Beruflich Dokumente
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Magnetic Circuits
EN1560-Magnetic Circuits
Copyright 2006 by Dr G W D M Gunawardene, 2011 G Dunbar
through the space surrounding it, enters the south pole and continues through the magnet to
the starting point thus forming a closed loop. This follows that these lines never intersect.
When two magnets are arranged in such away that unlike poles are next to each other, as
shown in Fig(1.2)(a), attraction takes place. The lines of flux passing between the two
magnets behave as if they were trying to shorten themselves causing the magnets to attract
towards each other. If the magnets are arranged so that the like poles are near to each other,
as shown in Fig(1.2)(b), then repulsion takes place. It is seen that the flux lines in the space
between the two magnets are pointing in the same direction thus pushing the two magnets
away from each other.
The amount of magnetic field produced by a magnetic source is known as the magnetic flux
and the symbol used is the Greek letter . The unit of magnetic flux is the weber or Wb.
The Magnetic flux density B is defined as the amount of flux per unit area, which is
perpendicular to the direction of the flux. The unit of flux density is tesla or T. Thus we can
write the equation
Eq(1.1)
where A is the area in m . It is seen from Eq(1.1) that 1 T is equivalent to 1 Wb/(m ) which is
another way of defining the units of flux density B.
Example 1.1
The magnetic flux crossing the air gap of the magnet shown in Fig(1.3) is 12 mWb. Determine
the flux density in the air gap if the magnet has dimensions shown.
Solution 1.1
Cross sectional area A is
8 10
15 10
120 10
m2
0.012 m 2
This gives
EN1560-Magnetic Circuits
Copyright 2006 by Dr G W D M Gunawardene, 2011 G Dunbar
12 mWb
0.012
0.012
0.012
1T
8 cm
Flux
15 cm
Magnet
Clockwise
rotation of field
Anticlockwise
rotation of field
Wire
Fig(1.4)(a)
Fig(1.4)(b)
The Amperes Law is particularly useful in determining magnetic field strength near current
carrying conductors in certain geometrical arrangements. Knowing the field strength the
magnetic flux density at a point and the magnetic flux around a circuit can easily be
determined. In electrical engineering problems such as electrical machines, transformers etc,
we are often asked to design a magnetic circuit to produce a given flux. The application of the
law is straight forward provided that we know the direction of the flux and the law is most
suitable in situations where the field patterns are predictable.
The Amperes law is a statement of fact based on experiments. If a unit pole is placed on any
irregular closed path, such as path A in Fig(1.5), enclosing a current carrying conductor, it
experiences a force H, which is tangential to the path, as shown in Fig(1.5). When the unit
pole is moved an infinitely small distance along the path the work done is the product of H
and . The Amperes law states that the sum of the product of H , which is the total work
done by the unit pole in moving once around the closed path A enclosing the conductor is
numerically equal to the current flow in the conductor. This is written as
( A)
Eq(1.2)
In the limit as tends to zero this summation becomes and integral and is written as
H
0
( A)
Eq(1.3)
The circle around the integral sign indicates that the integration is done around a closed path.
If the unit pole is moved around any path, regular or irregular, which encloses the conductor
will produce the same result. However path B in Fig(1.5) fails to link the conductor and
therefore no work is done in moving a unit pole round such a path.
Closed path A
Closed path B
H
Unit pole
Conductor
H
0
( A)
Eq(1.4)
( A / m)
This force H is called the magnetising force or the magnetic field strength.
EN1560-Magnetic Circuits
Copyright 2006 by Dr G W D M Gunawardene, 2011 G Dunbar
As an example it is required to calculate the magnitude of the field strength at a point distance
r from the axis of a long conductor carrying a current I. The field pattern for such a case is
shown in Fig(1.4) and if we consider a circular path at radius r, the field strength along this
path is tangential to the path and will be constant (as the field strength at any point on a flux
line is constant). From Fig(1.6) and Eq(1.4) the field strength H at a distance r is given as
I
2 r
( A / m)
Eq(1.5)
Circular path of
length = 2 r
Wire
I Amp
l meters
mmf Fm
NI
Eq(1.6)
and has the units ampere-turns. Since N has no units sometimes it is expressed in amperes.
The magnetomotive force is the total current linked with the magnetic circuit. If the magnetic
circuit has a uniform cross section, the magnetomotive force per unit length of the magnetic
EN1560-Magnetic Circuits
Copyright 2006 by Dr G W D M Gunawardene, 2011 G Dunbar
circuit is the magnetising force or magnetic field strength discussed in Section 1.3.2. As
shown in Fig(1.7) if is the mean length (meters) of the magnetic circuit then magnetic field
strength H is given as
NI
( A / m)
Eq(1.7)
Example 1.2
A circular wooden ring of mean diameter 20 cm has a coil of 800 turns uniformly wound
around it. If the magnetic field strength is 5000 A/m calculate the current in the coil.
Solution 1.2
The mean length (circumference) of the wooden ring is =
Eq(1.7) we have
H
N
5000
20 10
800
1.5 Permeability
10
8
d =
20 10
-2
m and from
3.93 A
For free space or a non-magnetic material the ratio of magnetic flux density B to magnetic
filed strength or magnetising force H is a constant. This constant is known as the
permeability for free space and has the symbol 0. ie
0
B
H
10
Wb / m 2
AT / m
Wb
mAT
Eq(1.8)
-7
Note that this constant has a numerical value of 4 10 Wb/(mAT) as given in Eq(1.8).
Another unit for this constant is henrys/m and the interested reader can look elsewhere for
details. All non-magnetic materials are considered to have the same permeability 0 as free
space. Fig(1.8) shows a graph of flux density B plotted against the magnetic field strength H
for free space known as a B-H curve. This curve is linear and the slope of the straight line is
0.
B Wb/m
Slope =
H AT/m
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B
H
Wb /(mAT )
Eq(1.9)
where r is the relative permeability of the ferromagnetic material which has no units. From
this definition it is seen that the relative permeability of free space is 1.
By plotting measured values of B against H, a B-H curve is obtained and typical curves for
three different magnetic materials are shown in Fig(1.9). It is noted that these curves are not
linear any longer and the relative permeability r of the ferromagnetic material is proportional
to the slope of the B-H curve and therefore varies with the magnetic field strength H.
1.8
Mild Steel
1.6
1.4
Cast Steel
1.2
1
0.8
Cast Iron
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
-4
= 5 10
circumference = 60 10 m.
-2
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Copyright 2006 by Dr G W D M Gunawardene, 2011 G Dunbar
NI
200 4
60 10 2
2000 4
6
1333 A / m
10
1333
1675 10
1675 T
BA
1675 10
5 10
0.1675 5 10
0.8375 Wb
Example 1.4
Calculate the magnetomotive force required to produce a flux of 0.015 Wb across an air gap
2
2.5 mm long, having an effective area of 30 cm .
Solution 1.4
Area A of the air gap is
30 cm 2
30 10 4 m 2
0.015
30 10 4
0.015 104
30
150
30
5T
B
0
5
10
0.398 107 A / m
mmf
NI
0.398 107
2.5 10
0.9947 10 4
9947 AT
I
R
Magnetic circuit
Electric circuit
For the electric circuit shown in Fig(1.10) emf E is equivalent to the volt drop across the
resistor R and we can write the basic equation as
IR
volts
Eq(1.10)
The analogy for the magnetic circuit is that the mmf Fm is equivalent to the product of the flux
and the reluctance S. Ie
Fm
AT
Eq(1.11)
Fm
(AT/Wb)
Eq(1.12)
NI
BA
(AT/Wb)
Eq(1.13)
H
BA
(AT/Wb)
Eq(1.14)
B
A
H
m
(Wb / m 2 ) 2
m
( At / m)
m
Wb m 2
m
m 2 AT
At
Wb
At / Wb
Eq(1.15)
Now the ratio B/H is the permeability of the material considered and therefore the equation for
reluctance S becomes
m
(Wb / mAt )m 2
m
or At / Wb
Wb 2
m
mAT
Eq(1.16)
Here it is noted that is the length in meters and that A is the cross sectional area in m .
2
EN1560-Magnetic Circuits
Copyright 2006 by Dr G W D M Gunawardene, 2011 G Dunbar
Electric circuit
Quantity
Units
Emf (E)
Volt(V)
Electric field strength Volts per meter (V/m)
(E)
Current (I)
Ampere (A)
Equivalent to emf per
resistance
Current density
Ampere per squared
2
meter (A/m )
Resistance (R)
Ohm ( )
Magnetic circuit
Quantity
Units
Mmf (Fm)
Ampere turns(AT)
Magnetic filed
Ampere turns per
strength (H)
meter (AT/m)
Weber (Wb)
Magnetic flux ( )
Equivalent to mmf
per reluctance
Flux density (B)
Tesla or Weber per
squared meter
2
(Wb/m )
Reluctance (S)
Ampere turns per
Weber (AT/Wb)
Example 1.5
2
The radius and the cross sectional area of a mild steel ring are 5 cm and 400 mm
respectively. A current of 0.5 A flows in a coil wound around the ring and the flux produced is
0.1 mWb. Calculate (a) the reluctance of mild steel and (b) the number of turns of the coil if
the relative permeability is 200.
Solution 1.5
Here
Length of the ring
Cross sectional area A
Current I in the coil
Flux
Relative permeability r
-2
= 2 r = 2 (5 10 ) m,
-6
2
= 400 10 m
= 0.5 A
-3
= 0.1 10 Wb
= 200
S
0
5 10 2
200 400 10
2
r
10
5 10 2
2 10 7 2 4 10
5 107
16
3.125 106
AT / Wb
Fm
0.3125 103
312.5 ( AT )
Fm
NI
N
Fm
I
312.5
0.5
625 (turns)
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Example 1.6
A coil of 300 turns is wound uniformly over an iron ring having a uniform cross sectional area
2
of 500 mm and a mean circumference of 400 mm. If the coil has a resistance of 8
and is
connected across a 20 V dc supply, calculate the required mmf, H, and S. Assume that r is
950.
Solution 1.6
Here
Current I in the coil
= 20 8 = 2.5 A
= 0.4 m,
-6
2
= 500 10 m
= 300
= 950
(i)
Fm
NI
300 2.5
NI
750
0.4
750 AT
(ii)
1875 ( AT / m)
B
H
This gives
10
900 1875
0.9 0.1875
2.12 Wb / m 2
as
BA
2.12 500 10
1060 10
1.06 mWb
Fm
750
1.06 10
707.355 103
AT / Wb
S1
0
A1
( AT / Wb)
Eq(1.17)
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S2
0
A2
( AT / Wb)
Eq(1.18)
Specimen 1
1
A1
A2
Specimen 2
1
If a coil of N turns carrying a current I is wound on the specimen 1 and if the magnetic flux is
assumed to be confined to iron core then the total reluctance is given by the sum of the
individual reluctances S1 and S2. This is equivalent to adding the resistances of a series
circuit. Thus the total reluctance is given by
S1
S2
0
mmf
S
2
A1
A2
AT / Wb
Eq(1.19)
is
NI
1
0 1 A1
2
0 2A2
AT
( AT / Wb)
Wb
Eq(1.20)
Example 1.7
A closed magnetic circuit made out of mild steel consists of two parts. The mean length of first
2
part is 6 cm and its cross sectional area is 1 cm . The second part is 2 cm long having a cross
2
sectional area is 0.5 cm . A coil of 200 turns carrying a current of 0.4 A is wound uniformly
over the first part of the circuit. Calculate the flux density in the second path if the relative
permeability of mild steel is 750.
Solution 1.7
Here
Length of part 1 1
= 6 cm = 0.06 m
Length of part 2 2
Cross sectional area of part 1 A1
Cross sectional area of part 2 A2
Number of turns
Current I in the coil
Relative permeability of both parts
= 2 cm = 0.02 m
2
-4
2
= 1 cm = 1 10 m
2
-4
2
= 0.5 cm = 0.5 10 m
= 200
= 0.4 A
= 750
Reluctance of part 1 is
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S1
0
A1
6 10 2
10 7 750 1 10
6 107
4 7.5
6.366 105 AT / Wb
2
0 A2
S2
2 10 2
10 7 750 0.5 10
2 107
4 3.75
4.244 105 AT / Wb
S1
S2
10.61 105
AT / Wb
mmf
S
200 0.4
10.61 105
7.54 10
Wb
A2
7.54 10 5
0.5 10 4
1.508 Wb / m 2
Example 1.8
The iron core of a magnetic circuit which has an air gap in it is shown in Fig(1.12). The length
1 of the iron is 40 cm and its cross sectional area is 0.001 m and its relative permeability is
2
850. The length 2 of the air gap is 1 mm. The iron core is wound with a coil of 2000 turns and
the current flow in the coil produces a flux in the air gap of 1.5 mWb. Assuming all the flux in
the iron passes through the air gap calculate
(a) the reluctance of the iron path
(b) the reluctance of the air gap
(c) the total reluctance of the magnetic circuit
(d) the mmf needed to produce the flux
(e) the flux density in the air gap
(f) the flux density in the iron
(g) the magnetic field strength in the air gap
(h) the magnetic field strength in the iron
(i) the current in the coil
1
Air gap
I
N
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Solution 1.8
Length of iron 1
= 40 cm = 0.4 m
= 1 mm = 0.001 m
2
= 0.001 m
= 2000
= 1.5 mWb
= 850
(a)
S1
(b) As
0.374 106 AT / Wb
for air is 1
2
0A
S2
4 107
4 8.5
0.4
7
10
850 0.001
0.001
10 7 0.001
1 107
4
0.796 106 AT / Wb
S1
S2
1.17 106
AT / Wb
mmf
1755 AT
B2
1.5 10 3
0.001
1.5 Wb / m 2 or T (tesla)
(f) As same flux pass through iron core flux density of iron is the same as that of air gap.
(g) Magnetic field strength H2 of air gap is
H2
1.5
4 10
1.194 106 AT / m
H1
B
0
1.5
10 7 850
1.194 106
850
1404 AT / m
mmf
N
1755
2000
0.8775 A
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14