ONLINE ASSIGNMENT

Submitted by
Aparna.S.V
Natural science
St.Thomas training college

TOPIC-

PISCI CULTURE AND ITS REARING

INDEX
SL NO

CONTENT

PAGE NO

Introduction

Pisciculture

Types of pisciculture

3-6

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
PISCICULTURE is raising of fish in inland waters, estuaries or
coastal waters. It is derived from the Latin word piscis meaning "fish".
The species of fish which can be kept successfully in captivity throughout their lives from egg
to adult is exceedingly limited in number. The various breeds of goldfish are familiar
examples, but the carp is almost the only food-fish capable of similar domestication. Various
other food-fishes, both marine and fresh-water, can be kept in ponds for longer or shorter
periods, but refuse to breed, while in other cases the fry obtained from captive breeders will
not develop.
Pisciculture is now carried out in fresh water ponds.Paddy fields,lakes and
even in artificial tanks and reservoirs.The species of fish which can be kept successfuly in
capacitivity throught out their lives from egg to adult is exceedingly limited in number.
Pisciculture providing large scale employment opportunities , improving rural economy and
protein rich food . India has a vast area of natural and artificial water bodies as paddy
fields,lakes,ponds,river,swamps etc. Most of these holdings water throughout the year or for
grater part of the year,are suitable for fish culture.

PISCICULTURE
The breeding, rearing, and transplantation of fish by artificial means is called pisciculture, in
other words, fish farming. It is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall
under mariculture. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for
food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement
a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Fish species raised by
fish farms include salmon, catfish, tilapia and cod.
There is an increasing demand for fish and fish protein, which
has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries, China holding 62 percent of the
world's fish farming practice.[3] Fish farming offers fish marketers another source. However,
farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries,
since carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage
fish. The global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO in 2008 totalled 33.8
million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.[4] In 2005, aquaculture represented 40% of the
157.5 million tons of seafood that was produced, meaning that it has become a critical part of
our world's food source even though the industry is still technically in its 'infancy' and didn't
really become well known until the 1970s. Because of this rise in aquaculture, there has
been a rise in the per capita availability of seafood globally within the last few decades.

Major species of fish

Top ten freshwater, brackish water and marine cultured fish in 2010

Freshwater culture

Tonnage

Mariculture

[6]

Tonnage

Brackishwater culture

Tonnage

1,421,647

Greasy grouper

3,677,691[

Grass carp

4,337,114

Atlantic salmon

Silver carp

4,116,835

Large yellow croaker

378,622

Flathead grey mullet

333,322

Catla (Indian carp)

3,869,984

Salmonids nei

270,436

Marine fishes nei

112,539

Common carp

3,444,203

Greasy grouper

215,028

Nile tilapia

107,489

Bighead carp

2,585,962

Sea trout

143,751

Cyprinids nei

100,000

Crucian carp

2,217,798

Japanese amberjack

139,077

Barramundi

49,234

Nile tilapia

1,990,275

Gilthead seabream

118,212

Marble goby

34,123

Pangas catfishes nei

1,305,277

Japanese seabass

107,903

Tilapias nei

23,562

Roho labeo

1,167,315

European seabass

102,538

European seabass

23,313

Freshwater fishes nei

1,080,241

Silver seabream

73,924

Mozambique tilapia

17,103

Major categories of fish aquaculture

There are two kinds of aquaculture: extensive aquaculture based on
local photosynthetical production and intensive aquaculture, in which the fish are fed
with external food supply

Extensive aquaculture
Limiting for growth here is the available food supply by natural sources,
commonly zooplankton feeding on pelagic algae or benthic animals, such
as crustaceans and mollusks. Tilapia species filter feed directly on phytoplankton,
which makes higher production possible. The photosynthetic production can be
increased by fertilizing the pond water with artificial fertilizer mixtures, such
as potash, phosphorus, nitrogen and micro-elements. Because most fish
are carnivorous, they occupy a higher place in the trophic chain and therefore only a
tiny fraction of primary photosynthetic production (typically 1%) will be converted into
harvest-able fish.
Another issue is the risk of algal blooms. When temperatures, nutrient supply and
available sunlight are optimal for algal growth, algae multiply their biomass at an
exponential rate, eventually leading to an exhaustion of available nutrients and a
subsequent die-off. The decaying algal biomass will deplete the oxygen in the pond
water because it blocks out the sun and pollutes it with organic and inorganic solutes
(such as ammonium ions), which can (and frequently do) lead to massive loss of fish.

Intensive aquaculture
In these kinds of systems fish production per unit of surface can be
increased at will, as long as sufficient oxygen, fresh water and food are provided.
Because of the requirement of sufficient fresh water, a massive water
purification system must be integrated in the fish farm. A clever way to achieve this is
the combination of hydroponic horticulture and water treatment, see below. The
exception to this rule is cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements
the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some environmentalists object to this
practice. The cost of inputs per unit of fish weight is higher than in extensive farming,
especially because of the high cost of fish feed, which must contain a much higher
level of protein (up to 60%) than cattle food and a balanced amino acid composition
as well.

Ornamental fishes
Ornamental fishes usually mean attractive colourful fishes of various characteristics,
which are kept as pets in confined space of an aquarium or a garden pool for fun and
fancy. Ornamental fishes are usually kept in glass aquarium and hence popularly
known as Aquarium Fishes. Ornamental fish keeping and its propagation has been
an important activity for many which provide not only aesthetic pleasure but also
financial openings. About 600 ornamental fish species have been reported worldwide
from various aquatic environments. Chitala, Notopterus, Gonialosa manmina,
Gudusia chapra, chela cachius, C. laubuca, Salmostoma bacaila, Brachydanio rerio
are some examples.

Culture or rearing:
The culture/rearing of these fishes can be taken up normally in cement tanks. Cement tanks
are easy to maintain and durable. One species can be stocked in one tank. However in case
of compatible species two or three species can occupy the same tank. Ground water from
dug wells / deep tube wells are the best for rearing. The fishes reach the marketable size in
around 4 to 6 months. Eight to ten crops can be taken in a year. Some examples are;

Gold fish

Red Cap Oranda

Angel fish

Guppy

Clown fish

Rosy barb

Edible fishes
The water bodies in Kerala are home to a vast variety of fish species. In addition,
paddy fields serve food requirement of this small state is also home to different fish
species. Fresh water fishes are normally found in more than one habitat that is paddy
fields, ponds, lakes, rivers, Backwaters of Kerala. The backwaters that is saline for
most a part of the year turns the fresh during monsoon.
The Studies have revealed that there are 210 species of freshwater fishes in Kerala
and more than 26 are endemic. Most of these are ornamental varieties used in
aquariums with high potential in domestic and international markets. Most of
freshwater fishes are well adapted to survive in differing climates and environments.
And Many other fishes have got additional respiratory organs to enable breathing air
while crawling through the land, that enable them to migrate from one to another
habitant

There are a verity of Fishes Commonly seen in these Water bodies and are listed as
Karimeen (pearl spot)

Kanambu(mullet)

Thilopia(Thilapia)

Prawns

CONCLUSION
The culture and rearing of fish and shell fish is known as pisciculture.Indian has a
vast area of natural and artificial water bodies as paddy
fields,lakes,ponds,rivers,swamps,irrigation channels and reservoirs.Fish farming
involes raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosers,usually for food.The most
important fish species used in fish farming are carp,salmon,tilapia and cat fish.
There is an increasing demand for fish and fish protein,which has resulted in wide
spread overfishing in wild fisheriers. Fish meal and fish oil are of greater economic
importance.So pisciculture plays an important role in the economy of India. It helps
in augmenting food supply, generating employment, raising nutritional level and
earning valuable foreign exchange.
Although fishing contributes only 0.8 per cent of the total national income it provides
sustenance to over l million persons, about 25 per cent of whom are actively
engaged in fishing operations. About 2-5 lakh crafts are used for fishing operations of
which only 10 per cent are mechanised boats. There are about 1,800 marine fishing
villages located along the coast.

REFERENCE

Roosevelt, Robert B.; Green, Seth (1879). Fish Hatching and Fish

Catching . Rochester, New York: Union and Advertisers Book and

Job Print.

"Fish Hatcheries". New York State Department of Environmental

Conservation. Retrieved 28 August 2014

Physiology and applied zoology-P.T Philip

Wikipedia