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OVERALL EXPECTATIONS
D2. Investigate through laboratory activities, the structures of cell
components and their roles in processes that occur within the cell
D3. Demonstrate an understanding of concepts related to molecular
genetics, and how genetic modifications is applied in industry and agriculture
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS
D2.1 Use appropriate terminology related to molecular genetics
D2.2 Analyze a simulated strand of DNA to determine the genetic code and
base pairing of DNA
D3.1 Explain the current model of DNA replication, and describe the different
repair mechanisms that can correct mistakes in DNA sequencing
D3.2 Compare the structures and functions of RNA and DNA, and explain
their roles in the process of protein synthesis
D3.3 Explain the steps involved in the process of protein synthesis and how
genetic expression is controlled in prokaryotes and eukaryotes by regulatory
proteins
D3.4 Explain how mutagens, such as radiation and chemicals, can cause
mutations by changing the genetic material in the cells
D3.5 Describe some examples of genetic modification, and explain how it is
applied in industry and agriculture
D3.6 Describe the functions of some of the cell components used in
biotechnology
D3.7 Describe, on the basis of research, some of the historical scientific
contributions that have advanced our understanding of molecular genetics
SOURCES
Nelson Biology 12: University Preparation
http://seniorbiology8.wikispaces.com/Genetic+Processes
NOTES
This unit test is a summative assessment (assessment OF learning) of what the students
have learned throughout the unit. It is to be completed after all appropriate expectations
(according to the Grade 12 Science Ontario Curriculum) have been covered in the
molecular genetics unit.
Calculators are not required, but students may use them if they wish.
A codon chart is provided for students, attached at end of test.
Students with special needs may require more time to complete the unit test.
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Test
Question
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Question Type
Multiple choice
Coded
Ministry
Expectations
D3.3
D3.3
D3.1
D3.1
D3.7
D3.1, D3.2
D2.2
D3.4
D2.1
D3.2
D2.1
D3.2
D3.7
D3.5
D3.4
D2.1
Diagram
Numerical
D3.7
Problem
Essay D2.1, D3.7
Short Answer
D2.2, D3.4
Data Analysis
D3.3, D3.5
Essay D2.1, D3.1
Essay D2.1, D3.6
Essay D2.1, D3.3
Thinking and
Investigation
Communication
Application
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T/I
/13
C
/10
A
/14
TOTAL
/52
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14. What is the first step in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
a) Annealing the DNA primers
b) Building a complementary DNA strand between the primers
c) Placing the solutions in an ice-water bath
d) Separating the strands of DNA
15. Which kind of mutation has the least impact on an organism:
a) Deletion
b) Insertion
c) Nonsense
d) Silent
PART B: Application [14]
16. Label any 10 different things in the diagram below of replicating DNA. [10]
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%A=%T=72/2=36
Paraphrase:
Therefore, the percentages of the following bases are:
A=36%
T=36%
C=14%
PART C: Thinking/Inquiry [13]
18. What if Meselson and Stahls observations had looked like the tubes below? What
would this mean for their conclusion and why? [3]
Parents.
First Generation
Second Generation
This would mean that the DNA replication is taking place in a conservative way (versus
semiconservative replication) and thats why they have light 14N bands in the first
generation along with the heavy 15N bands as well. If the DNA is replicating
conservatively, one of the original heavy 15N copies is saved for one of the daughter cells
and the other 14N light copy would be used for another daughter cell in the first
generation. Even in the second generation when one of the daughter cells with the heavy
15
N DNA replicates, it produces one heavy 15N DNA and one light 14N DNA. When the
other daughter cell from the first generation replicates, it produces the daughter cells both
with light 14N DNA. Hence, in the second generation there are three daughter cells with
light 14N DNA.
19. Use the DNA sequence 5-ATCTCCTGGTAA-3 to demonstrate the effect of each
type of mutation on the resulting polypeptide sequence. Include sequences for DNA,
mRNA, and polypeptide. [6]
a) Missense mutation
DNA 5-ATGTCCTGGTAA-3
3-TACAGGACCATT-5
mRNA 5-AUGUCCUGGUAA-3
polypeptide ---Met-Ser-Trp--b) Frameshift mutation
DNA 5-ATCTCCGTGGTAA-3
3-TAGAGGCACCATT-5
mRNA 5-AUCUCCGUGGUAA-3
polypeptide ---Ile-Ser-Val-Val--20. You are a scientist who has discovered a bacterium that has a biochemical pathway of
one reactant, three intermediate substrates and one product, five chemicals all
together, which we will call A, B, C, D, and E, which may not occur in this order. You
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expose some of the bacteria to radiation to create defective mutants. You find four
nutritional mutants that need one of the five substances added to them in order to get
them to grow. The data is shown in the table below. Determine the order of the
substrate molecules (A-E) in the biochemical pathway, and the order of the enzymes
(E1-E4) that catalyze these reactions. [4]
Enzyme
destroyed
1
2
3
4
Growth
media with A
+
+
-
Growth
media with B
-
E4
D
Growth
media with C
+
-
E1
E
E3
A
Growth
media with D
+
+
+
+
Growth
media with E
+
+
+
-
E2
C
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3. Select artificial engineered plasmid with antibiotic resistance (e.g. Ampicillinresistant) and multiple cloning site.
4. Cut the circular plasmid, using same restriction enzymes used to cut the gene of
interest. This allows both DNA and plasmid to anneal.
5. Place DNA fragments and plasmids into the same solution and allow annealing.
6. Transform recombinant DNA molecule into bacterial cells (e.g. E. coli) to allow
replication within cells.
7. Grow bacteria containing plasmids on a culture medium containing antibiotic
resistance.
8. Use special filter paper laid on the bacterial plate to pick up cells from each
bacterial colony. This is a replica of the plate.
9. Filter paper is treated to lyse bacteria, and dsDNA is denatured to ssDNA,
which remains stuck to the filter paper in the same position as the colony it
came from.
10. A radioactive-labelled probe that is complementary to the target gene is
incubated with the ssDNA on the filter paper. The probe hybridizes only with
the target gene, and excess probe is washed off.
11. The filter is placed against a film that is exposed wherever the radioactive probe
has hybridized. The position of any radioactive spot is correlated to the original
plate.
12. The colony is isolated and used to produce large quantities of the target gene.
23. Describe the lac operon that prokaryotes use for controlling gene expression. [10]
The lac operon is a set of three genes that code for the proteins involved in the
metabolism of lactose, an energy source for prokaryotes that is acquired from the
environment. The operon consists of a promoter (site where DNA transcription
begins), an operator (a sequence of bases that control transcription), and the
coding regions for the various enzymes that actually metabolize the lactose, lacZ,
lacY, and lacA. Upstream from the operon is a gene that codes for a repressor
protein. This protein, lacI, takes cues from the environment (i.e. the concentration
of lactose within a cell) and regulates the production of the lactose-metabolizing
proteins. The genes for lacI are always transcribed, so this repressor is always
present within a cell.
In the absense of lactose, lacI is active and binds to the operator, preventing RNA
polymerase from transcribing the metabolizing proteins. However, in the presence
of lactose in the cell, lactose molecules bind to lacI preventing it from binding to
the operator. This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and begin
transcription of the lactose metabolizing proteins. The enzymes that metabolize
lactose are synthesized and start to break down the lactose in the cell. When the
concentration of the lactose in the cell decreases, the amount of inactivated lacI
decreases and is eventually reactivated to binds to the operator, preventing
transcription.
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Codon Chart