32
Semiconductors
1
In materials like Si and Ge, a small fraction of the total number of

valence electrons are free to move about randomly within the space
lattice.
Free electrons impart some conductivity to the material.
This type of material, semiconductor is a poor conductor
Under steady-state conditions, the net electric field inside an isolated

semi conductor will be zero
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
26 / 32
Energy in an Electric field

1
Let us consider a region devoid of electric field charges, if any, must

be located at infinity
Let us assume n point charges at infinite distance from the region
under consideration
The energy required to bring a charge, q1 from infinity and place it a
point a is W1 = 0. Why ?
Let us bring another charge, q2 from infinity to a point b, the energy
required to do so is
q1 q2
W2 = q2 Vb,a =
(32)
4R
where Vb,a is the potential established at point b due to the charge at
point a and R is the distance between the two charges.
q1 q2
TotalEnergy , W = W1 + W2 =
(33)
4R
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
27 / 32

1
Let us now extend to a system of three charges, q1 , q2 and q3,

brought from infinity to the points a, b and c.
The enrgy required to do this would be
W = W1 + W2 + W3 = 0 + q2 Vb,a + q3 (Vc,a + Vc,b )

1 q2 q1 q3 q1 q3 q2
+
+
=
4 R2,1
R3,1
R3,2
Assume the charges were brought in the reverse order, then total
energy expended would have been
W = W3 + W2 + W1 = 0 + q2 Vb,c + q1 (Va,c + Va,b )

1 q2 q3 q1 q3 q1 q2
=
+
+
4 R2,3
R1,3
R1,2
same as previous equation
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
28 / 32

1
Adding the two previous equations, we obtain

1
W = [q1 (Va,c + Va,b ) + q2 (Vb,a + Vb,c ) + q3 (Vc,a + Vc,b )] (34)
2
Because Va,c + Va,b is the total potential at point a due to charges at
points b and c, we can write

1
q3
q2
V1 = Va,c + Va,b =
+
(35)
4 R1,3 R1,2
Similarly, the potentials at b and c are V2 = Vb,a + Vb,c and

V3 = Vc,a + Vc,b
The total energy can now be written as
3
1
1X
W = [q1 V1 + q2 V2 + q3 V3 ] =
qi Vi
2
2
(36)
i=1
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
29 / 32
Capacitors
1
Two insulated conductors of any arbitrary shape adjacent to each

other form a capacitor
By applying an external charge, charges are transfered from one

conductor to the other. All times, the conductors will have equal but
opposite charges.
This separation of charges establishes and E~ field in the dielectric
medium potential difference between the two conductors. The

potential difference between the conductors is proportional to the
charge transfered.
4
Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the charge on one conductor

to its potential wrt the other.
C=
Qa
Vab
Electrostatics
(37)
April 13, 2015
30 / 32
Equations
1
The potential of plate a wrt plate b is

Vab =
(38)
Thus the capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is

C=
Qd
A
Q
A
=
Vab
d
(39)
The energy stored in the system is

W =
1 2 1
2
Q = CVab
2C
2
Electrostatics
(40)
April 13, 2015
31 / 32
Question
A spherical capacitor is formed by two concentric metallic spheres of radii
a and b. The charge of the inner sphere is +Q and that on the outer
sphere is Q. Determine the capacitance of the system. What is the
capacitance of an isolated sphere? Assuming the earth to be an isolated
sphere of radius 6.5X 106 meters, calculate its capacitance. Deduce an
approximate expression for the capacitance when the separation between
the spheres is very small as compared to their radii.
Electrostatics
April 13, 2015
32 / 32

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Outline Introduction Coulombs Law Electric field Intensity Electric flux Electric Potential Materials Energy Capacitors

April 13, 2015

Steven Armoo (RUCST)

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

April 13, 2015

Static electric fields(electrostatics) - due to charges at rest

A charge can be either be concentrated at a point or distributed - in

Coulombs law of electrostatic force between two point charges fixed

Electric field intensity as the force per unit charge

the electric field intensity is irrotational or conservative

Some aspects discussed here may be a repetition

Steven Armoo (RUCST)

April 13, 2015

Coulombs law pertaining to the electric force that one charged

directly proportional to the product of the charges

If q1 and q2 are two charged particles situated at points P(x, y , z)

In SI Unit, the constant of proportionality is

where 0 = 8.85 1012

farad/meter (F/m) is the permitivity

~a12 is the unit vector from 2 to 1

expand ~a12 ***

Steven Armoo (RUCST)

April 13, 2015

Coulombs law obeys the principle of superposition

The total force F~t acting on a point charge q due to a system of n

Example 1: Two point charges of 0.7mC and 4.9C are situated in

Example 2: Three equal charges of 200nC are placed in free space at

Steven Armoo (RUCST)

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

A charge will always exert force on another charge - action at a

By the theory of relativity, increase in the force is not instantaneous

Energy and momentum associated with the system of charges is

Useful to define the force acting on a charge in the presence of

There exists an Electric Field or Electric Field Intensity everywhere in

When another charge is brought into the field, it experiences a force

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

To detect the electric field intensity at a point P, place a unit positive

qt creates its own electric field

distorts the initial electric field

Electric field Intensity

The Electric field intensity due to n point charges is

Steven Armoo (RUCST)

April 13, 2015

Electric field Intensity

Example 3: Two point charges of 20nC and -20nC are situated at

Thus far we have assumed that the charge is concentrated at a point.

where 0 = 8.85 1012