1.

INTRODUCTION

A tissue is a group of similar cells that have the same specialized function and
embryonic origin. The study of tissues is called histology. Body tissues can be
classified into four basic types according to their function and structure. First type of
tissues is epithelial tissues it covers body surfaces and lines hollow organ, body
cavities , and ducts . It also forms glands. Second tissue is connective tissue it
protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissue
bind organs together , store energy reserves as fat and provide immunity against
disease-causing organism. The third tissue is muscle tissue it generates the
physical force needed to make body structures move and generates body heat. The
next tissue is nervous tissue it detects changes in a variety of conditions inside
and outside the body and responds by generating nerve impulses that activate
muscular contraction and glandular secretion.
An epithelial tissue consists of cell arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or
multiple layer. The cells are closely packed with little intercellular space between
adjacent plasma membrane and are held tightly together by many cell junction. All
epithelial have superficial apical (free) surface facing body cavity, lumen or surface
and an opposing deep basal surface that adheres to an extracellular basement
membrane . The basement membrane attaches the epithelial tissue to the
underlying connective tissue. Two characteristics are used to classify epithelia :
arrangement of cell in layer and cell shape .The cell of covering and lining
epithelium can be arranged as single layer called simple epithelium two or more
layer are called stratified epithelium or single layer that that appears to have
multiple layers called pseudostratified epithelium. The cell shapes of covering and
lining epithelia include :

Simple squamous epithelium single layer of broad ,flat cell located

where filtration and diffusion occur .
Simple cuboidal epithelium single layer of cube-shaped cells, located
where secretion and absorption occur.
Simple columnar epithelium contain cells that have apical microvilli for
increase absorbtion.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Glandular epithelia

Connective tissue is widely distributed and abundant in the body and is usually
vascular. There are five types of mature connective tissue 1. Loose connective

tissue 2. Dense connective tissue 3.cartilage 4.bone tissue 5. Liquid connective

tissue.

Muscle tissue is composed of elongated cell s called muscle fibers. There are three
types of muscle tissue : skeletal ,cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle tissue is
attached to bone and is striated, multinucleated and voluntary. Cardiac muscle
tissue forms most of the heart wall and is involuntary. Smooth muscle tissue is
nonstriated with small tapered muscle fibers containing one central nucleus per cell
and is involuntary.
Nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia the cell that make up nervous
tissue are neurons and neuroglia. Neurons respond to stimuli and conduct
electrical nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle tissue or glands. Neuroglia are
smaller than neurons and function to support, nourish, and protect neurons.