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Article history:
Received 22 December 2014
Received in revised form 7 May 2015
Accepted 28 May 2015
Available online xxxx
Keywords:
Radiation
Lattice Boltzmann
Conjugate heat transfer
Porous media
a b s t r a c t
In the past, lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) have been extensively developed for momentum and
energy transport in single-phase and multi-phase uid systems. Recently, LBM based algorithms have
been developed and applied to fundamental Radiative Transport Equations (RTE), including radiation
material interactions and were found very convenient to model radiative energy exchange between
radiation and material medium. This work advances the development of Lattice Boltzmann Equations
(LBE) for radiative transport by integrating them with existing LBEs for energy and momentum transport
for solving multi-physics problems. The multi-physics example problems of thermal energy transport
where radiation, conduction and convection all are considered as important modes are modeled via this
integrated LBM. These integrated LBM models are used to solve one and two dimensional problems, and
highlight the advantage of this approach for solving multi-physics problems in a single framework. First
example involves modeling radiative and conductive heat transfer in one-dimensional slab using LBM.
The numerical results are compared with existing benchmark P1 solutions. Next example is the simulation of two-dimensional radiative porous burner with hot walls. This problem is simulated with two
numerical models: a homogenous porous media and a heterogenous model of packed obstacles which
have differential scattering and absorption interactions. The homogenous model uses analytical velocity
eld and provides a simpler approach, but has limitations in providing detailed analysis. In heterogenous
model velocity eld, temperature eld and radiation eld are computed with a set of coupled LBEs. Fluid
owing through heterogenous porous media undergoes conjugate heat exchange with obstacles and also
interacts with isotropic incident radiation. These two-dimensional example cases with different material
properties are solved with D2 Q 16 LBE template.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The advancement in the eld of high temperature materials
over the period of last two decades has potential to completely revolutionize the energy industry with the design of high efciency
systems. With the higher temperature in the energy system applications, radiation heat transfer becomes equally important along
with conduction and convection modes of heat transfer.
Therefore, the radiative mode of heat transfer with conduction
and convection has growing signicant practical importance in
many engineering applications [13]. Some of these industrial
applications include the manufacturing of glass, design of insulating material, weather forecasting, porous burners, solar collectors,
high temperature nuclear reactors etc. In the past, most of the
commercial and academic codes and calculations for the
Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 785 532 3039.
E-mail address: hbindra@ksu.edu (H. Bindra).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024
0045-7930/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: McCulloch R, Bindra H. Coupled radiative and conjugate heat transfer in participating media using lattice Boltzmann
methods. Comput Fluids (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024
2. Mathematical formulation
@Ir; X; t
X rIr; X; t ra Ir; X; t sX r; t:
@t
@Ir; X; t
1
rTr; t4 Ir; X; t
X:$Ir; X; t ja
@t
4p
Z
1
Ir; X; tdX Ir; X; t
js
4p 4p
Sr; X; t
h
i
IX r XDt; t Dt IX r; t ja wX Tr; t4 IX r; t Dt
"
#
X
js wX IX0 r; t IX r; t Dt
X0
sX r; tDt:
1
5
For a two dimensional Cartesian LBE lattice, Eq. (5) reduces to
and
qC p
@Tr; t
qC p v :rT r:krT
@t
Z
Ir; X; tdX rTr; t4
ja
4p
bIi x; y; t ja wi Tx; y; t4 js wi
!
X
Ij x; y; t ja wi sx; y; t ;
j
6
where Ii x; y; t is the discrete angular neutron ux in the ith lattice
direction at x; y location at time t. Lattice velocities v i;x and v i;y are
chosen such that the distance traveled by particles in a discrete
time interval Dt i.e., v i;x Dt and v i;y Dt equals to the distance between
Please cite this article in press as: McCulloch R, Bindra H. Coupled radiative and conjugate heat transfer in participating media using lattice Boltzmann
methods. Comput Fluids (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024
Fig. 1. Various 2D LBM lattice arrangements showing (a) D2 Q 4 , (b) D2 Q 8 , and (c) D2 Q 16 lattices.
vi
8
p
i1p
>
< v cos i1
i14
;
sin
2
2
p
i5
p
i5
p
>
: 2v cos 2 p4 ; sin 2 p4
i58
vi
v ia wi
wll dl 0
1
i1
8
X
v ia v ib v ic wi
wlla lb lc dl 0;
1
i1
Table 1
Weights wi for different two-dimensional lattice.
Lattice
14
58
9 16
D2 Q 4
D2 Q 8
D2 Q 16
0.25
0.20
0.196
0.05
0.028
0.013
8
i1p
i1p
>
i14
>
> v cos 2 ; sin 2
>
< p
i5p
i5
p
2v cos 2 p4 ; sin 2 p4
i58
>
>
>
p
>
: 5v cos i9p p ; sin i9p p
i 9 16
4
8
4
8
13
Z
8
X
wi
wldl 1
1
i1
8
X
v ia v ib wi
1
i1
8
X
wlla lb dl dab
v ia v ib v ic v ig wi
i1
10
11
1
Z
dIx; l ja
j 1
rT 4 s
14
15
Please cite this article in press as: McCulloch R, Bindra H. Coupled radiative and conjugate heat transfer in participating media using lattice Boltzmann
methods. Comput Fluids (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024
wi s v i Dt; t Dt wi s; t Dt
wi s; t 1 xwi hs; t4 xwi
!
X
wj s; t :
23
Z
dw
h4
x 1
1 x
w
w dl
ds
4p
2 1
Z
1
@2h 1 x 4
h
w dl
@ s2
N
1
16
17
1
eq
fi fi
0:5Dt
Z 1
1x 4
h
w
d
l
Dt
wm
i
N
1
f i s ~
ei Dt; t Dt f i s; t
e2s
1
where f i are the distribution functions associated with each microei and corresponding weight wm
to compute
scopic direction ~
i
non-dimensional temperature. The microscopic direction vectors
and corresponding weights wm
i are obtained from literature [27].
Lattice speed of material energy transport equation is represented
eq
by es DDst . The equilibrium function f i is given in Eq. (25)
eq
f i wm
i h
sionless temperature. The temperature T R can be any reference temperature but here it is convenient to choose from one of the
boundaries. The dimensionless quantity N rkjT a3 is the
R
ww h4w
1 e
lw dl
18
lw
24
X
f i:
25
26
d G
3h4 G 0
ds
2
d h 1 4
h G
ds2 N
dG 3 eL
h4 G 0
ds 2 2 eL L
dG 3 eR
h4 G 0
ds 2 2 eR R
19
20
s0
21
s1
22
R1
where G 1 w dl is the non-dimensional total radiative ux, and
eL and eR are the emissivities of the left and right faces respectively.
The LBE for one-dimensional slab RTE (Eq. (16)) can be written as an
analogue to generic form (Eq. (5))
Fig. 3. Temperature prole for varying stark numbers. N is the Stark number which
relates the interaction between radiation and conduction. hL 1; hR 0:5hL and
e1 e2 1.
Please cite this article in press as: McCulloch R, Bindra H. Coupled radiative and conjugate heat transfer in participating media using lattice Boltzmann
methods. Comput Fluids (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024
qC p U
P
k i wi Gk2
:
kGk2
@2T d T
@x2 @y2
!
@qr @qr
@x
@y
28
EDs
@T
@T
V
@x
@y
27
Z
@qr @qr
ja rT 4
Ix; y; XdX
@x
@y
X4p
29
2
@h
2 @ h
bW @ Wr
@ sx
Pe @ s2y
2NPe @ sy
30
The left-hand side of Eq. (30) is the convection of heat due to the
bulk motion of the uid passing through the channel. It is assumed
that the velocity in the transverse direction (y direction) is negligible, thus temperature is only convected axially, or in other words
convection is considered only for the x direction. The rst term
on the right hand side of Eq. (30) represents temperature diffusion
throughout the media in the transverse direction, where
2U W qC
Pe m k p is the Peclet number which relates the rate of convection to the rate of diffusion. It is assumed that in the axial direction
diffusion is negligible, thus diffusion is only considered in the
transverse direction of thickness W. The dimensionless thicknesses
in this example are dened as sx Wx and sy Wy , and dimensionless axial velocity u UUm . The second term on the right-hand side
of Eq. (30) is the thermal source term due to radiation. The stark
number as dened earlier in previous example is slightly modied
to N 4rbkT 3 , where T R is the reference temperature used to
R
non-dimensionalize the energy equation, and Wr rqTr4 is the
R
Z
@ Wr
bW1 x h4
w dX
@ sy
X4p
31
@w
@w
h4
x
l g
bW 1 x
w
4p
4p
@ sx
@ sy
!
w dX
32
X4p
e 1 case.
Please cite this article in press as: McCulloch R, Bindra H. Coupled radiative and conjugate heat transfer in participating media using lattice Boltzmann
methods. Comput Fluids (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024
1
Fig. 6. Homogenous porous burner with hot radiating walls. Thickness in y-direction (W 1); Aspectio Ratio = 4 and Grid spacing = 100
. The length scales used in picture are
in number of grid points.
LBE equation for RTE (Eq. (32)) with the constant temperature hc
everywhere in the media can be obtained, by re-writing Eq. (6)
with dimensionless variables, as
h4c
!
X
wi sx ; sy ; t xwi wj sx ; sy ; t : 33
j
usy ; c
34
@f i
1
eq
~
fi fi
ci rf i
1
2
@t
2Pecs 0:5Dt
bW
wi
rWR
2NPe
35
~
ci ~
u
eq
:
f i wm
h
1
i
cs
36
In Eq. (36) ~
ci is the unit vector in the streaming direction and cs DDsts
is the lattice speed. D2 Q 5 LBE template with appropriate weights for
distribution functions wm
i as mentioned in the literature [32] for
convection diffusion equation were used for these computations.
1
P
Fig. 7. Total radiative ux
i wi solutions with Lattice Boltzmann and Discrete
Ordinate methods in a square enclosure. The results are line plots for
sx 0:5; hc 1 and all the walls kept at zero dimensionless temperature.
Fig. 8. Velocity prole for the case of both non-participating (left) and participating
(right) media as obtained from analytical expression Eq. (34). Dimensionless
velocity at the inlet (sx 0) is 1 for all sy .
Please cite this article in press as: McCulloch R, Bindra H. Coupled radiative and conjugate heat transfer in participating media using lattice Boltzmann
methods. Comput Fluids (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024
@u
@u
@p
1 @2u @2u
u
v
@ sx
@ sy
@ sx Re @ s2x @ s2y
u
@v
@v
@p
1 @2v @2v
v
@ sx Re @ s2x @ s2y
@ sx
@ sy
!
37
@u
@v
0
@ sx @ sy
In these equations u and v are non-dimensional velocities in the sx
and sy directions, respectively, p is non-dimensional pressure,
Re 2Umm W is the Reynolds number and m is the kinematic viscosity.
The LBEs to solve this classical non-dimensional uid mechanics
problem have been developed and presented in listed [24,37] and
several other references. The most commonly used LBE form is
@g k
1
g k g eq
~
ckf rg k
k
2 1
@t
2mc 0:5Dt
38
fs
"
f
g eq
k wk 1
39
Dsy ^
j is
Dt
wkf
ux
Fig. 10. Temperature distribution inside heterogeneous porous media with strong
radiation absorption. Steady state temperature distribution equilibrates to the
temperature of bounding hot walls throughout the domain.
~
ckf ~
u 1 ~
ckf ~
u
1~
u2
2
4
2
2 c2fs
cfs
cfs
@h
@h
2 @2h @2h
uy
@ sx
@ sy Pe @ s2x @ s2y
!
bW @ Wr @ Wr
2NPe @ sx
@ sy
40
The signicance of individual terms in Eq. (40) and its LBE form
are identical to the homogeneous case and the LBE form of this
convectiondiffusion equation is identical to the homogeneous
case. The radiative heat ux term rWr is computed using Eqs.
(31)(33) as described before. The uid mechanics in this problem
Fig. 11. Heterogeneous Porous Burner with large ow obstacles with differential material properties. Size, aspect ratio and grid size are chosen to be exactly same as
homogeneous case.
Please cite this article in press as: McCulloch R, Bindra H. Coupled radiative and conjugate heat transfer in participating media using lattice Boltzmann
methods. Comput Fluids (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024
Fig. 12. Velocity prole around the ow obstacles solved with LBM.
Fig. 13. Temperature contour for the entire 2-D domain with radiatively transparent obstacles (b 0).
Fig. 14. Temperature contour for the entire 2-D domain with radiation absorbing
obstacles (b 2 and N 0:001).
is not affected by the thermal calculations so this model only presents one-way coupling with the uid model. The parameters
Re 100; Pe 1600 and inlet maximum velocity usx 0 0:1
are used for these calculations to maintain similarity with the
homogeneous case in simulating uid ow and the role of convection term in energy transport. The inlet velocity prole was chosen
to be Poiseuille ow. The velocity calculations as obtained from the
solutions of LBE (Eq. (39)) are presented in Fig. 12.
After obtaining the velocity eld and initialized radiation eld,
Eq. (40) is solved using its LBE form (Eq. (35)). The temperature
and radiative elds are mutually coupled, so they were solved iteratively. The resulting temperature proles for different material
properties of obstacles are shown in Figs. 13 and 14. The uid
media in both these cases is assumed to absorb negligible radiation. In the rst case, the solid obstacles are assumed to be
non-absorbers. The results show no temperature change in solids
and the uid near boundaries is hot due to convection near the
walls. Due to very high Peclet number Pe 1600, there is no
change in the uid temperature away from the walls. The second
case is modeled with the absorbing and conducting material. As
uid is almost transparent to radiation, the wall radiation instantly
starts heating up the obstacles and raise its temperature. Therefore
the uid eventually gets heated up from the wall and obstacles
both due to convection and conduction.
4. Conclusions
The LBM based RTE models are extended for their application
into coupled multi-physics problems. The results of this work on
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Please cite this article in press as: McCulloch R, Bindra H. Coupled radiative and conjugate heat transfer in participating media using lattice Boltzmann
methods. Comput Fluids (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compuid.2015.05.024